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    2003 Pradip IJAME

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    Ira. J. of Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2003, vol.8, No.3, pp-461-482 A CRITICAL REVIEW OF DAM ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES P. SARKAR, S.CH, DUTTA’ and N. NANDI Department of Applied Mechanics, Bengal Engineering College (Deemed University) Howrah 711 103, West Bengal, INDIA e-mail: thesarkar@netscape.net e-mail: sedind@netscape.net Dams in many countries including India were primarily designed on the basis of approximate hand calculation based method. A frequent occurence of floods due to a failure of such dams and embankments clearly points tothe need of a review ofthe procedure of dam analysis methadologis an to suggest 9 reasonably accurate one. Te paper is limite effort forthe same, based on thee Indian dams, AS a very preliminary sep of the whole plan of checking the safety of Indian dams, an analysis of three dams having similar features as that of CChirpata Dam (Rajasthan), an earthen embankment dam, Koyna Dam (Maharastra), 2 concrete gravity dam and the earthen embankment surrounding Ash Pond of Bakreswar Theemal Power Project (West Bengal, have been carried out with the help of two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite clement discretisation under static loading conditions. The result is then compared with the corresponding results obtained from a conventional hand caleulation based on approximate gravity method of analysis. The comparison of the results exhibited a ‘eansierable increase in compressive tresses in two-dimensional finite element analysis with respect to what is obtained in the conventional hand calculation based approximate gravity meted. Both of these methods considered an in-plane stress distribution along a cross-section of the dam and hence, could not eeeognize any possibilty of stress generation perpendicular to the cress-setion. In this context. a three-dimensional study reveals that considerable sresses may generate even in the longitidinal direction of a dam that is generally ignored in hand calculation based gravity method of analysis and twordimensional analysis due t the assumption (of the two-dimensional nature of the problem. A rigorous finite element analysis also shows that even tensile ‘rest may generate under static loading conditions which ean hardly be predicted trom the conventional method. It is also observed that hand calculation based on slip-irele method and two-dimensional analysis cannot adequately recognize the possibility of shear fuilure at many poias in the body of the dam though their ‘vulnerability dve to itself and so itis necessary to point out by a rigorous three-dimensional modeling and analysis, Thus, the study suggests the unavoidable necessity of three-dimensional analysis fora safe design of dans. Key words: dam, earthea, hand calculation based approximate method, threedimensional analysis 1. Introduction Dams are designed to store water, which is the most important natural resource of the earth. With a growing population and a subsequent increase in agricultural and industrial demand, there is a serious need for many developing countries like India. However, their failure ean cause innumerable damages in the surrounding region. So, structural safety assessment is a very important part of the dam design. Moreover, in the context of regular flow in many locations in India, primarily duc to the failure of many earthen dams; and also the recent earthen dam failures due to an earthquake in Gujarat, it becomes essential to check the safety of dams of the country, particularly under crucial loading conditions. As a primary step. a critical review on the adequacy of the frequently used dam analysis methodologies must be made. A large number of dams failed in India. Among them seven medium-size earthen dams and fourteen small earthen dams were damaged daring the Bhuj Earthquake in Gujarat on January 26%, 2001. The well documented damage studies are available for Tappar Dam, Fategarh Dam, and Suvi Dam (Jain and Lets, 2001). Earthen embankment dams are the most common type of dams used in the developing countries like India, principally because their construction involves utilization of materials in the natural state requiring minimum processing. Moreover, the foundation requirements for earthen embankment dams are less stringent than that for other types of dams. Due to a very high water level, the leakage and piping are found To whom correspondence should be addressed 462 P Sarkar, §.Ch.Dutta and N.Nandi to occur in earthen dams. Past records show that this may lead to the failure of the dam as a whole, The failure of Kamari Dam at Kamari Irrigation project constructed near the village of Padiv at Sirohi, Rajasthan and Chirpatia Dam constructed near the village of Chitpatia in Rajasthan (Dhariwal and Purohit, 2000) are two such instances, A favourable situation for piping and leakage may be generated due to the occurrence of tension in the body of the dam. Hence, itis needed to make a rigorous analysis to check whether tension may occur in the body of such dams if they are designed by a hand calculation based approximate method, which is frequently used in practi For these large engineering structures, design methods are reliable only when the actual structure stands and operates as per expectations. Since the frequent failure of dams puts a question mark on the adequacy of the approximate method used, a detailed analysis of failed dams as well as the existing dams with a reasonably accurate modeling of minute details is urgently needed for building safely the new dams as well as retrofitting the existing oncs. Realistic analys:s with three-dimensional modeling of dams are rare. For instance, even a recent study of Koyna Dam, a well known concrete gravity dam of India, was restricted to plane stress considerations through the two-dimensional finite element method (Bhattacharjee and Leger, 1994). The results of three-dimensional modeling may particularly be different from those of two- dimensional analysis in case of earthen dams, since Poisson's ratio of soil is high In this context, the authors have taken up a long-term plan to make a rigorous analysis of Indian ams under various crucial loading conditions. As a preliminary step of such studies, three dams, one of which is @ concrete gravity dam similar to Koyna Dam and the other two are earthen dams similar to Chirpatia Dam of Rajasthan, India and the embankment surrounding Ash Pond of Bakreswar Thermal Power Project, West Bengal, India are analyzed with two as well as three-dimensional idealization under a few static-loading conditions. A comparison between the results obtained from the hand calculation based approximate gravity method of analysis, two-dimensional idealization, and three-dimensional idealization, respectively, leads to important observations regarding methodologies of dams analysis. 2. Analysis The details of the finite clement formulation used for two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses in the study are presented briefly here 2.1. Finite element formulation A six-noded triangular clement and a twenty-noded solid element are used for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analyses, respectively. These well-accepted elements are used in many software (e.g., ANSYS 5.7) and the formulations for these elements are also available in the literature (e.g., Cook, 1995). Both of these elements exhibit very quick convergence. The triangular element in two-dimensional modeling is particularly used to model the geometry with sufficient accuracy near the comer of dams. To ensure a better accuracy further, convergence study is carried out in each case comprising of each separate combination of structural geometry and loading. The nodes at the base of the dam are restrained along all degrees of freedom. For three-dimensional analysis, the two nodes at the ends of the dams are considered to be five. Self-weight and fluid loading are adequately applied depending on the loading conditions considered. The approach is briefly presented below. 2.1.1. 2-D 6-noded triangular elements A six-noded triangular plane clement is used for the two-dimensional analysis for a typical cross- section of the dams, This element has three nodes at three vertices and three more nodes, in the middle of each side. The element is having two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal X direction denoted by u and nodal ¥ direction denoted by v functions are derived. The detail of the element is shown in Fig. L. The shape functions considered for the element are given below 11 j 20, ~MDby +10g (2g ~ kg +Us Ply —1)+ ug Ly Ly) us (4L aby + ugl4L gly), 22D) A critical review of dam analysis methodologies 463 vey, (2L) ~1)by + vp (2Ly — I) + v3 (2Ly - I+ vg (4LyLy)+ vs(4LyLy)+ vg (4Lgl;) (2.2) where (1.¥)) (u2.¥2), (e320) (4.04) (us.¥s) and (ug.v6) are co-ordinates of the nodes J to 6 of the element, respectively. L;,L2,L3 are the normalized co-ordinates along the sides of the element, ranging ky 2 ON ae i 6 3 Fig.1. Details of 2-D 6-noded triangular element . 3-D 20-noded st Fig.2. Details of 3-D 20-noded solid element, elements, This clement has twelve edges arid twenty nodes as shown in Fig.2. Each node has three translational degrees of freedom, 1, v and w, along three mutually perpendicular axes X, ¥ and Z, respectively. The shape functions considered for the element are presented below w= du; (0s)(t-2)(t—n)-s—1—r=2)+ uy (14s =1)(0=r)lo—1—r-2)+ tug (I4s)(1+1)(0-r)(s+4—r—2)+ up (Is) 0 r)este—r—2)+ tty (IS) (0+ n)(es—1+r—2)+uy (74s M014 Flot r—2)+ tug (I+ s\(l+) P+ nlete+r—2)+up(l—s)(4n(te reste r—2)}+ buts? t=) 0—r) p(t +3)? linus (2 red r)+ 23) $up(I=s)()-12 t=) uy (Is? )0-2)(t+ remy (145)(0-2 rer) sup (I—s? t2)(04 ren, (I s)(t—t2 is rey (P-s)(-a){t-r? sug I+s)0-o(t-- eugl+s\rta)(t-r? eu —sen(t-r?)h 464 P.Sarkar, $.Ch.Dusta and N.Nandi vadfe;(/-s) (analogous to x), @4) w= Lfw)(I=s) (analogous to 1) 25) where r,s, ¢are the normalized co-ordinates as shown in Fig.2, and vary within a range of - 1 to 7.1, vs w with an adequate suffix denote the nodal displacements along X, ¥, Z axes, respectively for the node denoted by the comesponding suffix. Structural details ‘The concrete dam chosen in the study is considered to have a cross section very similar to the non- overflow section of Koyna Dam located over Koyna River at Satara district in Maharastra. The height and the width of the dam at the base are 103m and 70.4m, respectively. The width of the dam at a height of 66.5m is 19.3m. The width of the dam atthe top is 14.8. It is considered that the height of the water level is up to 91.75m at the upstream side, whereas no water is considered in the downstream side. The upstream face is considered as vertical. The specific weight of the material of the dam is taken as 24KN/m* with modulus of elasticity 25.5 10* kN/m? . These dimensional data of Koyna Dam were obtained from those given for this Dam in the literature (Chopra and Chakraborty, 1972). The total length of the dam is considered as 808m as ‘mentioned in the literature (Indian National Committee on Large Dams, 1979). As a second case study, an earthen dam with similar features as those of Chirpatia Dam situated at Chirpatia village in Karachi Tehsil, Rajasthan has been chosen. The height and the width of the earthen dam at the base are considered to be 102.2m and 460.9m, respectively. The width of the dam at the top is taken as 2.5m. The upstream and downstream slope of the dam are considered as 2.5H:1V and 2H :1V , respectively. It is considered that the maximum height of the water level is the same as the total height of the dam, The specific weight of the material is taken as 20,5KN/m? with the modulus of elasticity 50 000kN/m? . The geometric data are selected on the basis ofthe literature (Dhariwal and Purohit, 2000) outlining the failure and other details of Chirpatia Dam. On the other hand, a set of reasonable values of the material constants are obtained from a well-accepted literature (Bowles, 1996). The shear strength parameters used for the analysis are obtained from laboratory tests of undisturbed soil samples collected from different zones of the body of an embankment dam. The average value of the apparent cohesion (C) is obtained as 58.3KN/m? and the average angle of shearing resistance (9) is obtained as 48.92" from the large number of tests from different zones of an embankment dam. An analysis is also cartied out for a typically less cohesive soil having a smaller cohesion (C) as 20.04N/m? and a smaller angle of shearing resistance (9) as 48°. Asa third case study, an earthen embankment with a similar geometry as that surrounding the Ash Pond of Bakreswar ‘Thermal Power Project situated at Panuria village in Birbhum District, West Bengal, India has been chosen. It is a zoned type earthen embankment recently constructed to make a reservoir for the disposal of fly ash mixed slurry. The height and width of the embankment at the base are considered to be J8m and 9fm respectively. The width of the embankment at the top is taken as 4m. Both the upstream and downstream slopes of the embankment are considered 2s 2.25H : IV . There are two horizontal berms of width 3m at a height of 6m and 12m from ground level, respectively. It is considered that the maximum height of the fluid level is same as the total height of the embankment. For the pervious casing zone the specific weight of the material is taken as 20.5kN/m with the modulus of elasticity 50 000kN/m? whereas for the impervious core the specific weight of the material is taken as 19.8KN/m? with the modulus of elasticity 70.000kN/'m? , Poisson's ratios for pervious and impervious material are taken as 0.35 and 0.48, respectively. Sets of reasonable values of these material constants are selected on the basis of a well-accepted literature (Bowles, 1996), The shear steength parameters used for the analysis are obtained from laboratory A critical review of dam analysis methodologies 465 tests of undisturbed soil samples collected from different zones of the body of the embankment at Bakreswar itself. The average value of the apparent cohesion (C) is obtained as 20.0kN/im? and the average angle of shearing resistance (9) is obtained as 48° from a large number of tests conducted on samples from different pervious zones of the embankment. In the case of impervious material, the average value of the apparent cohesion (C) is obtained as /6.864N/m? and the average angle of shearing resistance ($) is obtained as 27.5*. The specific weight of the water in the reservoir is taken as /0kN/m’ for all the cases. For these dams, two-dimensional as well as three dimensional analysis are carried out to compare the results with those obtained from the approximate hand calculation based analyses as outlined in the literature (Garg, 1996). As mentioned earlier, twenty node solid elements are used for the three-dimensional analysis of the dams. For the two-dimensional analysis, six noded triangular isoparametric elements are used. The study yielded ‘maximum stress at various points in the body of the dams. Special attention is focused on understanding the possibility of occurrence of tensile stress and in the body of the dams. 4, Results and discussions Tables 1, 2 and 3 present the maximum and minimum principle stresses (Sway and Siyiq) and maximum shear stresses (ty,,) obtained from the two-dimensional analysis of Koyna dam, Chirpatia dam and Ash Pond of Bakreswar Thermal Power Project, respectively. Tables 4, 5 and 6 present a comparison between the results of the hand calculation based analysis and two-dimensional finite element analysis for concrete gravity and earthen dams, respectively. Tables 7, 8 and 9 present the stresses at various important points of the concrete gravity dam and the two earthen dams, respectively as obtained from the three- dimensional finite element analysis. The normal stresses S,.,Sy, and S,. along X, ¥, and Zaxes, ie., along the cross sectional horizontal direction, vertical direction and longitudinal horizontal direction, respectively, and shear stresses S,,.5,- and $., along X-Y, ¥-Z, and Z-X planes, ice. along the cross sectional vertical, longitudinal vertical and horizontal plane, respective'y, obtained from three-dimensional analysis for Koyna dam and Chirpatia dam are listed in Tabs.7a and 8a. On the other hand, Tabs.7b, 8b and 9 exhibit the principal and maximum shear stresses at the same points within the body of the dams Table 1. Two-dimensional finite element analysis results for the concrete gravity dam. Postion Six (ew/m?Y | San vf?) | toe Gv /m? Dam bottom | US face $3953.10 =359 $2136.33, level | Mid-seetion =51.10 =1814.70 +8818 [is face $34.10 = 440.76 237.43, WiS face [588.43 =1018.40 $214.98 Quarter level [Mid-section | =229.32 =1164.60. $436.14 DiS face | 0.07 =1407.80. 703.86; =249.28 =706.6 £228.69 Half level =224.84 749.65 $262.40 =142.07 =2090.00 $973.96 = 69.89 483.47 $206.79 ‘Three-quarter =39.79 = 0815 418418 $0.06 =3AD28 $I7LIT Cres iever WStface 40.02 $0.01 0.00 vest level [DIS face = 0.03 = 0.08. $0.02 “Normal stresses are considered positive if they are tensile in nature. The pair of shear stress vectors acting ‘on an element is considered positive if they form a clockwise couple. P.Sarkar, §.ChDutta and Nandi le 2. Two-dimensional finite element analysis results for the earthen dam modeled following Chirpatia dam. Peston Ssoc vf | San Gln?) | oan Gn?) | Dam bottom [u/s face 546.30 359.56 4215633 | level ‘Mid-seetion =710.69 =1814.70 +8818 | [Dis face +110 = 0.76 4237.43, UIS face =1018.40 4214.98 Quarter level [/Mid-section =1164.60 1456.14 DiS face 1407.80 +703.56 UIS face ~706.66 $226.69 Half level [ Mid-section 749.65 $262.40 DiS face 0.00 2090.00 $973.96 Three-quarter U/S ee = 498.43 = 483.47 $206.79 Pesce [Mid-seetion 304.84 408.15, $184.18 DiS face = 0.05 342.28 #I7LIT Crtleve) [WS fice =104 +001 0.00 | DIS face $3.09 = 0.08 +0.02 J “Normal stresses are considered positive if they are tensile in nature, The pair of shear stress vectors acting ‘on an element is considered positive if they form a clockwise couple. Table 3. Two-dimensional finite element analysis results in full reservoir condition for the embankment used for making Ash Pond of Bekreswar Thermal Power Project. Position, Srnax leov/m?} Sorin Gov/n? Tax (vm? } | Curoftench | U/S side =126.03 BB 472.65 | level__[ DIS side =132.58 =277.11 $72.26 UIS tuce ~72.68. $185.24 Ground fever -EOT Heal =155.9 $96.83 Core toe =104.86 $127.01 DIS face 40.03 $0.05 UIS face =TI9.83 $57.82 Lower berm [ Mid-section =108.18 $76.13 level [Berm inner node 14. #1722 Berm outer node 0.15 $3.56 [UIS face $102.98 $22.38 Upper berm | Mid-section = 48.91 41.65 level [Berm inner node =3.59 +28.80 Berm outer node +015 | $5.46 UIS face $3.95 +199) Crestlevel [Mid-section $14.83 [474 DIS face: +0.16 __+0.27 “Normal stresses are considered positive if they ate tensile in nature. The pair of shear stress vectors acting oon an element is considered positive if they form a clockwise couple A critical review of dam analysis methodologies 467 Table 4. A comparison between the results obtained using two-dimensional analysis and conventional hand calculation based gravity method of analysis for the concrete gravity dam. First and second principle stress obtained in 2-D FE analysis Stress obtained in hand Position calculations based analysis, (ew/m? (ev/m2 | $3953.10 UPS side 1048.79 ~359.56 Dam - -51.01 bottom | Mid-scetion 1228.93, level ~181470 | | $34.10 DiS side 1409.06 | | - 440.76 ~588.43 UIS side 944.78 =1018.70 ~229.32 Quarter | M4id-section -903.72 level 1164.60 | ~0.07 DIS side 862.58 | -1407.80 | ~249.28 USside | - 600.44 706.66 ~224.84 Half evel | Mid-section -773.88 ~749.65 142.07 DIS side 947.31 -2090.00 69.89 UIS side ~476.37 ~ 483.47 Three- 39.79 quarter | Mid-section = 409.10 ‘evel = 408.15 +005 DIS side 341.82 -342.28 +002 Sside | 0.00 Gouee +001 level 0.08 DIS side 0.00 -0.08 “Normal stresses are considered positive if they are te in nature. 468. PSarkar, 8.ChDuta and N.Nandi Table 5. A comparison between the results obtained using two-dimensional analysis and conventional hand calculation based gravity method of analysis for the earthen dam modeled following Chirpatia dam. First and second principle stress Stress obtained in hand iodition obtained in2-DFEunalysis | culeulatons based analysis (avn? (ifm? ~546.30 UIS side -2917.19 | -2737.80 | Dam ~710.69 | otiom | Mid-seetion 1753.12 level =2190.10 +110 DiS side 589.05 237 = 693.54 USS side -2187.63 =2063.40 ner 538.34 Quarter | s4id-scction 1315.30 ive | 1664.89 - 0.04 DIS side =442.97 -202.11 | ~ 8747 UIS side 1458.56 1349.10 ~ 406.51 Half level | Mid-seetion -874.81 =1095.66 . 0.00 DIS side 300.41 -248.01 ~ 498.43 UIS side 729.00 -712.26 Three 304.84 quarter ~ 438.25, level 2560.89 0.05 DIS side -147.20 -274.68 1.04 USS side 0.00 Crest Ald level 43.09 DIS side 0.00 ~39.26 “Normal stresses are considered positive if they are tensile in nature, A critical review of dam analysis methodologies 469 Table 6, A comparison between the results obtained using two-dimensional analysis and conventional hand calculation based gravity method of analysis considering actual material properties of the earthen embankment surrounding Ash Pond, Principle stress obtained in tw0- ‘Suess obtained ia iaad Position dimensional finite element analysis’ | calculations based analysis Seas (ev/m?) | Sy Gdn (one UIS face 72.68 ~ 443.16 ~363.46 Ground | Core heal =155.90 349.57 =226.49 evel | Core toe 104.86 358.89 172.48 DiS face +0.03 =007 =12.36 UIS face ~119.83 =295.47 307.74 Lower [Midsection | __-108.18 =26045 =130.82 berm level | Berm inner node -2.14 ~36.58 =1.01 Berm outer node 40.15 -6.98 0.00 UIS face 102.98 =147.74 ~115.28 Upper | Mid-section = 48.91 =13222 =67.74 berm level | Berm inner node 3.59 = 61.20 20.21 Berm outer node +0.15 10.77 0.00 UIS face 43.95 0.03 [ 0.00 Gest | Mid-seetion $14.83 ~ 0.03 0.00 DIS face $0.06 = 0.38 0.00 “Normal stresses are considered positive if they are tensile in nature. Comparisons of the results of Tabs.1, 4 and 7; results of Tabs.2, 5 and 8 and the results of Tabs.3, 6 and 9 clearly indicate that the results obtained from the approximate method, those from the two-dimensional analysis and those from the three-dimensional analysis may differ a lot in both magnitude and nature for both the concrete gravity dam as well as earthen dams. Figures 3, 4 and 5 present a pictorial representation of, stress distribution in the section of Koyna dam, Chispatia dam and the earthen embankment of Ash Pond, respectively, as obtained using the above mentioned three different types of analyses. These figures clearly indicate the difference among the stress distribution scenarios obtained by these three methods of analyses, ‘Maximum principal compressive and tensile stresses are only plotted in these figures. Figure 3a shows that there is no possibility of tension in the body of the concrete gravity dam while Fig.3b clearly indicates that tension may be recognized in the two-dimensional analysis. Figures 3c and 3d clearly indicate that there may be a fairly large tensile zone at the top and the bottom of the dam. Figures 4 and 5 also show that a similar observation also holds good for the two earthen dams considered. An approximate analysis as well as the two-

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