INQUIRIES,

INVESTIGATIONS,
AND IMMERSION

LESSON 3:
Reading on Related Studies
 Citation and References
 Literature Review

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NAME: ___________________________________ GRADE & SECTION: _______________
DATE:_____________________________

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW?

1. Define the meaning of citation and reference.
2. Identify two types of citations.
3. Analyze the goals of Literature Review.

WHAT’S IN?
1. Why do we have to consider SMART in our research questions?
2. What are the different types of Quantitative Research?

WHAT’S NEW?
Writing Citation and References
Citation - tells the readers where the information came from. In your writing, you cite or refer to the
source of information.
Reasons for Citation
1. To be able to identify and relocate sources used in the study for verification.
2. To present proof that the topic under study is well-accounted in the research works in its
respective field of study.
3. To rightfully acknowledge the authors of the research materials mentioned in the study.
4. In a nutshell, when you copy any written work verbatim without indicating your source and
claim it as your own, you are plagiarizing.
CITATION STYLE FIELD OF STUDY

American Psychological Association (APA) Psychology, Education, and other Social and
Natural Sciences
Modern Language Association (MLA) Literature, Linguistics, Arts, and Humanities

Types of Citation
1. Parenthetical citations
▪ It gives a short reference in parentheses directly in the text.

▪ Both the author and the date, separated by a comma, appear in parentheses for a
parenthetical citation.
▪ A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence.
Examples:

 ... as has been shown in a recent study (Baur & Mihrshahi, 2018), and discussed at length in
the literature in years past (Smith, 2007).”
 Falsely balanced news coverage can distort the public’s perception of expert consensus on an
issue (Koehler, 2016).”

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 2. Narrative citations
▪ It includes both the author and the date of the work you wish to cite within the body of
your text.
▪ The author’s surname appears in the running text, and the date appears in parentheses
immediately after the author’s name for a narrative citation.
▪ The author’s name can be included in the sentence in any place it makes sense.
Examples:
 Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples . . .
 In 2014, Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that . . .
 According to Kokkinos (2007), employers cause burnout when employees are stressed by too
much work.

Types of Citation APA MLA

(Smith, 2002, p. 32) (Sinclair 99)

Parenthetical Pattern: Pattern:
(Last name, year, p. page number) (Last name (space) page number)
Smith (2013) states that citing According to Sinclair, “Students often
Narrative quotes can be challenging. had difficulty citing a quote” (99).

Reference - gives the readers details about the source so that they understand what kind of source it is
and could find the source themselves if necessary. The references are typically listed at the end of the
report.
APA Reference Format:
1. Books
APA: Last name, Initial(s). (Year). Title of work (edition). Publisher.
Example:
Brown, J. M. & Schmidt, N. A. (2017). Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and
application of research (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC.

2. Journals
APA: Last name, Initial(s). (Year). Article Title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume Number (issue),
page numbers. DOI
Example:
Mitchell, J.A. (2017). Citation: Why is it so important. Mendeley Journal, 67(2), 81-95.

MLA Reference Format:

1. Books
MLA: Last name, First name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year. Medium.
Example:
Nabokov, Vladimir. Lolita. Putnam, 1955. Print.
Note: The Medium of Publication is “Print” for paper books. Other media include Web and Radio.

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 2. Journals and Articles
MLA: Last name, First Name. “Article Title: Subtitle”. Journal Title, Volume Number, issue number,
season and year, page numbers. DOI.
Example:
Gosine, Kevin, and Emmanuel Tabi. "Disrupting Neoliberalism and Bridging the Multiple
Worlds of Marginalized Youth via Hip-Hop Pedagogy: Contemplating Possibilities." Review
of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, vol. 38, no. 5, 2016, pp. 445-467. Research
Gate, doi: 10.1080/10714413.2016.1221712.

WHAT IS IT?
Definition of Literature Review

▪ A literature review is a comprehensive classification and evaluation of what other researchers

have written about the topic.
▪ A literature review focuses on a specific topic of interest and includes critical analysis of the
relationship among different works, relating this research to the researcher’s work.
▪ Related literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present
study is related.
Goals of Literature Review
Literature reviews help us gather ideas from related studies. By reviewing previous studies, we can
get information that would shed light on the current study. The following are the goals of the literature
review.
1. Demonstrate familiarity with the research topic
▪ Literature review helps to have an in-depth grasp of the research problem. It assists in
understanding terminologies and concepts in the context of the study.
2. Establish research gap
▪ Literature review summarizes what has already been done that relates to the current topic.

▪ It establishes what is not known in the area or ascertains gaps in methodology. A

research gap is an area that is under-explored or has not been explored yet.
3. Locate more sources of related information
▪ Literature review shows the path for other sources. We can look at the references cited in
the research articles.
4. Discuss research framework
Theoretical Framework - is a theory in a form of a model/paradigm that serves as the basis
for the study. It mentions the proponents of the study and their results.
Conceptual Framework - is the researcher’s own model exhibiting variables that specify the
problems, the direction of the process, and possible solutions.

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 5. Justify research methodology
▪ Provides studies that may prove effective research methods contextual to the study.
6. Substantiate discussion of findings and results
▪ By reviewing the literature, we can make comparisons between the results of your own
study and the results of related studies. Similar findings can substantiate the findings of
the current study. On the other hand, contradicting findings with other related studies
would suggest that there is a gap that needs to be addressed by future studies.

Selecting Relevant Literatures and Studies

1. Carefully defined research problem
▪ List down a possible thesis, statement of the problem or research questions that are
related to your studies or that will help your study.
2. Time period within which work has been published
▪ Include research articles that have been published five years span from the present.
3. Geographical source of literature
▪ Consider the relevance of research studies conducted in other countries.
Guidelines in Review of Related Literature and Studies
1. Identify the literature review you will review
▪ Choose relevant and suitable literature.

▪ Start looking from a general descriptor to a specific area.

▪ It is best to find literature that was published in the last five years.

▪ For studies, consider studies published in the last 10 years.

▪ When searching, consider your title, research questions, or abstract.

2. Analyze the literature and studies
▪ Analyze and organize the works thematically.

▪ Skim the article and study to get an overview.

▪ Take note of the following: statistics, quotes, data, and sources.

▪ Make sure that all of the articles are relevant to your study.

▪ Evaluate the reliability of all your sources.

3. Summarize the literature and studies

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 ▪ Organize the content and summarize their findings.

▪ After summarizing the results of the study or the content of the literature, do not forget to
connect the literature to your own study by interpreting and synthesizing every article.
4. Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review
▪ Organize your findings into a unique analysis.

▪ Clearly identify your arguments then explain and justify them in a concept map.

▪ Reorganize everything according to your argument.

▪ Note all the differences, gaps, and areas of the studies that need more research.

▪ Write all the needed details based on your analysis.

Theoretical vs. Conceptual Framework

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

▪ It provides a blueprint for the research
inquiry that serves as a guide on which to
build and support the entire study
▪ Based on an existing theory that was already
tested and proven
▪ Provides a general set of ideas or concepts
▪ Presented in a shape of a model that supports
the research study
▪ Needs to be well-developed and widely
accepted
▪ Provides as a model showing the intent/flow
of the study
▪ Grounded a concept that provides for the
main variables in a research inquiry which
are developed by the researchers
▪ Pertains to specific concepts used in the
study
▪ Researcher’s own constructed model that
shows the relationship between the variables
▪ Needs NOT to be widely accepted as it only
focuses on answering the researcher's
research question

REFERENCE/S
 Baraceros, E. L. (2018). Practical Research 2 (2nd ed.). REX Book Store Inc., Quezon City, 1114
Metro Manila, Philippines
 Encabo, F. V., & Meneses, J. J. D. (2021). Practical Research 2. KLEAFS PUBLISHING.
 Locsin, M. R. Q. (2019). Practical Research. Rajah Publishing House, Sta. Mesa, Manila
 Solano, I. P. (2019). Practical Research 2 (2nd ed.). Diwa Learning Systems Inc., Makati City,
Philippines

Prepared by:

APRIL S. CANDELARIA

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Email address: 300971@deped.gov.ph
Telephone Numbers: (045) 925-5095
 SHS Teacher

NAME: ___________________________________ GRADE & SECTION: _______________

DATE:_____________________________

WHAT’S MORE?

Address: Tibag, Tarlac City,2300

Email address: 300971@deped.gov.ph
Telephone Numbers: (045) 925-5095
 Directions: Read and analyze the following questions/statements. Encircle the best answer which
corresponds to the given question/statements.

1. What violation in research does a 4. In analyzing literature and studies, you

researcher commit if he/she uses have to take note of the following
someone else’s work without giving information EXCEPT for?
them proper credit? a. Statistics
a. Plagiarism b. Quotes
b. Falsification c. Punctuations
c. Fabrication 5. What do you call a framework that
2. What does APA stand for? shows the researcher’s own idea and
a. American Phonological Association model on how the research problem will
b. American Psychological have to be explored?
Association a. Conceptual Framework
c. Australian Psychological b. Theoretical Framework
Association c. Literature Framework
3. (Candelaria 35) is an example of a
parenthetical in-text citation of?
a. APA
b. MLA
c. CMS

WHAT HAVE I LEARNED?

Using the T-Chart below, differentiate Conceptual Framework from Theoretical Framework.
Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework

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