HISTOLOGY In Granules Dr. ne Zahrader ee aa eed The Blood ¥ Blood Is a special type of CT. (mesenchymal in origin). ¥ Blood volume about 5 liters about 7% of the total body weight. 1} [oTo} Eee en - | © red blood corpuscles | Water 90% | | [erythrocytes] © 9% organic compounds « white blood cells [Leucocytes] + platelets [Thrombocytes] e.g. Proteins. Hormones ... © 1% inorganic salts: Ca, Mg .. Erythrocytes or red blood corpuscles (RBCs) * Stem cells in red bone marrow * ¥ Non-nucleated, bi concave disc-shaped cells ; uses of biconca arance are: — 1, Molecular structure of the cell membrane. .,2, Colloidal Hb complex inside cells: a change in ) "© “the chemical composition of Hb filling the 420" RBCs can change their shay ¥ Having a thick periphery of anda thin center of jum ¥ Inslow circulation (by LM) the RBC's adhere to each other like pile of coins fort ipa - This rouleaux appearance occurs due to high pee Of “surface tension at their surfaces. , Paes ADnormality in the shap * and release of hemoglobin and ghost formation as a result of Sean : toxin,drugs,incompatible blood transfusion parasite fragile membrane and idiopathic cause.Ss ie Ue an etd } o ~ if RBCs are put in hypertonic solution as 2% Nacl, {smaller with notched o1 they become shrunken vith utline) due to loss of water. + FEREEIIERE it RECs are put in hypotonic solution ss first swell, become spherical and t lea membrane called gh bas Poikilocytosis: i illed water, they hen rupture leaving remnants of cell i variation in cell shape, occurring in certain diseases as in sickle cell anemia, in which cells appear like a sickle or crescent. * Clinical tion: Hereditary spherocytosis: - Caused by an abnormal arrangement of the cytoskeleton of the RBCs (spectrin & ankyrin). ia | The RBCs become sphere shaped, fragile and easily destroyed leading to hemolytic anemia. normal diameter of an RBC ranges from 6-9 sm with a mean of BgAbnormality in the size} diameter more than 9um diameter less than 6ym internal standard to estimate the size of other nearby cells or structures + EE ina blood film stained with Leishman’s stain, the RBCs appear red in color (acidophilic) with pale center (normochromic) because of Hb proteins. - Single fresh erythrocyte is pale greenish yellow — - Crowded RBCs is red BgAbnormalities in the colour > (Beenie +> (Deraelatts EePolychromic Pastructure and composition ++ Mature RBC lack nucleus and organelles> more space for Hb. “ RBCs cytoplasm contains about: — 66% water - 33% hemoglobin (Hb). - 1%Enzymes as: carbonic anhydrase and Hb reductase + cell membrane : lipoprotein - selectively permeable & plastic. | 4 Most of the membrane proteins are integral membrane proteins. They include ion channels called band 3 protein, glycophorin c.inne: surta: © of the cell membrane is associated with eytoskeleton protein e.g. spectrin, ankyrin and actin to maintain the biconcave shape of RBC and provides the cell flexibility required for passage through capilla » Outer surface of the cell membrane is covered by carbohydrate-rich (call coat) containing the glycosylated extracellular domains of integral proteins, which include antigenic sites for blood grouping (A, B, AB, O) and Rh. | N. ner: re irement ai e' . Soluble enzymes for glycolysis. Hexose monophosphate shunt which produce ATP. | » [ne Erythrocytic count is the number of erythrocytes per mm? of blood 45 -5.5 million/mm?® mM pe 4-5 million/mm> )> > | Abnormality in number of erythrocytes: ° (oligocythemia): it is the decrease of RBCs count below normal and a significant decrease the amount of Hb in the blood below normal level Cem it is the increase in the number of RBCs * BagLife span of erythrocytes; About 120 days after which they become fragile and destroyed and phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. BaF unctions or erythrocytes: < 1. Transfer gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the alveolar air and tissue. 2. Acid-base buffer playing a role in controlling the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood. Bgotructure function adaptation of erythrocytes | Plasma Plasticity (Flexible) to be squeezed 5 lemma_* Lipoproteins are highly selective for gas exchange& prevents escape of Hb outside the cell. Shape | Biconcave to increase surface area for gases exchange& to give more space for Hb — L ¢ Rounded edge for easy flow & passage in BVs. | Content » No nuclei or organelles to give more space for Hb » Contain enzymes(Hb. Reductase & carbonic anhydrase) to __carryO2&CO270 eeBone Marrow (Myeloid tissue) structure of bone marrow: 1 * formed of reticular cells & reticular fibers for support- collagen 1 * perforated by arterioles, venules and blood sinusoids. 2. iio iui hives Bel * irregular dilated blood Haemopogiic celis — Sinusoi’ Soma channels, Wau * lined with fenestrated endothelial cells. * They have no or discontinuous basement membrane * supported by delicate reticular fibers. * Allow passage of newly A. us formed cells * Surrounded by macrophages ¥ aed Decmther gener 3. Fixed cells: including: * Stromal reticular cells: large branched cells Their processes - connected to each other forming a reticulum in which free cells develop fat cells: the largest & commonest cells but are less in red bone marrow than in yellow one. * %* macrophages: having pseudopodia which extend between endothelial cells into the lumen of sinusoids to phagocytose foreign bodies. - destroy nuclei of erythrocyte precursors, malformed cells, excess cytoplasm. - transmit iron to the developing RBCs > synthesis of heme. * Other cells: Fibroblasts, and bone cells of the endosteum (osteogenic cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts).and endothelial cells. 4. are the developing blood cells in differentPee a reed ] rs ~ Tf | Yellow inactive BM: \s red in color due to its high Is yellow in color due to its | content of Hb (in RBCs). | high content of fat cells | Forms most of marrow in hysis of the long bones - -flat bones - ribs- in diaphysis (shaft) of long | vertebrae. | bones in adults Form: CT. stroma. blood sinusoids, fat cells giving to it the fixed and free cells yellow color Functions: - Production of different types | - storage of fat of blood cells ke Scan regain its activity at - destruction of old ; time of need (e.g. erythrocytes” 9! er’ ‘| hemorrhage) + storage of iron in | - | macrophages. ye, ey FI =: 1} Histology of the Red Bone Marrow.éstology — Dr, ate Sle) aie | ae Duri . * During fetal life, blood cells are formed in differentiation Of the 1: Yolk-: lasi several organs before the ae Fi » s the end of gestation. myeloi se; trimester of Pregnancy. Postnatal hem: ey ~ Myeloid tissue or bone marrow ~ Lymphatic organs EitereeR keel Gs {A) Pluripotential Hemopoietic Stem Cells (PHSC): ripoten: mi ic Stem i * They are capable of: differentiating into all the blood cell - self-renewal. B) Multipotential S lls: * PHSC proliferate and differentiate into multipotential progenitor cells. * There are two major types: EMER ouce erythrocyte, granulocyte, monocyte and megakaryocyte. P- Common Lymaold Progenitor em can differentiate into the three types zz rr It begins in the 3 of lymphocytes. * Characterized by: Not morphologically distinguishable, Have general aspect of lymphocytes, low mitotic activity and self-renewal. > «°~' Wie bee! {C) Restricted Progenitor Cells (CFU): they are unipotential cells restricted or committed to form one line of cells. » They are called colony forming cells/units- committed to a single cell line. » There are four types of progenitor cells (colony forming unite; CFUs):( 1. CFU- Erythrocytes (CFU-E). ste Uap 2. CFU — Megakaryocytes (CFU- Meg). 3. CFU- Granulocyte- monocyte (CFU- GM). 4. CFU - Lymphocytes (CFU-L). — |TAll the previous cells are similar in shape to small lymphocytes but they have a pale nucleus]- High mitotic activity - Less self-renewal capacity. _tology ~ Dr. Ahmed Zahr hese cells start change in shape to give rise to mature blood cells. They are not se! renewing * Characterized by: Begin morphologic Differentiation, High mitotic activity and No self-renewal P ( * Characterized by: Clear morphologic differentiation and no mitotic activity Haematopoietic stem cell Sa nly) malt hn PA Common myeloid progenitor Common lymphoid progenitor ? . Myeloblast Lymphoblast Enfiwocyies Platelets Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil Monocyte T Lymphocyte 8 LymphocytePeau Erythropoeisis (Formation of RBCs) Pachances that take place during RBC matu 1- Gradual decrease in the size of the cell till it reaches the size of the mature RBC 2- Nucleus: * Decrease in size of nucleoli, then they disappear. * Decrease in size of nuclei, condensation of chromatin to become pykotic & finally extruded. 3- Cytoplasm: First, it is basophilic (ribosomes) then becomes acidophilic (Hb synthesis). paStages of Erythropoiesis: (UE) -PHSCs mal : -Multi ial myeloid stem cells I-Progenitor a Vi-Precursor cells (blasts): i following cells: ro. erythroblast # the first recognizable precursor of erythrocyte in the asophiic erythroblast BM. , A It is the largest cell 17 um in diameter. , * Nucleus: large pale nucleus with prominent nucleoli. * lasm: is pale basophilic (due to poly ribosomes). matothiic nyt * The cell becomes smaller (14 um). * Nucleus: becomes smaller & darker &condensed # Cytoplasm: becomes deeply basophilic (rich in free ‘i 4 si ribosomes & polysomes), oe * The cell becomes smaller (11. um). * Nucleus: becomes smaller and darker. Reticblocyte * Cytoplasm: becomes violet as it takes both basic stain (ribosomes and polyribosomes) and aci q ({hemoglobin),so it has many colors. é 4 * It is the last cell that can divide. e * The cell becomes smaller (8um). ’ oF i * Nucleus: becomes smaller, darker and eccentric to be expelled outside the cell& engulfed by macrophages. * Cytoplasm: is acidophilic (hemoglobin).ftology ~ Dr. Ahmed Z 140 F « The cell becomes smaller (9 2 um), slightly larger than normal RBCs. + cytoplasm: is acidophilic but contains remnants of ribosomes and polysomes that form a reticulum. Soon (within 24-28 hrs) the cell loses its polyribosomes to become mature erythrocytes + Its percentage in the peripheral blood ranges between 0.5% - 2.5%. Increase of its percentage more than that occurs in acute blood loss of hemolysis. * Can be stained with supravital stain “brilliant cresyl blue” tos UP ed * Biconcave discs (7.5 rh) Cytoplasm full of Hb and no nucleus nor organelles.y — Dr. Ahmed Zahra RBCs 1The following are characters of RBCs except: a) average diameter is 7.2um b) have a role in immunity ¢) have biconcave shape d) can change its shape 2. The average size of RBCs a) 70um b) 7.0nm © 7.0mm d) 0.7um e) 0.7mm 3 it lood cells all are PT: a) havea biconcave shape which maximizes the surface/volume ratio for gas transfer in capillary vessels b) have no mitochondria ©) have a membrane-associated cytoskeleton which maintains their shape d) havea life span in peripheral blood of about 20 days e) are removed, when aged, by cells in the spleen answer b answer a answer d 4. juction in mature erythr ‘ompli: a) s the glycolytic pathway b) mitochondria c) hexose monophosphate shunt d) citric acid cycle (kerbs cycle) Correct a& ¢ 5.Reticulocytes are: a) stem cell of all blood elements. b) large cells with central basophilic nucleus. <) immature RBCs present in the peripheral blood Correct 6. Anisocytosis is a) decrease in the No of RBCs b) variation of shape of RBCs ©) variation of diameter of RBCs Correct ¢ea PA Te Ky Anisocyto: _ a) decrease in the No of RBCs b) variation of shape of RBCs ©) variation of size of leucocytes d) variation of size of RBCs e) none of the above 8.The following statements concerni s are true EXCEPT a) Rounded biconcave non nucleated cells b) 6-9 um in diameter ¢) It is red because of its hemoglobin content d) It is very active cell 9._One of the following definitions is NOT correct a) Spherocytes are biconvex RBCs b) Anisocytosis is a small sized RBCs ¢) Poikilocytes are pear shaped RBCs d) Sickle cells are crescent like RBCs answer d 10. All the following statements concerning RBCs are true EXCEPT a) Its diameter rang from 6 - 9 ym b) Its number ranges from 4.5 - 6 mil/emm ¢) Its life span about 120 days d) It can be stained by supravital stain answer 11. RBCs have a diameter 4um and low concenteration of hemoglobin in a) Microcytic hypochromic anemia b) Normocytic normochromic anemia c) Macrocytic anemia d) Non of the above 12, Following statements concerning the reticulocytes are true EXCEPT a) In the CT it is called reticular cells b) It is immature RBCs containing rRNA ©) Can be stained with supravital stain (brilliant cresyl blue) d) Normally present in the circulation (2% of RBCs number) answer aA Par ile 4 ae) Fiypertanic solution . produces no change in the size of RBCs py Shrinks the RBCs c) Hemolyses the RBCs d) Stimulates RBCs to divide answer b 14. Hypotonic solution a) Produces no change in the size of RBCs b) Shrinks the RBCs c) Hemolyses The RBCs d) Stimulates RBCs to divide answer ¢ 15. lsotonic solution a) Produces no change in the size of RBCs b) Shrinks the RBCs ©) Hemolyses The RBCs d) Stimulates RBCs to divide answer a 16. The followings concerning RBC adaptation to its function ECXEPT a) Biconcave shape provides a large surface area b) Cell membrane is highly selective for gas exchange © Cell membrane is elastic to pass through the small capillaries d) The small nucleus provide a wide space for hemoglobin Answer d Bone marrow 17.Red bone marrow a) active found in cavities of bones of embryos b) found in shaft of long bones in adults c) has a high content of fat cells answer 18. The stroma of the red bone marrow contains all the following except a) reticular cells b) fat cells ¢) osteocytes d) macrophages ) fibroblasts nswer ¢ee ae Pe) Ay Hem iesis generates all forms of bi ll 4) all blood cells derived from a common hemopoietic stem cell b) each of the factors which control and modulate hemopoiesis act very specifically on one cell line c) platelets are formed from monocytes d) committed progenitor cells are not self-restricted answer a 20,Durins iesis, the following changes occur except: a) the nucleus becomes smaller and disappears b) the size of the cells decrease ¢) fine granules appear in the cytoplasm d) cytoplasm change to acidophilic answer ¢ 21. in Ci yf hropoiesis, the following are 2 a) the size of cells gradually decrease b) finally the nucleus disappears ©) finally the nucteolus disappears d) the cytoplasm change from basophilic to acidophilic answer e 22.In adults, erythrocytes develop in a) peripheral blood b) red bone marrow ¢) spleen d) liver e) all of the above answer b 23.CFU-Ly cells give rise to a) CFU-G b) CFU-Eo ©) T-lymphocytes d) Monocytes 24.During granulopoiesis the following occur except: a) the size of cells gradually decrease b) non specific granules appear ©) nucleus becomes lobulated d) azurophilic granules disappear answer dAlas) Dear) 25.1he process by which the blood cells are formed is called a) Haemopoiesis b) Erythropoisis c) Osteogenesis d) Non of the above 26. Blood is a) Ectodermal in origin b) Mesodermal in origin ¢) Endodermal in origin d) All of the above answer 27.1n the red bone marrow, you can recognize a) Fat cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells b) Macrophages and reticular ells ¢) Blood forming cells d) All of the above answer d cell of all blood cells i: a) Pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell b) Colony forming unit megakaryoblast ¢) Macrophages d) Oseoproginator cell nsw hs luripotenti jopoietic a) They have the capacity for self renewal b) They differentiate to multipotential haemopoietic stem cell ) The mother cells for all blood cells d) All of the above answer d 30. Concerning multipotential haemopoietic stem cell a) Two types myeloid and lymphoid multipotential haemopoietic stem cell b) They differentiate to pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell ¢) They have no capacity for self renewal d) They are highly differentiated cells 31. Myeloid multipotential stem cells a) The mother cells for all blood cells b) The mother cells for white cells and red blood cells ¢) The mother cells for granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes and platelets d) The mother cells for B and T lymphocytesPee fof ‘ answer ¢ _ progenitor cells in the bone marrow — i jwo tyPes myeloid and lymphoid multipotential haemopoietic stem cell Y pifferentiate into pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell ¢) Are highly differentiated cells d) Have no capacity for self renewal answer d 33, Precursor cells in the bone marrow a) Two types myeloid and lymphoid multipotential haemopoietic stem cell b) Differentiate to pluripotential haemopoietic stem cell ©) Have no capacity for self renewal d) Are highly differentiated cells nswer 34, The proces: jich RBCs is formed is call a) Erythroblastosis b) Erythropoiesis ©) Haemopoiesis d) Thrmbopoiesis 35. Cor jing the iesis followin: ni cleus: a) Proeryhtroblast b) Basophilic erythroblast ) Normoblast d) Reticulocyte answer d 36. Reticulocytes a) Their cytoplasm rich in metachromatic granules b) Their cytoplasm has residual RNA (basophilic cytoplasm) c) Are multinucleated cells d) Produce reticular fibers answer.HISTOLOGY In Granules Dr. Ahmed Zahra 2019 - 2020a ACT Nie a eee) rs) ETS RM Rene} + They are true cells having nuclei and organelles. They are larger & much less numerous (700:1 ratio) than RBCs % Have shorter life span (most last hours to days) * Total leucocytic count is: 4000 - 11000 cell/mm?, An increase in total number above 11,000/ mm? called leukocytosis. > A decrease in the total number below 4000/ mm? called leucopenia PUTT tg LGyitre te url + Neutrophils + Eosinophils * basophils « lymphocytes * monocytes. Lea ¥ Total leucocytic count: 6000:10000 /mm3 ¥ What is meant by Differential leucocytic count??? * Bacterial infection > neutrophils Neutrophils =) 94 pa S11 basophils 2s) 4 asl_> monocytes sal! oo 5S1.3 small asa gi pa jtual.g lymphocytes * Parasitic infection > eosinophils * Viral infection & chronic diseases > lymphocytes * Allergy > basophil - eosinophils * Acute inflammation > neutrophil * Chronic inflammation > monocyte - lymphocyteBe eae Ut al te) ] TCT cla Kets LE > (EEE: 60-7 r diameter > 6-8 hours in blood and 1-4 days in CT » Lo TaaoLe sama seta Tela 5% of total leucocytic count, rounded cells, 12-15 um in tes)| * Nucleus: is multilobed, condensed, deeply stained, segmented formed of 3 to 5 lobes interconnected by delicate chromatin strands, ~ In immature cells (band neutrophils) contain one bent rod (or horse shoe) nucleus. ~ Band neutrophils are not more than 1-2% in blood film normally. - NLB. some mature neutrophils of human female show sex chromosomes as a drum stick appendage (Barr body) which is the inactive X-Chromosome. * Cytoplasm: they show fine neutrophilic granules & azurophilic granules > * Nucleus: heterochromatin with small amount of central euchromatin * Cytoplasm: contain: small Golgi complex and rER. © 2 types of granul UmtNeutrophilic granules:eay Peer} more Ni azurophilic granules They are membrane alkaline phosphatase, (bacteriostatic). 2. GUAT) lumerous (80%) than ~ bounded & contain collagenase and lactoferrin iy ilic granules: Fett larger and less numerous (20 %) than neutrophilic granules, They are Primary lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes, Proteolytic enzymes and lipolytic enzymes, peroxidase and bactericidal basic protein. * Apoptotic neutrophils, bacteria, fluid form a viscous, semi-digested material & tissue usually yellow collection of fluid called pusOe a bacteria. 2. They then die forming pus. 1. Are considered as the first line of defense against invasion of 3. They have the characteristics of: Diapedesis & chemotaxis, 4. Neutrophils attract monocytes to the site of infection. 5. Stimulation the bone marrow: in response to > (EMI eiteienss called neutrophilia, e.g.: tonsillitis & appendicitis > (EM ee rateecy called neutropenia, e.g.: influenza, measles. cere Eosinophils 1-5% of total leucocytic count rounded cells. 12-15 ym in diameter - Few hours in blood - 1-2 weeks in CT ees Cares CET a show (formed of 2 lobes connected by chromatin thread). is packed with numerous large refractile and acidophilic granules about 200/cell. peripheral heterochromatin with more central euchromatin than in neutrophils. EEE few organelles (small Golgi apparatus, few mitochondria, rER & moderate amount of |0.5- 1% of total leucocytic count rounded cells. 12-15 pm in diameter. - Few hours in blood & several = months in CT (mene: is bilobed or horse- [MMekites is S shaped of irregular | in shape divided in two or more irregular lobes. eee light basophilic& is packed with large dark basophilic specific granules masking the nucleus. The granules could be | metachromatically stained by | toludine blue. minimal peripheral heterochromatin with more central euchromatin. few organelles (sparse number of mitochondria, small Golgi | complex, r—ER, moderate | | =glycogen) and two types of granules. 1.Specific granules: are large elongated or ovoid with crystalline electron dense core called the internum surrounded by less dense zone called the externum. The crystalline core contains major basic protein (MBP) Eosinophil peroxidase (both have antiparasitic worms & helminthes). The specific granules also contain histaminases & arylsulfatase enzyme (anti- allergic action) which degrade histamine & slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) released by mast cells &basophils during hypersensitivity reaction. 2. Azurophilic granules: smaller and less in number. They are lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes (antiparasitic and also hydrolyze the Ag-Ab complex that are internalized by eosinophil) 1. Termination & localization of allergic reaction Mita 2. Play a role in the defense against parasites. amount of glycogen) and two | types of granules: |1. Specific granules: are few, irregular in size & shape & homogenous electron dense eosinophil & neutrophil chemotactic factors and leukotrienes. They are similar to mast cells 2.Few azurophilic granules enzymes. MCQ? Cell membrane shows receptors for IgE. 1. Release of histamine * heparin 2. Have very weak phagocytic activity. contain heparin. histamine and (lysosomes): contain hydrolytic © eosinophil chemotactic factorPenny aye aoe) cis]eee eee > 20-25% of total leucocytic count. , lymphocytes vary in life span according to their specific functions: some live only a few hours & others survive in the circulating blood or other tissues for many years. tal 'ypes of lymphocytes according CRT Y representing majority ¥ representing few (8%) (92%) of lymphocytes in blood lymphocytes blood v The majority seen in the blood represent activated B lymphocytes, while some _ are natural killer cells CCid about 6-8 um ____| about in 10-15 um Sones cells herical cells ESE: large central, larger slightly rounded and condensed indented occupying most of the cell. | @WtiEEuHl more & slightly ares A thin rim of pale| basophilic basophilic ... present around the nucleus. _— ¥ Many free ribosomes ¥ more organelles (mit, well | Y Contain few organelles developed GA, r—R ....) (e.g. few mitochondria, v Few polysomes & few rER & Golgi complex) and | azurophilic granules few azurophilic granules | (lysosomes) | (lysosomes) 9; ¥ surface covered by _ Microvilli e ‘@® ) 4 few hours to many years. + REE arse rounded cells, 12-20 ym diameter (the largest). * ucla is large, highly indented, kidney shaped or c shaped, lightly stained, paler than that of lymphocytes and eccentric. * Cytoplasm is abundant and contains fine azurophilic granules which are lysosomes & numerous pseudopodia. * Cytoplasm is basophilic or bluish gray in color (Frosted glass appearance) » * Numerous lysosomes (i.e. azurophilic granules) * Other organelles as mitochondria, prominent Golgi complex, few rER, sER & ribosomes. > * They migrate to the connective tissue and differentiate into macrophages. * Circulating monocytes phagocytose bacteria, viruses and foreign bodies. * In acute inflammation, extravasation of monocytes occurs and they change into macrophages that migrate to the connective tissue at the site of injury. | In chronic inflammation, | continuous recruitment of | monocytes occurs leading to continuous presence of macrophages causing excessive tissue damage leStages: 1- stem cells : - PHSCs - Multipotential myeloid Stem cells 2-progenitor cells : colony forming unit megakaryocyte( CFU-Meg) 3- precursor cells ; RSGaRS TARA ( immature): * Large cells 25-50 micrometer * The nucleus is indented with numerous nucleoli . * They have highly basophilic homogenous non granular cytoplasm. * Last cells capable of mitosis * Before differentiating, these cells undergo endomitosis , wit tepeated rounds of DNA replication not separated by cell divisions, resulting in a nucleus that is highly polypoid. 4 (mature): cru Megakaryoryte * The Largest (up to 150 um). Megakaryoblast * They have single multilobed & Pro-Megakaryoqyte polypoid nucleus. * Cytoplasm is basophilic - granular. It contains numerous mitachondria , well developed rER, extensive golgi complex , alpha granules , lysosomes (lambda granules ) & dense bodies * Invaginations of the plasmalemma form (demarcation channels that represent reservoirs for rapid elongation of the processes) * Megakaryocytes are located near sinusoids, where they extend pseudopodia (platelet ribbons) through fenestrae of endothelial cells into sinusoidal lumen where platelets detach from the top of these processes and washed with the circulation.Mitochondria. ribosomes. glycogen and three types of granules: 1. (alpha) granules contain fibrinogen , toaguiation factory platetets| a platelets derived growth factors, they are the majority of granules. 2, Dense bodies (delta granules) contain ADP, ATP and serotonin. 3. (Lambda) granules are Lysosomes containingYT vanssnns very small non nucleated membrane bound cell fragements, In the blood film they are seen singly or more commonly as clumps- (nota true cell) 150,000 - 410,000 /mm’? increase in platelets number. = decrease in the platelets number. SWiilrounded to oval biconvex disc like cell fragments SEP from megakaryocytes (cells present in the bone marrow) (SEE 10 days. then phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen SFR are 2-4 um in diameter, (SEEME formed of peripheral clear region called hyalomere and a central granular region called granulomere. platelets show: ¥ Irregular cell membrane covered by glycocalyx coat composed of lycoliy ids & glycoproteins for platelets adhesion bundles of microtubules arranged parallel to each other forming a ring within the hyalomere to maintain the shape of the platelets. @Actin and myosin filaments helping contraction of the platelets sue retraction of blood clot. open canalicular system : which is invagination from the cell membrane facilitating platelets uptake of factors from plasma ,rapid degranulation upon activation & ionized calcium release. 2)dense tubular systems: which may be remanants of endoplasmic reticulum of megakaryocytes ( store ca ions )1. Which of the following is abnormal? a) 65% of the leucocytes is Neutrophils b) 25% of the leucocytes is lymphocytes ¢) 5% of the leucocytes is Eosinophils d) 12% of the leucocytes is monocytes 2. Differential leucocytic count is: a) the number of leucocytes per cubic millimeter. b) the percentage of each type of leucocytes ¢) all of the above d) none of the above 3._As a group, granular leucocytes in humans a) have a nonlobate nucleus b) have a multilobate nucleus in some cell subtypes ©) include blood monocytes having cytoplasmic granules @) are normally formed in the adult by reticular cells in the spleen answer d sorrect b 4.Neutrophils a) possess specific granules that are larger than their azurophilic granules b) possess specific granules that are smaller than their azurophilic granules . ©) form the first line of defense during chronic inflammation 5. Neutrophils have the following characters except: a) contain neutral granules b) contain azurophilic granules ©) their granules have lysosomal enzymes d) their cytoplasm contain large coarse acidophilic granules correct b answer d 6. Neutrophils a) possess specific granules that are smaller than azurophilic granules b) termed polymorphonuciear ¢)_ have relative short life span d) all of the above 7.In peripheral blood the drum-stick is found in ; a) neutrophils of some females b) granulocytes ¢) the sites of the Y chromosome d) neutrophils of some males e) all of the abovePrey RNa ae) At £/M eosinophils have characteristic a) well developed Golgi b) many RER ©) microvilli d) apical secretory granules e) acidophilic granules 9.Histamine is released from * a) mast cells b) basophils ©) mast cells & basophils 4) plasma cells answer c 10. Basophils ) have non-segmented nuclei b) have no granules ©) are smaller than erythrocytes 4) are identical to mast cells ) release histamine answer e 11. Both mast cells and basophils a) have metachromatic granules b) are phagocytic ©) have lobulated nuclei 4) originate from red bone marrow €) are blood cells answer a 12. Mast cells and basophils are similar in one of the followings a) the size of granules | b) both have lobulated nuclei ¢) have arise from the same mother cells . d) both are phagocytic e) their granules react metachromatically to basic stains answer e '3.Cells that involved in allergic responses are the following except: a) mast cells b) basophils ©) monocytes d) Eosinophilsa Pcie) ea P. Specific granules of the neutrophils a) Have alkaline phosphatase, collagenase and lysozyme b) Are the lysosomes ©) Are zymogen granules d) All of the above 22. The following statements concerning esinophils are true EXCEPT a) They have bilobed nucleus b) They contain large acidophilic granules ) They have lysosomes (azurophilic granules) d) They have histamine and heparin granules answer d 23, Basophils a) Have S shape nucleus b) Have large basophilic granules ©) Contain heparin and histamine d) All of the above answer d 24, The followings cells are involved in the allergic reaction EXCEPT a) Mast cells b) Undifferentiated stem cells ©) Esinophils d) Basophils inswer 25. The metachromatic granules are found in the following cells a) Basophils b) Mast cells c) A&B d) Non of the above 26,_The following statements concerning lymphocytes are true EXCEPT a) The cytoplasm has no specific granules b) Normally, it represents about 90% of circulating leucocytes ) Presents in the blood, lymph and connective tissue d) It has dark large nucleus Inswer 27. The followings are types of lymphocytes EXCEPT a) B-lymphocytes b) T-lymphocytes c) Natural killer cells (null cells) d) ThymocytesC Mee 28. Blood platelets in man a) possess small nuclei b) develop in spleen ©) develop from monocytes d) are about 250,000/ mm3 e) none of the above 29.Blood platelets have the following characters except : ; a) they are normally 150,000-400,000/ mm3 b) have central granulomere and peripheral hyalomere ) they initiate local coagulation d) have small lobulated nuclei 30. Hyalomere is in a) T lymphocytes b) B lymphocytes c) mast cells d) platelets 31. Granulomere is a central dark granular layer of a) neutrophils b) eosinophils ©)_ basophils d) erythrocytes e) none of the above 32.The following statements concerning platelets are true EXCEPT a) Non nucleated cells b) Normally it counts 150,000 - 400,000/emm ¢) We can not see by light microscope d) They show hyalomere (pale peripheral) and granulomere (central dark) answer ¢ 33.In the platelets, the granulomere contains the followings EXCEPT a) Alpha granules which contain fibrinogen b) Beta granules which contain DNA and RNA ©) Delta granules which contain ATP & ADP d) Lambda granules which contain lysosomes 34.Promyelocytes a) are precursor of erythrocytes b) are relatively small cells ¢) contain specific granules35.During granulopoiesis the following occur except: @) have lobulated nucleus e) contain azurophilic granules a) the size of cells gradually decrease b) non specific granules appear ©) nucleus becomes lobulated d) azurophilic granules disappear answer d 36, Myeloid multi intial ster 38.. 39, a) The mother cells for all blood cells b) The mother cells for white cells and red blood cells ©) The mother cells for granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes and platelets : d) The mother cells for B and T lymphocytes | answer ¢ 37. Myeloblast a) Is. cell stage in the process of granulopoiesis b) Isa cell stage in the process of monopoiesis ©) Isa cell stage in the process of erythropoiesis d) Non of the above ' answer a it it latement concernin: fe ie PT a) A call stage in the process of granulopoiesis, b) There are three types of myelocytes; neutrophil, esinophil and basophil ©) They divide continuously for self renewal d) They differentiate into neutrophil, esinophil and basophil . lowing sti ver in i PT a) A cell stage in the process of thrombopoiesis b) A large cell with very large nucleus ©) They divide by mitosis to many platelets d) They contain well developed Golgi, RER and many azurophilic granules nswer c