hmb-\-°m¿
]©h’c ]≤XnIƒ
P-hm-l¿-em¬- s\-{lp-hn-s\-bm-Wv- C-¥y-≥ ]-©-h-’-c-
]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv- F-∂p- hn-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.- tkm-
hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-s\- am-Xr-I-bm-°n-bm-Wv- Cu- hn-I-k-\-X-
{¥w- C-¥y-bn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.- B-kq-{X-W- I-Ωn-j-\m-
Wv- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS- cq-]-tc-J- X-øm-dm-°n-bn-cp-
∂-Xv.-
B-Zy-am-bn- ]-©h - ’
- c- - ]-≤X
- n- \-S∏
- m-°n-b- cm-Pyw- tkm-
hn-b-‰v- bq-Wn-b-\m-Wv.- 1928˛-\pw- 1932˛-\pw- a-t[y- \-S-∏m-
°n-b- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- D-]-⁄m-Xm-hv- tPm-k-^v- kv-‰m-en-≥ B-
bn-cp-∂p.-
H-∂mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
H-∂mw- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv- 1951˛-56
Im-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv.- ss{]-a-dn- sk-Iv-S-dn-\v- A-Y-hm- Im¿-jn-
I-hn-I-k-\-Øn-\m-Wv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bn¬- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-
b-Xv.- lm-tcm-Uv- tUm-a¿- am-Xr-I- (Harrod Domar model-)-
bn-em-Wv- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.- e-£y-an-´- h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v-
2.-1 i-X-am-\-hpw- ssI-h-cn-®-Xv- 3.-6 i-X-am-\-hp-am-Wv.- sU-
k¿-´v- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t{]m-{Kmw,- \m-j-W¬- F-Iv-Ã-≥j-
≥ kv-Iow- F-∂o- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- B-cw-`n-®-Xpw- hn-hn-t[m-t±-
iy- P-e-tk-N-\- ]-≤-Xn-I-fm-b- `-{Im-\w-K¬,- ln-cm-°p-Uv,-
Zm-tam-Z¿- hm-en- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv- H-∂mw- ]-≤-Xn-
°m-e-Øm-Wv.- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- A-S-¶¬- Xp-I- 2069 tIm-Sn-bm-
bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- ]n-∂o-Sv- 2378 tIm-Sn-bm-bn- D-b¿-Øn.-
{]-i-kv-X- C-¥y-≥ km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-{X-⁄-\pw- a-e-
bm-fn-bp-am-b- tUm.-sI.-F-≥.-cm-Pm-Wv- H-∂mw- ]-©-h-’-c-
]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- cq-]-tc-J- X-øm-dm-°n-b-Xv.-
c-≠mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
hy-h-km-b-Øn-\v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In-b- c-≠mw- ]-©-h-
’-c- ]-≤-Xn- 1956˛-61 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- \-S-∏m-°n.- {]-i-kv-X-
ÿn-Xn-hn-hc - i
- m-kv{- X- hn-ZK
- v[
- \
- m-b- ]n.-kn.-al
- e
- t- \m-_n-kv-
1953˛¬- cq-]-I-ev-]-\- sN-bv-X- a-l-e-t\m-_n-kv- am-Xr-I-
bn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ]-≤-Xn- 4.-5 i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-®- e-£y-an-
s´-¶n-epw- 4.-27 i-X-am-\-am-Wv- ssI-h-cn-®-Xv.- C-≥U-kv-{Sn-
B-‚ v- {Sm-≥kv-t]m¿-´v- πm-≥ F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-
sS- Im-e-Øm-Wv- dq¿-t°-e,- `n-em-bv,- Zp¿-Km-∏q¿- Ão¬- πm-
‚p-Iƒ- B-cw-`n-®-Xv.- _w-Km-fn-se- Nn-Ø-c-Rv-P-≥ tIm-®v-
^m-Iv-S-dn-bpw- X-an-gv-\m-´n-se- s]-c-ºq-cn-ep-≈- tIm-®v- ^m-Iv-
S-dn-bpw- Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- Im-e-Øm-Wv.- c-≠mw- ]-
≤-Xn-bp-sS- A-hk - m-\t- Øm-sS-bm-Wv- km-t¶-Xn-I- hn-Zym-`ym-
k-cw-K-sØ- A-Xyp-∂-X- hn-Zym-`ym-k- ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-b- A-
©v- sF.-sF.-Sn.-Iƒ- (Indian Institutes of Technology)- C-
¥y-bn¬- ÿm-]n-®-Xv.- D-∂-X- hn-Zym-`ym-k- cw-K-Øn-\v- i-
‡n- ]-I-cp-∂-Xn-\v- H-∂mw- ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øv- 1953˛¬- hn-
Zym-`ym-k- a-{¥n- au-em-\m- B-km-Zv- D-Zv-Lm-S-\w- sN-bv-X-
bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-‰n- {Km-‚-kv- I-Ωn-j-\v- ]m¿-e-sa-‚ n-s‚- B-Iv-
Sn-eq-sS- Ãm-‰q-´-dn- ]-Z-hn- \¬-In-b-Xpw- c-≠mw- ]-≤-Xn-°m-
e-Øm-Wv.- I¬-°-cn- D¬-]m-Z-\w- h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I-bpw- h-S-°p-
In-g-°v- ta-J-e-bn¬- Iq-Sp-X¬- sd-bn¬-∏m-X-Iƒ- \n¿-an-°p-
I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- {]-ap-J- K-th-j-W-tI-{µ-am-b- Sm-‰- C-≥Ãn-
‰yq-´v- Hm-^v- ^-≠-sa-‚¬- dn-k¿-®v- ÿm-]n-X-am-bn.- 1956˛¬-
C-¥y- hy-h-km-b- \-bw- {]-Jym-]n-®p.-
aq-∂mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
aq-∂mw- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn- Du-∂¬- \¬-In-b-Xv- kz-
bw- ]-cym-]v-X- km-º-Øn-I- hy-h-ÿ-bv-°m-Wv.- Ir-jn-°pw-
hy-h-km-b-Øn-\pw- Xp-ey-]-cn-K-W-\- \¬-In- 1961˛-66 Im-e-
b-f-hn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ]-≤-Xn- 5.-6 i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-®-bm-Wv-
e-£y-an-´-Xv.- F-∂m¬,- ]-e- Im-c-W-ß-fm-epw- e-£yw- ssI-
h-cn-°m-≥ km-[n-®n-√.- ssI-h-cn-®- e-£yw- 2.-4 i-X-am-\-am-
Wv.- [m-cm-fw- ss{]-a-dn- hn-Zym-e-b-߃- {Km-ao-W- ta-J-e-
bn¬- ÿm-]n-°p-I-bpw- Im¿-jn-I- ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬- hn-π-
hw- kr-jv-Sn-®- l-cn-X- hn-π-h-Øn-\v- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-°p-I-bpw-
sN-bv-X- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- Im-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv- 1962˛-se- C-¥y-˛-
ssN-\- bp-≤w- \-S-∂-Xv.-
26
Bh-iy-s∏´
hnjbw
aq-∂mw- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ]-cm-P-bw- Im-c-Ww- teJ\w Bh-iy-s∏-´Xv
Xp-S¿-∂p-≈- aq-∂v- km-ºØ - n-I- h¿-jß - f
- n¬- cm-Py-Øv- hm¿-
ao\p, sIm√w
jn-I- ]-≤-Xn-I-fm-Wv- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.- Cu- Im-e-L-´w- πm-≥
tlm-fn-tU- F-∂m-Wv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- cq-£-am-b- h-cƒ-
®,- cq-]-bp-sS- aq-ey-Ø-I¿-®- F-∂n-h-bpw- k-º-Zv-hy-h-ÿ-
sb- {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn- _m-[n-®p.- F-´mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
tI-{µ-Øn-se- cm-jv-So-b- A-\n-›n-X-Xzw- Im-c-Ww- 1990
\m-emw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n- ap-X¬- 1992h-sc- hm¿-jn-I- ]-≤-Xn-I-fm-Wv- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xv.-
Cu- Im-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv- ]p-Ø-≥ km-º-Øn-I-\-bw- A-h-X-
C-µn-cm-Km-‘n- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bm-b-ti-jw- B-cw-`n-®- ]-
cn-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xv.-
©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- \m-em-a-tØ-Xv-(1969˛-74).- Km-Uv-
1992˛-97 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-b- F-´mw- ]-©-h-’-c-
Kn¬- tbm-P-\- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- \m-emw- ]-≤-Xn- 5.-6 i-X-
am-\w- h-f¿-®- e-£y-an-Sp-I-bpw- 3.-3 i-X-am-\w- t\-Sp-I-bpw- ]-≤-Xn- ]p-Ø-≥ km-º-Øn-I- \-bw- (en-_-d-sse-tk-j-≥,-
sN-bv-Xp.- ÿn-c-X-bp-≈- \o-Xn-bp-‡-am-b- hn-I-k-\-Øn-eq- ss{]-h-ss‰-tk-j-≥,- t•m-_-sse-tk-j-≥)- sIm-≠v- {i-t≤-
sS- kz-bw- ]-cym-]v-X-X- ssI-h-cn-°-em-bn-cp-∂p- ]-≤-Xn-bp- b-am-bn.- hy-h-km-b-ß-fp-sS- B-[p-\n-I-h-Xv-I-c-Ww,- Iq-Sp-
sS- ap-Jy- Du-∂¬.- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- Im-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv- 14 _m- X¬- sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃,- {]m-Y-an-I- hn-Zym-`ym-kw- Xp-S-
¶p-I-fp-sS- tZ-i-km-Xv-I-c-Ww- \-S-∂-Xv.- l-cn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-eq- ßn-b- ta-J-e-I-fn¬- {i-≤n-®p.- P-\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{¥-W- {]-
sS- Iq-Sp-X¬- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- Im¿-jn-I- ta-J-e-bn¬- ssI-h-cn- h¿-Ø-߃-°v- {]-Nm-cw- sIm-Sp-Øp.- 5.-6 i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-
®p.- In-g-°-≥ ]m-In-kv-Xm-\v- _w-•m-tZ-si-∂- t]-cn¬- kz-X- ®- e-£y-an-´- ÿm-\-Øv- 6.-78 i-X-am-\w- t\-Sm-≥ km-[n-
{¥-cm-Py-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b- k-lm-b-߃- \¬-In.- ®p.-
A-©mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n- H-ºX
- mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
km-aq-ln-I- \o-Xn-bn-epw- Xp-ey-X-bn-epw- A-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-
1974 ap-X¬- 1979 h-sc- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b- A-©mw- ]-≤-Xn-
b- hn-I-k-\w- e-£y-an-´v- 1997˛-2002 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- \-S-∏m-
bp-sS- Du-∂¬- Zm-cn-{Zy-\n¿-am¿-P-\-Øn-eq-sS- kz-bw- ]-cym-
°n-b- H-º-Xmw- ]-≤-Xn- Ir-jn-°pw- {Km-ao-W- ta-J-e-bp-sS-
]v-X-X- ssI-h-cn-°-em-bn-cp-∂p.- 4.-4 i-X-am-\-am-Wv- e-£y-an-
hn-I-k-\-Øn-\pw- Du-∂¬- \¬-In.- B-tKm-f- km-º-Øn-I-
´- h-f¿-®m-\n-c-s°-¶n-epw- 5.-0 i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-®- t\-Sm-≥ I-
X-I¿-®- ]-≤-Xn-sb- _m-[n-®p.- 6.-5 i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-®m-\n-c-
gn-™p.- h¿-[n-®p-h-cp-∂- K-Xm-K-X-Øn-c-°v- t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\v-
°v- e-£y-an-s´-¶n-epw- 5.-4 i-X-am-\-ta- ssI-h-cn-°m-≥ I-
\m-j-W¬- ssl-th- kw-hn-[m-\w- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw- \n-e-
gn-™p-≈q.- k-ºq¿-W- {Km-ao-W- tdm-kv-Km¿- tbm-P-\,- kz¿-
hn-ep-≈- tdm-Up-Iƒ- hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- hn-t\m-
Z-k-©m-c-ta-J-e-bpw- ]p-tcm-K-Xn- ssI-h-cn-®p.- C-µn-c-Km-‘n- W-P-b-¥n- {Kmw-kz-tdm-kv-Km¿- tbm-P-\,- {]-[m-\-a-{¥n- {Kmw-
C-cp-]-Xn-\- ]-cn-]m-Sn- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xpw- K-co-_n- l-Tm-thm- k-U-Iv- tbm-P-\,- A-t¥ym-Z-b- A-∂-tbm-P-\,- A-∂-]q¿-
F-∂- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- A-hX - c- n-∏n-®X
- pw- Cu- ]-≤X
- n-°m-eØ
- m- W,- kz-P¬-[m-c- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ- \-S-∏m-°n.- {]m-Y-
Wv.- 1977˛¬- A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬-h-∂- sam-dm¿-Pn- tZ-im-bn- k¿- an-I- B-tcm-Kyw,- ss{]-a-dn- hn-Zym-`ym-kw,- `-h-\- \n¿-am-
°m¿- Cu- ]-≤-Xn- 1978˛¬- a-c-hn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- X¬-ÿm-\- Ww,- Ip-Sn-sh-≈w,- `-h-\-\n¿-am-Ww,- Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v- t]m-j-
Øv- tdm-fn-Mv- ]-≤-Xn- sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- 1978˛-80 Im-lm-cw,- s]m-Xp-hn-X-c-Ww,- {Km-a-ß-sf- ap-Jy-[m-c-bn¬-
Im-e-Øv- tdm-fn-Mv- ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv- \-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv.- F-Øn-°¬- F-∂n-ß-s\- G-gv- A-Sn-ÿm-\- kw-hn-[m-\-
Gunnar Myrdal F-∂- km-º-Øn-I- im-kv-{X-⁄-\m- ߃-°v- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In.-
Wv- G-jy-≥ {Um-a- F-∂- ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-eq-sS- tdm-fn-Mv- πm-
≥ F-∂- B-i-bw- B-Zy-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.- ]-Ømw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
2002˛-2007 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- \-S-∏m-°n-b- ]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS-
B-dmw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n- 8.-1 i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v- ssI-h-cn-°m-≥ e-£y-an-s´-
¶n-epw- 7.-7 i-X-am-\-ta- t\-Sm-≥ I-gn-™p-≈p.- tZ-io-b-
{]-Xo-£n-®- h-f¿-®m-\n-c° - m-b- 5.-2 i-Xa
- m-\Ø
- n-s‚- ÿm-
sXm-gn-ep-d-∏v- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xpw- k¿-h-in-£m- A-`n-
\-Øv- 5.-4 i-X-am-\w- ssI-h-cn-®- B-dmw- ]-≤-Xn- \-S-∏n-em-
bm-≥ \-S-∏m-°n-b-Xpw- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv.- tZ-io-b-
°n-bX - v- 1980˛-85 Im-eb
- f
- h
- n-em-bn-cp-∂p.- sXm-gn-en-√m-bva
- b
- pw-
{Km-ao-W- B-tcm-Ky-an-j-≥,- `m-c-Xv- \n¿-am-¨,- P-hm-l¿-em¬-
Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw- \n¿-am¿-P-\w- sN-ø-em-bn-cp-∂p- Cu- ]-≤-Xn-bp-
s\-{lp- A¿-_-≥ dn-\yq-h¬- an-j-≥ Xp-S-ßn-b- ]-≤-Xn-I-
sS- Du-∂¬. hn-e-\n-b-{¥-W- kw-hn-[m-\w- H-gn-hm-°-s∏-´p.-
fpw- \n-e-hn¬-h-∂p.-
Cu- ]-≤-Xn-°m-ew- s\-{lp-hn-b-≥ tkm-jy-en-k-Øn-s‚- A-
h-km-\-am-bn- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-´p.- km-º-Øn-I- D-Zm-c-h-Xv-I-
c-W- \-b-߃-°v- Xp-S-°w- Ip-dn-®- Cu- Im-e-b-f-hn¬- C-‚- ]-Xn-s\m-∂mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
t{K-‰-Uv- dq-d¬- sU-h-e-]v-sa-‚ v- t{]m-{Kmw,- \m-j-W¬- dq- H-º-Xv- i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-®- ssI-h-cn-°p-I- F-∂- e-
d¬- £y-tØm-sS- 2007˛-2012 Im-e-b-f-hn¬- B-cw-`n-®- ]-Xn-
Fw-tπm-bv-sa-‚ v- t{]m-{Kmw,- ss{S-kw- Xp-S-ßn-b- ]-≤-Xn- s\m-∂mw- ]-©-h-’-c- ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv- hn-Zym-`ym-
Iƒ- B-cw-`n-®p.- Ip-Spw-_m-kq-{X-Ww- \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v- k- A-h-Im-i- \n-b-aw- ]m-km-°n-b-Xv.- B-[m¿- ]-≤-Xn,-
Iq-Sp-X¬- {]m-[m-\yw- \¬-In.- Bw- B-Zv-an- `o-am- tbm-P-\,- cm-jv-{So-b- Ir-jn- hn-Im-kv-
in-h-cm-a-≥ I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS- ip-]m¿-i- {]-Im-cw- \-_m¿-Uv-
B-cw-`n-®-Xv- B-dmw- ]-≤-Xn-°m-e-Øm-Wv.-
tbm-P-\,- cm-Po-hv- B-hm-kv- tbm-P-\,- kzm-`n-am-≥ ]-≤-
Xn-Iƒ- \-S-∏m-°n.- 8.-2 i-X-am-\w- h-f¿-®- t\-Sn.- F-√m-h-
tc-bpw- Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂- h-f¿-®- F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p- ]-≤-
G-gmw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n- Xn-bp-sS- Du-∂¬.-
kz-X-{¥- k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bm-bn- C-¥y-sb- h-f¿-Øm-≥ hn-
h-ck- m-t¶-Xn-I- hn-Zy-bn-eq-∂n-b- hy-hk
- m-b- h-f¿-®b
- v°
- v- Du- ]-{¥-≠mw- ]-©h
- ’
- c
- - ]-≤X
- n-
∂¬- \¬-I-s∏-´- G-gmw- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Im-e-b-f-hv- 1985˛-90 Xz-cn-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈- hn-I-k-\w,- F-√m-h-tc-bpw- Dƒ-
B-Wv.- sa-®-s∏-´- km-t¶-Xn-I- hn-Zy-bp-sS- {]-tbm-K-Øn-eq- s°m-≈p-∂- hn-I-k-\w,- kp-ÿn-c- hn-I-k-\w- F-∂o- hn-
sS- hym-h-km-bn-I- D¬-]m-Z-\w- Iq-´p-I,- `-£y-[m-t\ym¬-]m- j-b-߃-°v- Du-∂¬- e-£y-an-Sp-∂- ]-{¥-≠mw- ]-©-h-
Z-\w- Iq-´p-I,- Iq-Sp-X¬- sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃- krjv-Sn-°p-I- ’-c- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- Im-e-b-f-hv- 2012ap-X¬- 2017 h-sc-bm-
F-∂n-h-bpw- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- ap-Jy- ]-cn-K-W-\-I-fn-epƒ-s∏-´p.- Wv.- F-´p-i-X-am-\-am-Wv- ]-≤-Xn- e-£y-an-Sp-∂- h-f¿-®m-
e-£y-an-´- h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v- 5-%- B-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw- 6.-01 i-X- \n-c-°v.- Zm-cn-{Zy-\n-c-°v- ]-Øp-i-X-am-\w- Ip-d-bv-°p-I- F-
am-\w- ssI-h-cn-®p.- ∂-Xpw- ]-≤-Xn-bp-sS- e-£y-am-Wv.- -
]nFkvkn _p≈‰n≥ 2017 P\p-hcn- 1