DATA CLASSIFICATION:- •Data classification is broadly defined as the process of organizing data by

relevant Categories so that it may be used more efficiently. On a basic level, the classification process
makes Data easier to locate and retrieve. •Data classification is of particular importance when it comes
to risk Management, compliance, and data security. Data classification involves tagging data to make it
easily Searchable and trackable. It also eliminates multiple duplications of data, which can reduce
storage And backup costs while speeding up the search process.

TYPES OF CHARTS AND GRAPHS :- •Bar Chart: Uses rectangular bars to represent categorical data. The
length of each bar corresponds to the value it represents. °Use: Comparing discrete categories or
showing changes over time for different groups. •Line Chart: Connects data points with lines, ideal for
showing trends, changes, or relationships over a continuous axis, typically time. °Use: Displaying trends
or patterns in data. •Pie Chart: Represents parts of a whole as slices of a circle. Each slice represents a
proportion or percentage of the total. •Use: Showing the composition or distribution of categories
within a dataset. •Histogram: Illustrates the distribution of numerical data by dividing it into intervals
(bins) along an axis and representing the frequency of values in each interval with bars. °Use: Displaying
the frequency distribution of continuous data. Scatter Plot: Uses dots or markers to represent individual
data points on a graph with two axes. Each point represents the values of two variables. °Use: Visualizing
the relationship or correlation between two variables. •Area Chart: Similar to a line chart, but the area
below the line is filled in, often used to show cumulative totals over time. °Use: Displaying trends or
changes in data while emphasizing the total magnitude. •Heatmap: Utilizes color gradients to represent
data values in a matrix or table format, making it easier to identify patterns and trends. °Use: Visualizing
and analyzing complex datasets to spot correlations or patterns. •Box-and-Whisker Plot: Represents the
distribution of a dataset’s values using quartiles. It shows the minimum, maximum, median, and
quartiles within a box. °Use: Displaying the spread and skewness of data along with outliers. •Bubble
Chart : Similar to a scatter plot but includes a third variable represented by the size of the markers
(bubbles). °Use: Visualizing three variables simultaneously, often used in financial analysis or multivariate
data.

AN EXAMPLE OF GRAPHICAL DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION :- Scenario :- A retail company wants to
analyze its sales performance over the past year across different product categories to identify trends
and make strategic decisions. 1)Data Collection: Gathered sales data for each product category on a
monthly basis from January to December. 2)Data Preparation: Organized and cleaned the data, ensuring
accuracy and consistency. Aggregated monthly sales figures for each product category. 3) Graphical
Analysis and Presentation: Line Chart, Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Heatmap, Scatter Plot. 4)Insights Drawn:
Discovered that Instagram had the highest overall engagement despite fewer posts, indicating higher
audience responsiveness on that platform.5)Strategic Decisions: Allocate more resources and effort
toward content creation or advertising on Instagram due to its higher engagement rates.

PLANNING FOR DATA PRESENTATION AND PREPARATION :- •Define Objective: Clarify what you aim to
communicate with the data. •Know Audience: Understand who will view the data and tailor it to their
needs. •Gather Valid Data: Collect accurate and relevant data, ensuring its quality. •Choose
Visualizations: Select suitable charts or graphs that best represent the data. •Design Presentation: Create
a visually clear and appealing layout. •Craft Narrative: Develop a coherent story around the data insights.
•Highlight Insights: Emphasize key findings for audience understanding. •Practice and Refine: Rehearse
the presentation and seek feedback for Improvements. •Prepare for Interaction: Anticipate audience
questions or engagement. •Have a Backup Plan: Be ready for unexpected technical issues or disruptions.
WHAT IS DATA ANALYSIS :- Data analysis simply refers to the process of applying logical and analytical
reasoning in the evaluation of data. Data analysis involves the modeling, compiling and extraction of all
components of the raw data to generate constructive information. Data analysis is one of the most
important steps involved in the process of research experiment. DATA ANALYTICS converts raw data into
actionable insights. It includes a range of tools, technologies, and processes used to find trends and solve
problems by using data. Data analytics can shape business processes, improve decision-making, and
foster business growth.

DATA VISUALISATION/DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS :- •Python :- Python can handle many different analyses on
its own, and can integrate with Third-party packages for machine learning and data visualization. • R:- R
is an open-source Programming language used for statistical computing and graphics. Like Python, R is
considered a Relatively easy-to-learn programming language. • Microsoft Excel:- the world’s best-known
Spreadsheet software. What’s more, it features calculations and graphing functions that are ideal for
Data analysis. • Tableau :- Tableau can help anyone see and understand their data. Connect to almost
Any database, drag and drop to create visualizations, and share with a click. • RapidMiner :- RapidMiner
is a powerful data mining tool that enables everything from data mining to model Deployment, and
model operations. •Microsoft Power BI :- Microsoft Power BI allows users to import Data from hundreds
of sources, and drag and drop elements, to create real-time dashboards and Reports. •Apache Spark :-
Apache Spark is one of the most successful projects in the Apache Software Foundation and is a cluster
computing framework that is open-source and is used for real-time Processing. •Qlikview :- Qlik’s tools
help businesses understand customer behavior, revamp business Processes, uncover new revenue
opportunities, and manage risk and reward effectively. •D3.js: A JavaScript library for creating interactive
and dynamic visualizations in web browsers.

DATA ANALYSIS FOR TWO DATA SETS: 1) TIME SERIES DATA :- Time series data represents observations
collected and recorded at equally spaced time intervals. It tracks changes in a variable over time,
enabling the analysis of trends, patterns. •Trend Analysis: Identifies long-term patterns or movements
within data over time. Helps understand overall direction or tendency of the variable. •Seasonal
Decomposition: Breaks down data into seasonal, trend, and irregular components. Aids in identifying
periodic fluctuations or recurring patterns. •Forecasting: Predicts future values based on historical data
patterns. •Autocorrelation Analysis: Assesses the correlation between current and past observations.
Helps understand relationships between successive data points. 2) CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA ANALYSIS :-
Cross-sectional data is collected at a single point in time, capturing information from different
individuals, entities, or variables simultaneously. •Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes characteristics of
different groups or entities at a single point in time. Provides insights through means, medians, or
frequency distributions. •Regression Analysis: Examines relationships between variables within the
dataset. Assesses how one variable impacts another at a specific moment. •Hypothesis Testing:
Evaluates differences or associations between variables. •Categorical Analysis: Compares different
categories or groups within the dataset. Helps understand relationships between categorical variables.
IMPORTANCE OF DATA VISUALISATION :- •Clarity and Understanding: Visualizations make complex data
easy to comprehend at a glance, aiding in identifying trends, patterns, and outliers. •Decision-Making:
Clear visuals help in making informed decisions quickly, as they provide a comprehensive view of the
data. •Communication •Identification of Relationships: Visualizations allow for the discovery of
relationships and correlations that might not be evident in raw data. •Storytelling: storytelling by
presenting data in a compelling and memorable way, allowing for effective communication of insights.
DATA VISUALISATION AND WHY DO WE DO IT :- •Data visualization is the graphical representation of
information and data. • By using visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools
provide an accessible way to see and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data. • It provides an
excellent way for employees or business owners to present data to non-technical audiences without
confusion. • Helps too make decisions and use visuals to tell stories of when data informs the who, what,
when, where, and how. •While traditional education typically draws a distinct line between creative
storytelling and technical analysis, the modern professional world also values those who can cross
between the two: °data visualization sits right in the middle of analysis and visual storytelling. °A good
visualization tells a story, removing the noise from data and highlighting useful information.

DATA VISUALIZATION BEST PRACTICES :- •Entitle a specific audience and mark their needs. •Choose the
right visual (The Key) •Apply Text Carefully and Intentionally •Use the predictable pattern for layouts.
•Select the right tool. Use Attractive colors for telling data stories. •Know Your Goal: Understand the
purpose of your visualization. What message or insights are you trying to convey to your audience? Tailor
your visualization to effectively communicate that message. •Use Correct Data: Ensure the accuracy and
relevance of the data being visualized. Flawed or irrelevant data can lead to misleading conclusions.
•Keep Visualization and Dashboard Simple: Simplicity aids comprehension. Avoid unnecessary elements
or complexity that could obscure the main message. Clarity is key. •Use the Right Chart: Choose the
appropriate chart types that best represent your data and effectively convey your message. Different
types of data require different visualizations for clarity. •Emphasize Important Points: Highlight key
findings or significant data points. Annotations, labels, or other visual cues can direct attention to crucial
information. •Use the Right Colors: Employ a consistent and appropriate color scheme that aids
comprehension and readability. Consistent use of color helps differentiate data categories or elements.

DATA ENTRY:- •Inputting Data: It involves entering various types of information into a dataset or
database. This includes text, numbers, dates, formulas, or any other relevant data into specific fields or
cells. •Accuracy and Consistency: Accurate data entry is crucial to maintain the integrity of the dataset.
Consistency in formatting, such as using the same date or number formats, enhances data reliability.
•Validation: Validating entered data to ensure it meets specific criteria or follows predefined rules.
2)DATA MANIPULATION: Editing: Modifying existing data, such as correcting errors, updating
information, or making changes to values, text, or formulas within the dataset. •Deleting and Adding
Data: Removing unnecessary or outdated data entries and adding new information to the dataset.
•Formatting: Changing the appearance of data, including adjusting fonts, colors, alignment, or applying
conditional formatting to highlight specific data points based on predefined rules.

DATA QUERIES :- 1)SORTING: •Ascending/Descending Order: Rearranging data based on specific criteria
such as alphabetical order, numerical value, or date, either in ascending (smallest to largest) or
descending (largest to smallest) order. •Single or Multi-Level Sorting: Sorting data based on one criterion
(e.g., sorting by date) or multiple criteria (e.g., sorting by date and then by alphabetical order). 2)
•Filtering: Basic Filtering: Displaying specific subsets of data that meet certain criteria. Users can filter
data based on specific values, text, dates, or conditions to focus on relevant information. •Single or
Multiple Criteria: Applying filters to single columns or multiple columns simultaneously to narrow down
the dataset based on user-defined conditions. 3) ADVANCED FILTER: •Complex Criteria: Allowing users to
set up more intricate filtering conditions using logical operators (AND, OR) and combining multiple
criteria to extract a more refined dataset. •Extracting Unique Records: Advanced filtering can also be
used to extract unique records that meet specific criteria or complex conditions.
DATA PRESENTATION :- Data presentation is the process of visually representing data sets to convey
Information effectively to an audience. In an era where the amount of data generated is vast, visually
Presenting data using methods such as diagrams, graphs, and charts has become crucial. This refers to
The organization of data into tables, graphs or charts, so that logical and statistical conclusions can be
Derived from the collected measurements.

DATA PRESENTED IN(3 METHODS):- •TEXTUAL PRESENTATION :-The textual Presentation of data is used
when the data is not large and can be easily comprehended by the reader Just when he reads the
paragraph. If the data is present in small sets, a textual presentation can be Easily used. For example,
there are 50 students in a class, among them, 30 are boys and 20 are girls. This is the data that can be
understood with the help of a simple text and no table or pie diagram is Required for the same •
TABULAR PRESENTATION:- It is a systematic and logical arrangement of data in The form of rows and
columns with respect to the characteristics of data. Allows large amount of data To be sorted and
reorganized in a neat format. Allows data to be organized for further analysis Allows The inclusion of only
the most important or relevant data Facilitates dialogue between the text and the Exact numbers in your
results. Examples of tabular data include: Financial data: such as stock prices, Financial statements, and
budget reports. Sales data: such as customer information, product Information, and sales figures. •
Graphical Presentation :- It is a way of analyzing numerical data. It is a Sort of chart which shows
statistical data in the form of lines or curves which are plotted on the Surface. It enables studying the
cause and effect relationships between two variables.

PLANNING FOR DATA PRESENTATION AND PREPARATION :- •Define Objective: Clarify what you aim to
communicate with the data. •Know Audience: Understand who will view the data and tailor it to their
needs. •Gather Valid Data: Collect accurate and relevant data, ensuring its quality. •Choose
Visualizations: Select suitable charts or graphs that best represent the data. •Design Presentation: Create
a visually clear and appealing layout. •Craft Narrative: Develop a coherent story around the data insights.
•Highlight Insights: Emphasize key findings for audience understanding. •Practice and Refine: Rehearse
the presentation and seek feedback for improvements. •Prepare for Interaction: Anticipate audience
questions or engagement. •Have a Backup Plan: Be ready for unexpected technical issues or disruptions.

TYPES OF ANALYTICS: •Predictive data analytics: predictive analytics to identify trends, correlations, and
causation. The category can be further broken down into predictive modeling and statistical modeling;
however, it’s important to know that the two go hand in hand. For example, an advertising campaign for
t-shirts on Facebook could apply predictive analytics to determine how closely conversion rate correlates
with a target audience’s geographic area, income bracket, and interests. •Prescriptive data analytics:
Prescriptive analytics is where Al and big data combine to help predict outcomes and identify what
actions to take. •Descriptive data analytics:- Descriptive analytics are the backbone of reporting-it’s
impossible to have business intelligence (BI) tools and dashboards without it. It addresses basic
questions of “how many, when, where, and what.” •Diagnostic data analytics:- Diagnostic data analytics
is the process of examining data to understand cause and event or why something happened.
Techniques such as drill down, data discovery, data mining, and correlations are often employed

DATA VISUALIZATION TYPES: •Chart •Table • Graph •Geospatial: A visualization that shows data in map
form using different shapes and colors to show the relationship between pieces of data and specific
locations. Infographic: A combination of visuals and words that represent data. Dashboards: A collection
of visualizations and data displayed in one place to help with analyzing and Presenting data.
QUALITATIVE DATA :- Qualitative data are data representing information and concepts that are not
Represented by numbers. They are often gathered from interviews and focus groups, personal diaries
And lab notebooks, maps, photographs, and other printed materials or observations. Qualitative data
Can be analyzed in multiple ways. One common method is data coding, which refers to the process of
Transforming the raw collected data into a set of meaningful categories that describe essential Concepts
of the data. Qualitative data and methods may be used more frequently in humanities or Social science
research and may be collected in descriptive studies.

PRINCIPLES/ ESSENTIALS OF EFFECTIVE QUALITATIVE DATA PRESENTATION :- •Clarity and coherence:-

Ensure your data is presented in a clear, organized manner that is easy to follow. Use headings,
Subheadings, and a logical structure to guide the reader through your analysis. •Visual aids:- Incorporate
visual aids like graphs, charts, or tables to illustrate patterns, themes, or relationships Within the data.
Word clouds, thematic maps, or diagrams can also be effective. •Contextualization:- Provide context for
your qualitative data by including quotes, anecdotes, or specific examples that Support your findings.
This adds depth and richness to your presentation. •Consistency:- Maintain Consistency in formatting,
font styles, and colors to create a cohesive presentation. Consistency aids in Readability and
understanding. •Narrative storytelling: Craft a narrative around your data that tells a Compelling story.
Use anecdotes or case studies to highlight key points and engage your audience. Interpretation and
analysis: Clearly interpret and analyze the data, explaining the significance of Findings and their
implications. Offer insights, connections, and implications drawn from the Qualitative data. •Audience
consideration: Tailor your presentation to your audience’s level of Understanding. Avoid jargon and
explain complex terms or concepts as needed. •conclusion :-Remember, the goal of presenting
qualitative data is to convey a rich understanding of the subject Matter to your audience in a meaningful
and coherent.

PIVOTCHART OR PIVOTTABLE REPORTS :- PivotTables and PivotCharts are powerful tools in spreadsheet
software like Microsoft Excel that help analyze and summarize data from databases or large tables.
•PivotTable Reports: These allow users to summarize and analyze data interactively by arranging and
summarizing selected columns and rows in a table format. They enable users to quickly reorganize,
calculate, and extract meaningful insights from large datasets by dragging and dropping fields to view
data in various ways. •PivotChart Reports: These are visual representations (charts or graphs) generated
based on PivotTable data. They complement PivotTables by offering a graphical representation of the
summarized information, making it easier to visualize trends, comparisons, and patterns within the
dataset.

AN EXAMPLE, PIVOTTABLES, PIVOT CHARTS : Suppose you have a spreadsheet with columns for
“Product,” “Region,” “Salesperson,” and “Sales Amount. 1) PivotTable Example:- •Purpose: Summarize
sales data by product and region. •Steps: °Select the sales data. °Create a PivotTable choosing “Product”
in rows and “Region” in columns. °Add “Sales Amount” in the values section to see total sales for each
product in various regions. •Outcome: Provides a table summarizing sales by product across different
regions, easily adjustable for deeper analysis. 2) PivotChart Example:- Purpose: Visualize the sales data
from the PivotTable. •Steps: °Use the created PivotTable data. °Create a PivotChart (e.g., bar or column
chart). °Customize the chart to show sales by product across regions. •Outcome: Presents a graphical
representation of sales, allowing for quick identification of trends or disparities in sales between
products and regions •Benefit :- PivotTables offer a structured summary, while PivotCharts provide a
visual representation, enabling swift analysis and comprehension of complex sales data.