TRIGONOMETRY In geometry an angle is defined as the set of points determined by two rays, or half-lines having the same endpoint One unit of measurement for angles is the degree. Many different angles have the same initial and terminal sides. Any two such angles are called coterminal angles. Problem 1. If @ = 60" is in standard position, find two positive angles and two negative angles that are coterminal with 6 Terminolog; Definition ‘Complementary angles a, atp=90 Supplementary angles a, 8 a+ p= 180° Conjugate angles a, f a+ B= 360° Degree measure for angles is used in applied areas such as surveying, navigation, and the design of mechanical equipment. In scientific applications that require calculus, itis customary to employ radian measure. One radian is the measure of the central angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius of the circle. Length of circular are s = r0 1 Area of a circular sector A = 5779 ANGULAR AND LINEAR SPEEDS The angular speed of a wheel that is rotating at a constant rate is the angle generated in ‘one unit of time by a line segment from the center of the wheel to a point on the circumference The linear speed of a point on the circumference is the distance that the point travels per unit of time. Problem 2. Suppose that a 24-inch diameter wheel is rotating at a rate of 800 rpm (revolutions per minute) a. Find the angular speed of the wheel. b. Find the linear speed (in in./min and mithr) of a point on the circumference of the wheel. Problem 3. A bicycle with 20-in wheels is traveling down a road at 15 mish. Find the angular velocity of the whee! in revolutions per minute. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS opp adj opp, sing = SPP =o tang = -PP ip cos inp «4 csc@ = 22 seco =? cota = 22Problem 4. If @ is an acute angle and cos @ = 5 find the values of the trigonometric functions of eo TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES The Pythagorean identities: tan? @ + 1 = sec? @ 1+ cot? @ = csc? 0 The complements/cofunctions sind = cos(90 ~ 0) tan 0 = cot(90 — 0) sec 8 = cse(90 — 8) Problem 5. Evaluate (sec 0 + tan 0)(1 — sind) CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Problem 6, If sing =2and tan @ < 0, use fundamental identities to find the values of the other five trigonometric functions Problem 7. Find the values of sin # and tan @, given cos 4 and @ in quadrant IV APPLIED PROBLEMS Problem 8. From a point on level ground 135 feet from the base of a tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 57°20’. Approximate the height of the tower. Problem 9. From the top of a building that overlooks an ocean, an observer watches a boat sailing directly toward the building. If the observer is 100 feet above sea level and if the angle of depression of the boat changes fram 25° to 40° during the period of observation, approximate the distance that the boat travels. Problem 10. Two ships leave port at the same time, one ship sailing in the direction N 23° E at a speed of 11 mi/hr and the second ship sailing in the direction S 67° E at 15 mifhr. Approximate the bearing from the second ship to the first, one hour later. Problem 11. To find the width of a river, a surveyor set up his surveying equipment at C on one bank and sighted across to a point B on the opposite bank; then, turning through an angle of 90°, he laid off a distance CA = 225 m. Finally, setting the equioment at A, he measured CAB as 48'20'. Find the width of the river. Problem 12. From the top of a lighthouse, 175 ft above the water, the angle of depression of a boat due south is 18°50’. Calculate the speed of the boat if, after it moves due west for 2 min, the angle of depression is 14°20"APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY The law of sines a b c sina sinf_ siny The law of cosines a? =b? +c? — 2becosa b* =a? +c? — 2accosp c? = a? + b? — 2abcosy Problem 13. Solve AABC, given a = 67°, a = 100 and c = 125. Problem 14. Solve AABC, given a = 12.4, and fi = 36.7° if (i) b = 8.7 and (ii) b = 14.1 Problem 15. When the angle of elevation of the sun is 64°, a telephone pole that is tilted at an angle of 9° directly away from the sun casts a shadow 21 feet long on level ground. Approximate the length of the pole. Problem 16. A point P on level ground is 3.0 kilometers due north of a point Q. A runner proceeds in the direction N 25° E from Q to a point R, and then from R to P in the direction S 70° W. Approximate the distance run Problem 17. A commercial fishing boat uses sonar equipment to detect a schoo! of fish 2 miles east of the boat and traveling in the direction of N51°W ata rate of 8 mi/hr. a. If the boat travels at 20 mi/hr, approximate, to the nearest 0.1°, the direction it should head to intercept the school of fish. b. Find, to the nearest minute, the time it will take the boat to reach the fish. Problem 18. A parallelogram has sides of lengths 30 centimeters and 70 centimeters and one angle of measure 65°. Approximate the length of each diagonal to the nearest centimeter Problem 19. A vertical pole 40 feet tall stands on a hillside that makes an angle of 17° with the horizontal. Approximate the minimal length of cable that will reach from the top of the pole to a point 72 feet downhill from the base of the pole. Problem 20. A ship is sailing due east when a light is observed bearing N62" 10°E. After the ship has traveled 2250 m, the light bears N48°25'E. If the course is continued, how close will the ship approach the light?