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9th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114 (2022) 012058 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012058

The primipara reproductive performance of Bali cows with

natural mating compared to artificial insemination

Y F Ramadhan1, A T Warman2, H Maulana3 and E Baliarti3*

1
Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 55281
2
Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Daerah
Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 55281
3
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 55281

Corresponding author: bali_arti@ugm.ac.id

Abstract. This study was conducted to observe Bali cows' primipara reproductive performance
between natural mating and artificial insemination. Fifty Bali cows owned by 44 farmers in
Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, were used as the research sample at
the first mating; 19 cows were subjected to natural mating (NM) and 31 cows to artificial
insemination (AI). Farmer's profile data, rearing system, and reproductive performance (the age
of puberty, the first mating, gestation period, postpartum estrus, postpartum mating, and calving
interval) were obtained from the farmer's interview and inseminator record. An independent
sample t-test was performed to analyze the differences in reproductive performance between NM
and AI groups. The results showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) in postpartum
estrus (48.94 ± 12.75 vs. 82.74 ± 26.51 days), postpartum mating (59.00 ± 14.00 vs. 85.64 ±
25.45 days), and calving interval (348.57 ± 18.20 vs. 393.19 ± 31.05 days). In conclusion, Bali
cows' reproductive performance in primipara with natural mating is better than artificial
insemination. So recommended that for the first mating, it is better to have a natural mating.

1. Introduction
The development of Bali cattle through artificial insemination (AI) programs has been widely carried
out in the West Nusa Tenggara Province, and this aims to increase productivity and improve genetic
quality. The percentage of cattle farmers on Lombok Island who use the AI method reached 30%, while
70% of other farmers still use natural mating (NM) [1]. Generally, farmers who find their cattle reach
this puberty immediately mate their livestock even though they have not yet reached body maturity. The
method of mating, both NM and AI, will determine the success of mating. The problem that farmers
often experience is that repeated breeding when using AI mating [2]. The straw used in AI comes from
selected males, while males belonging to farmers in NM are careless and physically smaller in size. So,
the fetus from AI will have a faster growth rate than a fetus from NM. Heifer or primiparous cows will
be more sensitive to dystocia at parturition because their reproductive organs are not yet fully developed
[3].
Fetal development while in the AI program is faster and therefore requires more nutrients. If the
nutrients consumed by the cows are lacking, the cow will mobilize reserve energy from the body. This

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9th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114 (2022) 012058 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012058

condition causes the condition of the cow's body to decline, which can have an impact on the cow's
reproductive after parturition [4]. Cows reproduction after parturition can be seen such as the first estrous
after parturition, service/conception (S/C), gestation period, Post Partum Mating (PPM), calving
interval, and reproductive index of the cows [5]. Farmer planning on the first mating and how the effect
of the first mating with AI has not been widely studied, even though this information is essential. There
is not enough information to convince farmers on smallholder farms who are eager to use artificial
insemination mating programs..

2. Materials and Methods

This research was conducted in Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, in December
2022. The study was conducted through interviews with 44 farmers' as a respondent. The total cows
used were 50 heads, consisting of 19 heads with natural mating and 31 heads with artificial insemination.
Reproduction performance data was obtained from interviews with farmers with the help of a
questionnaire. The reproductive data taken included the age of puberty, the age of first mating, the estrus
cycle, S/C, gestation period, PPE, PPM, and calving interval. Calving intervals are calculated from the
period of gestation plus PPM plus the multiplication result between (S/C-1) and the length of the estrus
cycle. The following equation obtains the cow's reproductive index:
365 days
IRI=Litter Size (1-Mortality)×
calving interval (days)
Data on the age of puberty, the age of the first mating, S/C, gestation period, PPE, PPM, calving
interval, and reproductive index were analyzed using an independent sample t-test.

3. Result and discussion

Bali cattle farmers in Central Lombok Regency implement special arrangements for cattle mating,
namely mating Bali cows with a bull of the same breed. In the determination of estrus, farmers usually
observe changes in the body's condition and their cows' behavior. Some used signs of estrus in heifers
are the vulva reddening and secreting mucus, restlessness, and moaning throughout the day. The heifer
will wag its tail, ride another cow and sniff the genitalia. Baliarti et al [6] stated that during estrus, a cow
would show sexual behavior in the form of mounting, riding other cows, and standing to be mounted
(silence when being climbed by other cows). Then the changes in the characteristics of the vulva in the
form of a reddish color, swelling, and clear mucus secretion. The reproductive performance of Bali cows
in Central Lombok Regency is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Reproductive performance of Bali cows by natural compared by artificial
insemination at the first mating in Central Lombok Regency
Parameters NM AI Significance
The age of puberty 19.84±3.33 21.74±3.99 NS
The age of first mating 20.26±3.41 21.96±3.97 NS
S/C 1.42±0.69 2.33±1.50 *
The gestation period (days) 280.21±0.91 279.90±1.04 NS
Postpartum estrus (days) 48.94±12.75 82.74±26.51 *
Postpartum mating (days) 59.00±14.00 85.64±25.45 *
Calving interval (days) 348.57±18.20 393.19±31.05 *
Cows Reproductive Index (calves/year) 0.93±0.33 0.84±0.28 NS
NS = Non-significant; * = Significant (P<0.05); NA = Natural mating group ; AI = Artificial
Insemination group
The farmer will mate his cow when it has shown signs of riding another animal and removing clear
mucus from its vulva. Most farmers choose to mate their cows with AI because the fetus is better and
heavier than that of NM. However, some farmers mate their cows with NM methods because it is easier

2
9th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114 (2022) 012058 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012058

and has high success. Farmers choose bulls based on their availability, and they are not aware of the
quality of the bulls. Technical NM is carried out by bringing bull and heifer together on a larger land
area.

3.1. The Age of Puberty

The first time estrus, or the age of puberty in heifers, can be experienced is when it has already reached
sexual maturity. This study showed that the age of the first estrus between mating cows natural mating
compared to artificial insemination was statistically non-significant. The results showed that Bali cows'
average age of puberty was longer than [7]. The average Bali cow reaches sexual maturity at the age of
18 months. Mating in cows should be carried out after the body maturity of the female Bali is reached.

3.2. First Age of Mating

The first age of mating is related to the first age of estrus. The age of Bali cows first mating in Central
Lombok Regency between NM and AI non-significant. Farmers with Natural Mating cows and AI mate
their livestock before two years or when they have not reached body maturity. So there is a possibility
that the reproductive organs have not reached maximum growth, which causes the tendency to occur
dystocia events in primiparous. Hoesni [7] stated that the age and size of the heifer's body at the time of
first mating, must be considered in terms of conception figures. The fertility of heifers is often slightly
lower than the fertility of cows, so to calve the fetus in good conditions, the breed, age, and size of bulls
must be considered during the first mating.

3.3. Service/Conception
The results showed a difference (P<0.05) in the average S/C between heifers with the first mating
naturally compared to the first mating artificially; natural mating is smaller than artificial insemination.
This is in accordance with research by Aryani et al. [8] states that natural mating methods in beef cattle
have a higher survival rate compared to artificial insemination. Amin et al [9] stated that the failure
factor of the pregnancy from the results of artificial insemination was due to the fertility of males, the
fertility of females, and the AI technique.

3.4. Gestation period

Compared to AI, the gestation period between the heifers with the first NM is non-significant. They do
not look significantly different because the same parent breed and the number of fetus conceived are the
same. The results of this study are still in the range of the results of Hopper [10]. However, they are
below the range of Suranjaya et al [11], which shows that the gestation length of Bali cattle in Badung
Regency ranges from 9.76 to 9.66 months and Tabanan Regency 8.70 to 9.63 months. Hopper [10] stated
that the gestation period in cows ranges from 276 to 295 days, and the factors that affect it are the cattle
breed, gender, and the number of fetuses conceived.

3.5. Postpartum estrus (PPE)

The appearance of the first estrus after parturition will impact postpartum mating; if PPE is longer, then
the mating after parturition can be delayed. This study showed a significant difference in PPE (P<0.05)
between NM compared to AI. This difference can happen due to the factor of lactating calves. Gaillard
et al. [12] stated that lactating factors influence the length of the postpartum estrus period, and intense
stimulation of the mammary glands can prolong PPE. Hopper [10] states that the level of milk
production influences the duration of anestrus and the degree of uterine involution after calving.
Suckling stimuli in the cows will activate the secretion of the hormone prolactin. Hopper [10] states
that nutrient deficiencies in the body of cows plus the secretion of the hormone prolactin during lactation
calves can lead to inhibition of the secretion of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) such as
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Low production of FSH and LH
results in the growth of ovarian follicles becoming undeveloped and cows not showing estrus. Follicle-
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth and maturity of ovarian follicles; FSH can secrete

3
9th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114 (2022) 012058 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012058

estrogen with the help of Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The hormone FSH is necessary for forming
ovarian follicles, subsequently gradually becoming De Graaf follicles that will increase estrogen in the
blood. FSH requires LH to stimulate estrogen production. In the phase before ovulation, LH plays a role
in its lysis of follicles from the walls, and ovulation occurs.

3.6. Pospartum mating (PPM)

Variations in the length of time postpartum mating can be affected by the first estrus after calving and
farmers' accuracy of estrus detection. The results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in postpartum
mating between Bali heifers, with the first mating naturally compared to artificial insemination.
Postpartum mating with the first mating is naturally shorter, with an average of 59 days, while in cows
with the first mating by AI, it is longer and has an average of 85.64 days. The results are influenced by
postpartum estrus; the longer the cattle show signs of estrus after parturition, the longer the distance the
cows will be mated after the parturition. Data on heifer's postpartum mating with natural first mating in
this study was in the same range as Fatmona [13], which states that the average PPM in Bali Cattle
ranges from 30 to 60 days.

3.7. Calving interval

The results showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in calving intervals between cows with NM
compared to AI; AI showed longer intervals than NM. The length of PPE and PPM influences these
results; the longer the PPM, the longer the calving interval. The average calving interval of cows with
the first mating by AI is higher than the study of Siswanto et al. [14], which is 350.46±27.98 days.
Reproductive efficiency is said to be good if a cow can produce calves in one year, and a longer calving
interval characterizes the less good performance of cows.

3.8. Reproductive index

The results showed no difference between Bali cows' reproductive index with NM compared to AI.
Setiadi et al. [15] stated that the cows' reproductive index contains correction factors for non-calving
cows in a group or business unit, thus better describing the reproductive efficiency of a business unit.
The difference in the cows' reproductive index between NM and AI is due to the factor that the calving
interval of AI is longer than that of NM. The reproductive index of the cows reflects the ability of a cow
to produce calves over a period of time. Baliarti et al. [16] stated that the value of the cow reproductive
index could be influenced by factors such as litter size, mortality, and calving intervals.

4. Conclusion
The performance of Bali cows includes S/C, PPE, PPM, and calving intervals in the naturally mating at
first mating in Central Lombok Regency is better than artificial insemination. It is recommended in the
future to use NM for heifers.

Acknowledgments
The researcher would like to thank the Direktorat Penelitian UGM through the 2022 Final Project
Recognition Program No: 3550/UN1.P.III/Dit-Lit/PT.01.05/2022. Thanks are also conveyed to the
farmers in the fields and all stakeholders for their support in this research.

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9th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114 (2022) 012058 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012058

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