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105 .1/21

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105 .1/22
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105 .1/23

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105 .1/24
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105 .1/25

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M 2 ! ,
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,
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©Â ÄɉÌ¾ÂË ÍÒÆ ºÌÃȘÌ¾ÒÆ ÍÈÎ Í¾ɉÐÈÎË 104 ÎÃÄ¾ȯ½À

>47. F (#D$# P x x 3 px q ) 'A " ?& # ( " *9.
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&. = a, b, c 5 / . # 5
Vieta, :
2
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105 .1/26
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105 .1/27

HEMATICUS
+ Homo Mathematicus ! , ! J
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1
https://appliedvirtualitylab.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/synthetic-philosophy-of-contemporary-mathematics-
web.pdf
ʹhttp://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/ almagestum contemporarium
105 .1/28

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105 .1/53

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105 .1/54

_______________________________ -6 " $ ! #"*# _____________________________
y2 D [0,1) (1, f) . * " y \ $ :

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105 .1/55
____________________________________ ___________________________________
-6 " $ ! #"*#
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105 .1/56

_______________________________ -6 " $ ! #"*# _____________________________
"#$ # 3 ) 61 – 52

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x o0
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limf x lim ¨ ¸ f z f 1
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& g 1-1, $ $# . %$ , f ͳ . G

): ' f(A) ) \ {1}
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105 .1/57
_______________________________ -6 " $ ! #"*# _____________________________
(># " + [1, 2] '1 f, 1 " "
f x ! ' 2 >1, f . :
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f 4
x f 2
x ln x 4ln x 2
4 4ln 2 x
%$ f ' 2 ªf 1 , > 1, f .
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x of
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& f
f \ f '2 f,0 * > 1, f \ g x f 2 x 2ln x , g x z 0 " -
. G f " #- $ g 0, f , -
105 .1/58

_______________________________ -6 " $ ! #"*# _____________________________
0, f . %$ $ x 0 1, 2 $

g 1 f 1 2ln1 f 1 ! 0 . & g x ! 0
2 2
h x0 0 f x0 x0 0 f x0 x0 .
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x o0
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2
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f x 4 4ln 2 x 2ln x , # f A 0, f .
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2 ln x ln x t 0 " f x ! 0 " $ [ ! 0 $ f [ 2017 .
x 0, f . " 4 *$ #$ f &(
§ 4·
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lim ¨ 4 4ln x 2ln x ¸ f ,
2
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x o 0 © x o 0 ¹
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4 4ln 2 x 4 ln 2 x 4 . Q %* lim " lim .
x o + f f(x) x o - f f(x)
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lim §¨ 4 4ln 2 x 2ln x ·¸ f , . ! $ f x $ " " x z 0
x of © ¹ 4
lim f x 0 " 1 !0 (1) B xz0 $ :
x of x
. L$ h x f x x. G h x 4
1 ! 0 x x 4 ! 0 x ( f ,0) * (4, f ) ,
x
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h 2 f 2 2 x o0 x o 0
4
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h x ln x . lim g x 1 f f u 0
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¨ ¸
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2 1 1 0 x of
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uo1 uo1 x of
105 .1/59

_______________________________ -6 " $ ! #"*# _____________________________
x : lim g x 1 " x f *$

x of
x f 0 = 0 " f x z 1 "6 x \
lim h u lim ln u ln1 0 . & lim f x 0
u o1 u o1 x of
x lim f x = 1
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x f *$ $* &?# > 0, +f

1 1 4 4
x1 x 2 0 0 ! ! 0 . Q $ f ( $ $ $*
x1 x 2 x1 x2
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1 1 1
x1 x2 %. Q ('*? ?* f x = x )
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& f ! f,0 .
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x of
f f,0 lim f (x),lim f (x) 0, f B1
x of x o0 f x f x f g x g x x,
" f 4, f limf (x), lim f (x) f,0 B2 lim g x f u0 ,
x o4 x of x of
f limf u lim f u 1 lim f g x 1 lim f x 1.
uou0 uof xof xof
f $ B1 * B2 f,0 * 0, f *
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f (x) y ln(1 ) y 1 ey
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f '1
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y f A y z 0 1 e y z 0 , ' 2 > 0, f $ :
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4
#
4
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f '2
x of
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z 0, & f 1 : * o f 1 x . f f '1 f ' 2 > 0,1 .
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1 ex
) . / f f,0 0, f %. L g x f (x) KPx
,
ª S Sº
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x of ¬ 2 2¼
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x of f (x)
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x of § S· § S· § S·
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x of
f (x) § S·
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105 .1/60
_______________________________ -6 " $ ! #"*# _____________________________
§ S· § S· § S· f x KPx x " x

g ¨ 2NS ¸ f ¨ 2 NS ¸ KP ¨ 2 NS ¸
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x f,0@ . " : 1
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f x x KPx " x > 0, f f x
f x KPx x " x > 0, f . # f \ $
+ $ 1, f % $
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lim h x lim 0.
f x x KPx " x x of x of f x
105 .1/61

_______________________________ -6 " $ ! #"*# _____________________________
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g x f x 1 " h x 2

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KPx 1 ! f x 0 f -

x x2 # \ .
lim g x lim f x 1 0 u 0 G f "$
x of x of
f, U " U, f
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uou0 u u2
uo0 2 2
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lim h g x , lim
x of 2 x o- f f 2 x -1 2 f 5 f 10 ! 0

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f " =2 6 & $ f 3 3 " $
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2f 0 + 3f 1 + 5f 2 10
D f ? = "
10 [ 2,3 $
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f [
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105 .1/62

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105 .1/63
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105 .1/64

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x2 , c ,
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. * , c $
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x1,2 r
§ b r ' · D
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b
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¨ x 0 ¸ > = 0 " " D
© 2D ¹
5 ) f 1 0, + b + c = 0, f(x) =
" ><0. % $ 2 2
f x D x x1 (x x 2 ) > > 0, x + bx – – b = (x – 1) + b(x – 1) =
(x + 1)(x – 1) + b(x –1) = (x –1)(x + + b) =
2
§ b · c
f x D¨ x ¸ > = 0, =(x– 1)(x – c), f(x)=0 (x = 1 x )
© 2D ¹ D
ª§ b · § ' · º
2 2
f 1 0 ,
f x D «¨ x ¸ ¨ ¸ » > < 0 –b + c = 0 .
«© 2D ¹ ©¨ 2D ¹¸ »
¬ ¼ 6) % (x – )2 + (x – b)2 + (x – c)2 X 0, .
D # f(x) 3x2 – 2( + b + c)x + 2 + b2 + c2X0 " x R,
# $ xR, # $ : > ` 0 3(2 + b2 + c2) X
$ , C" X ( + b + c)2 2 + b2 + c2 X ab + bc + c
! > < 0 a·f(x) > 0, 7) B "
" xR, > = 0 a·f(x) X 0, "
b f(x) = x2 + bx + c
xR ( x ), > > 0 2 x 2 . ? x2 " c
2D
·f(x) < 0 " x(x1, x2) " ·f(x) > 0 # $
" x f, x1 x 2 , f . .
%$ ax2 · c = kx · mx
" " $
k + m = b. A : N
Vieta, > > 0
f(x) = 3x2 + 10x + 8 . A 3x2·8 =
b c
S x1 x 2 , P x1 x 2 . ?$ , =6x · 4x (6 + 4 = 10) . + $
D D " " " "
" x1 , x 2 $ " .
! $
4 4x 8
(x – x1)(x – x2) = 0 (1) 3x 3x2 6x
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2 d f(x) = (3x + 4)(x + 2) #
T (" ) x ( ) = 4
*
– "
1) A >> 0,
,
' g(x) = 5x2 – 19x + 12
x1 x 2 }
D 3 15x 12

2 ) , c , . x 5x2 4x
·c < 0, >=b2 – 4c=b2+4( c)>b2t0.
_" a, c , 5x 4
(>>0 ><0 >=0). A" , $
3) b = 0, f(x) = 0 x2 + c = 0 " $
105 .1/65

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ $'A# A # $&# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&
(") . # 0 < x1 < x2 < 1, f(0) > 0, f(1) > 0,
$$ : f(0) = c > 0, f(1) = + b + c > 0
1. >$ # 6& , b, c R* )&#$ f(0) · f(1) X 1 (, b, c Z).
) b2 < 4c, + c < b $ %*
f(x) = (x – x1)(x – x2), :
c.
f(0)f(1)= 2x1(1 – x1)x2(1 – x2) X 1.
&
L f(x) = x2 + bx + c 1
% x(1 – x) ` "
> < 0. & f(x) 4
" x R . $ f(x) 1
" x ( x = ). % x1 V x2,
$ . f(– 1) < 0, 2
1 1 1 1
f(0) < 0, c < 0 $ ! x 1 1 x1 x 2 1 x 2 t 2
2. & D$# f(x) = x2 + bx + c ( 16 4 4 D
1 > 4 X 5
> 0) " b t . >('*? f() t 0 (# 5. >$ # 6& p, k, m R* )&
8D
) p = k + m + 1 ('*? #) $
'"*$# # f(x).
* ( ?D x2+x+k=0, x2+px+m=0
(' $ , 1989)
) ( " " 'A " *9.
&
($ $ «Druiba», &"
> ` 0, # f(>) p 0 # > 0. 1988)
> > 0, " ! > ` x1 > X x2, &: H " !
x1 < x2L ! . $ "$ . ? >1 = 12 – 4k <0 "
2
A , " > 0 >2 = p – 4m < 0. A$ " $
b ' b ' (k + m + 1)2 – 4k – 4m + 1 < 0
x1 x 2 $ " (k + m)2 + 2(k + m) + 1 – 4(k + m) + 1 < 0
2D 2D
[(k + m) – 1]2 + 1 <0, .
b ' 2
't , 2D ' ' b t 0 , 6. >$ x1, x2 *9 ?* x2 + bx + c=0
2D
" x3, x4 *9 cx2 + bx+=0 (, b, c R*)
# f x 2Dx 2 x b
$ " ('*? x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 t 4 , $ , c
>S (1)2 4 2D b 1 8Db d 0 " > 0. .
&: ; ! b2 – 4c X
3. >$ , b, c " (#D$ D$# " x, y, z
( "* 6* D x + y + z = 0, b b b
0 t 2 . % x1 x2 x3 x4
('*? 2yz + b2zx + c2xy 0 Dc D c
[19th Lithuanian Team Contest in Mathematics
Dc Dc 2 D c b
2004] b b tb
t 22 4 2
&: S Dc Dc Dc Dc
" " z = – x – y ! q D c t 2 D c ,
| + c| = || + |c| $ , c
S = – {b2x2 + y(a2 + b2 – c2)x + 2y2} = – f(x), .
f(x) " 7. ! # ( "& 6& s, t )&#$
> = y2(2 + b2 – c2)2 – 4b22y2 = ): 19· s2+99·s+1= 0 (1), t2 +99·t+19=0
= y2(2 + b2 – c2 – 2b)( 2 + b2 – c2 + 2b) = (2). Q #( * (
=y2[( – b)2 – c2][( + b)2 – c2] = st 4s 1
= y2( – b – c)( – b + c)( + b – c)( + b + c) ` 0 $
" " t
(' $ , " 1999)
x 2 , b2 > 0. & f(x) X 0 S ` 0.
&: % tV0, $ (2) t2
4. >$ $*9# ?* x2 + bx + c = 0
1 1
( 6 " " $D b, c ") ) '& 1 99 19 2 0 (3) $
'A " " ( " *9 t t
' (0, 1) ('*? t 5. (1), (3) ! 19·x2+99·x+1= 0
ଵ
( 8 & 1969, $ ‫ݏ‬ǡ , Vieta
௧
& # & " 1981)
105 .1/66

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ $'A# A # $&# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 99 1 1 (6m + k = 23, 6m – k = 1)
s , s . A
t 19 t 19 (6m + k = – 1, 6m – k = – 23) m = oʹ. ?
§ 1· § 1· 1 n 2 3n 28 0 n = 7 n=– 4
$ ¨ s ¸ 4 ¨ s ¸ 5
© t¹ © t¹ 10. & D$# f(x) = x2 + bx + c.
3
8. >$ , b Z $ %6&$ *9 !$*9# ?* f (x) f x 0
) "%D 3 'A " ( " *9.
?* Dbx 2 D 2 b 2 x 1 0 (1)
§ b ·
[Romania, National Olympiad 1998] * $ # . f ¨ ¸ ..
&: b = 1, (=b= 1 =b=–1), © 2D ¹
[Albania, National Olympiad 2012]
(1) x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 x = –1Q &: G ! #
b= – 1, ( =1, b = –1) ( = –1, b=1), f(x)·(f(x) + 1)·(f(x) – 1) = 0. A# "
(1) – x2+2x+1 = 0, Q $ .
1 H >1, >2, >3 "
= 0 " b V 0, (1) x 2 Q
b ( ). A
( b = 0 " V 0) >2 = >1 – 4, >3 = >1 + 4. >2 = 0,
=b=0, # . >1=4V0, >3 = 8 V 0. & f(x), f(x) + 1
b>1, " >=(2+b2)2–4b, $ 2 0 "$, . D
! $ . >3 = 0. d >1 = 0,
A $ (2+b2 – 1)2 < > < (2 + b2)2. G § b ·
f ¨ ¸ 0.
! # , © 2D ¹
" ! ! : 11. *$$ ( "* 6* , b, c
1 0 D 2 + 3b + 6c = 0. (1) >('*?
(D b) 2 , # | – b| X 1,
2 ?* x2 + bx + c = 0 ) '& ( "
zb. $ *9, " $ (*$ #) $ *
2
* =b $ ' 4D 4 4D 2 2D D 2 1 ! 0 . %*" ' [0, 1]
[' $ , Gheorghe Mihoc –
2
§ O · Romania 2003]
' D2 1 ¨ O2 ,¸ N ,
2
&: A
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1
(2D 3b)
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!0
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b c
. % 1 2 3 6 02 3 x1 x2 6 x1 x2
b < – 1, > $ D D
(2 + b2)2 < > < (2+b2 + 1)2. 2 2
0 x1 x 2 2x1 x 2 x1 1 2x 2 x 2
G # , 3 3
! " ! ! : 2 1 1 1 1
0 < 1 + 2( + b)2, . x1 1 2x2 1 2x2 1 2x2 (x1 )
3 2 2 6 2
H " >
§ 1 ·§ 1· 1
$ . & $ ¨ x1 ¸¨ x 2 ¸ .
. © 2 ¹© 2¹ 12
9. * # "# 6& m, n (# x1 > 1 " x2 > 1,
"$(&$ $ 9m2 + 3n = n2 + 8. § 1 ·§ 1· 1 1 1 1 1
¨ x1 ¸¨ x 2 ¸ ! ! ,
[Romania, National Olympiad 2001] © 2 ¹© 2¹ 2 2 4 12 4
& x1 < 0 " x2 < 0,
*# # !
2 n, n2–3n+(8–9m2)=0 (1), § 1 ·§ 1· §1 ·§ 1 · 1 1 1
¨ x1 ¸¨ x 2 ¸ ¨ x1 ¸¨ x 2 ¸ !
> = 36m2 – 23 = k2 (2) (" " © 2 ¹© 2¹ © 2 ¹© 2 ¹ 2 2 4
$ "$ > $ 1 1
, " "), ! , . H x1 < 0 " x2 > 1.
12 4
(2) (6m + k)(6m – k) = 23
105 .1/67

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ $'A# A # $&# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1 1 1 + & & Vieta " ]
? x1
0 i " x 2 ! ! 0 ii 8) G B $ T
2 2 2 2
! "
§ 1 ·§ 1· 1§ 1·
& i ¨ x1 ¸¨ x 2 ¸ ¨ x 2 ¸ " x " .
© 2 ¹© 2¹ 2© 2¹ +" "$ 2x2 – ….. x + 60 = 0 x = 6 x =
1§ 1· 1 1 1 ….. B
ii ¨ x 2 ¸ . %$ ; (Brazilian Math Competitions of Public
2© 2¹ 2 2 4
Schools, 2005)
§ 1 ·§ 1· 1 1 1 9) > ! x2 + bx + c = 0
¨ x1 ¸¨ x 2 ¸ , .
© 2 ¹© 2¹ 4 12 4 $ "$ . ; Adam
d x1 [0, 1] x2 [0, 1] . " 2 " 4
" $ a.
?"
1) > f(x) = x2 – 9x – 10 % Ben " – 1 " 4
) N f(x) ! o "
# $ " x , b, c ! B
) – 2 < k < – 1 " 8 < m < 9 2b 3c
6 ;
k·f(k)·m·f(m) D
) N (' $ , " 1991)
2 [Z : + Vieta + …
§ 2016 · 2016
F ¨ ¸ 9 10 ( - * , : 6]
© 2017 ¹ 2017 10) L f (x) = 4x2 + kx + m
$ ) " $
) N x(x – 9) < 10 (8! " "$ " " (0,1) .
) N $ k, m
2) G " ! x2 + 2x + b2 =0 "$ .
" x2 + 2bx + c2 = 0 $ # "$ (' $ «(& " » 2015,
"$ . N \ @& " &)
" ! x2 + 2cx + 2 = 0 (& : * &* * 4)
(Finnish High School Math Contest 2004) 11) > ! x2 + (2 – 1)x + 2 = 0
Dc a " "$ $ # "$
3) b !
2 "$ "$ x1, x2 . <
(b – c)x2 + (c – )x + ( – b) = 0 . S x1 x 2
[Mathematics Competition, USA – March 2000]
4) * f(x) = x2 + bx + (" 1997)
c $ # "$ "$ x1, x2 [Z : & " & S2]
– 1 < x1 < 1 < x2 . ! | + c| < |b| 12) H , , " , $
[& : f(– 1) > 0 >0, > + .
f(1) <0, a2f( – 1)f(1)<0] ! ! x2 + x + = 0, $
"$ " .
5) , b, c R*
[' $ «< », 1997]
$ 2 + b + c < 0 ! b2 – 4c > 0 [Z : < 0 = 0 "
(& : * &* * 1) ( + . 8 " & > 0 &)
«' 8! " », 1988 P") + * > +
6) p, q ! x2 + x + 1 = 0 -* * 4 ]
k, m ! x2 + bx + 1 = 0 ! 13) !
(p – k) (q – k) (p + m) (q + m) = b2 – 2
x + bx + c = 0, x + dx + e = 0 (, b, c, d, e R,
2 2
(' " $ " P" 1950, "
1969, ( 1978) V 0) $ # "$ " "$ ,
[#('?: 1 =…=(1+k2+k)(1+m2–am)= ! ! 42x2 + 42x + bc + de =0
= (– bk + k) ( –bm –m) = …….] $ "$ .
7) ! ! x2 + x + b + 1=0 [' $ , Alba – Romania
(a, b "$) $ "$ "$ , 2003]
2 + b2 . [Z : - " bc + de < 0, &
( 8 & 1986) + + ! Vieta
[& : + , b & &]
105 .1/68

1 -3 15 57

%$ : !$$ – # 6*#

.
!D . F(#
! x =5 $ \ , x1 = 5 , x2 = 5 ("
2
" , ’ , ), x2=5 # .

%! ! x3=5 " x3=5 $ " x1 = 3 5 " x2 = 3 5
.
H $ " #
Q
D >0, N* (1).
> $ x2 = 3 5 x3=5 .
+ x2 " x2 = 3 5 . $ :
3
5 = 5 (1), $
3
3 $ " $
(1).
* 1 $ , # " "
" , $ 2 $ (.. x V x 10 , 3 5 6
x<0).
%$ $ $ " " # " , #
$ , " .
! #$ ( ).
§x ·
B >0 " Q ` * : Q
D =x ¨¨ ¸ , Q D >0, <0 " Q ` :
¸
RU
©x ! 0 ¹
2Q 1
D =x x2+1 = , 2Q 1
D <0. (G 2Q 1
D >0 $ ).
RU
? 2Q 1 D <0 # " Q D >0 " #
! $ ( " , ) "
" .. 2Q 1 D , "" $ <0, Q ` 2 Q1 D =x
RU
x 2+1
= , $ (1) $ # 3
5 = 5 (2).
3
+ $ (2) # " (1), "
# "$ $ $ . G $ (2) " $, $ $ 2 Q1 D $
$ Q
D <0, 2Q 1 D .
? 3 5 " " " , # "
3 5 ,
3
x =5 .
G $ ! x3= (1) " D \ "" " ! : (1)

Q
(1) 0 =0 " Q ` *
105 .1/69
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- F % # #"*' ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
°3 D , WDQ D t 0
x= ® .
°̄ 3 D , WDQ D 0
° 3 D , WDQ D t 0
A $ (1) x= ® 3 " :
°̄ D , WDQ D 0
(1) x= 3 D , ! , T ,
! $ .
x ( ) ) , "
# V , , , W
Z .
x A «» x <0 , "
y
y §1·
y \ : x= 10 ¨ ¸ , y = log(x).
© 10 ¹
log x " $ ( " ),
" ! log x = log(x) (1) x = x (2) ), " x<0.
3 3
+ $ (2) ! #$ (1) $

1
: log x= log(x)1, x = " " x2 =1, "
x
" $ $ . ;" $
«» " .. Log x = log(x), " 3 x = 3 x .
) " ' $ 9"D$.

x * $! $ " " " "
" , " $ " . H $!
.. 3 D 3 E = 3 D E , >0, >0 $ " <0,
3
<0 , " x, x<0, $ :
3
D 3 E =( D 3
)( 3 E )= D 3
3 E =3 (D )( E ) =3 D E .
L " " ,
$ , # $ 3
D , 3 E " 3 D E ,
3
D , 3 E <0, <0 ! $ .
3
B "" x, x<0 (2) $ :
3
D 3 E =( 3 D )( 3 E )= 3 D 3 E = 3 (D )( E ) = 3 D E .
D >0 , T : 3 D E = 3 D E . # 3
D E
<0, 3 D E = 3 D E , # 3
D E = 3 D E ,
3
D 3 E = 3 D E (1).
B = <0 : ( 3 D )2 = 3 D 2 . %! <0, >0 $
3
D 3 E = 3 D E , # 3
D , 3 D E $ 3 E . G ""
: 3
D 3 E = 3
D E (2), #:

3 3
(2) $ x , x<0 " x , x>0 .
105 .1/70
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- F % # #"*' ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
D 3 E = 3 D 3 E = 3 (D ) E = 3 D E = 3 D E .
3 3 3
+ (1) (2) " .
A $ , , <0 (1) : 3

D 3
E 3 J =….= 3 D E J = 3
D E J (!!!).
3
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