Inter Symbol Interference Rectangular pulses are suitable for infinite bandwidth channels (practically - wideband). Practical channels are band limited = Pulses spread in time and are smeared into adjacent slots. This is Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) hn Werstom Indra Pe Response Received Wascfoem a a onl (NON AN Sampting Points samping Pos Sampling Fonts (Tranter Cok) (Wessever Clk) (Receiver Cock)‘Oscilloscope presentations of a signal with multiple sweeps (triggered by a clock signal), each is slightly larger than symbol interval. Quality of a received signal may be estimated. Normal operating conditions (no ISI, no noise) = Eye is open. Large ISI or noise => Eye is closed. ‘Optimum Sampling TimeMultipath Transmission and delay spread + Fading due to constructive and destructive addition of multipath signals. * Channel delay spread can cause ISI. * Power delay profile conveys the multipath delay spread effects of the channel. [S delay spread quantifies the severity of the IST phenomenon. “Ts The ratio of RMS delay spread to the data symbol period determines the severity of the ISI. A solution for ISI channels _€onversion ofa high-data rate stream into several low-rate streams. _? Parallel streams are modulated onto orthogonal carriers. _# Data symbols modulated on these carriers can be recovered without mutual interference. LZ Overlap of the modulated carriers in the frequency domain - different from FDM.OFDM Aon is a multicarrier block transmission system. 7 Bok of ‘N’ symbols are grouped and sent parallely. * No interference among the data symbols sent in a block._-? Orthogonal carriers referred to as subcarriers {f,,1=0,....N-1}. —2_ _-» OFDM symbol period {T,=N x T,}. _* Subcarrier spacinglA= 17.)Interference between OFDM Symbols + Transmitted Signal i O81 i O82 ' + Due to delay sprdad ISI occurs i i 1osI + Solution could be guard interval between OFDM symbolsCyclic Prefix + Zeros used in the guard time can alleviate interference between OFDM symbols (IOSI problem). * Orthogonality of carriers is lost when multipath channels are involved. Cyclic prefix can restore the orthogonality. ( Convert a linear convolution channel into a circular convolution channel. ey his restores the orthogonality at the receiver. (Energy is wasted in the cyclic prefix samples. (Cyehe Prefix, OS1,0S2 - OFDM Symbols T, - Guard Time Interval T, - Data Symbol Period