a eS Fig: Eye ey: Climatic Zones3.4.25 The other feature that can be highlighted is that radiant heat emanating from the ground and surrounding objects during afternoons and evenings can cause considerable thermal discomfort. “Warm ond Runid — Aer Neola The typical landscape and vegetation in this zone is generally low altitude, relatively flat regions with abundant vegetation. Solar radiation is usually diffuse radiation (causing painful glare) due to cloud cover or vapour content of the air; intense radiation on clear days: dissipation of accumulated heat from the earth to the night sky usually prevented by clouds and humid air. Mean temperature that prevails in this zone are ~ > - during summer midday 30'-35' C - summer night 257-30" C - winter midday 25°=30° ¢ - winter night 207-25" C - diurnal variations 5-8 deg C Relative humidity is high (70-90%) Precipitation - High, generally in excess of 1200mm per year. Winds - Usually one or two prevailing directions, with velocities ranging from extremely low to very high (during rain and storms) Sky conditions - Generally overcast (cloud cover ranging between 40 and 20%), causing unpleasant glare. Miscellaneous - High humidity levels and low diurnal temperature variations cause great discomfort, if there is no air movement. Moderate Typical landscape and vegetation - Generally hilly or high plateau region with fairly abundant vegetation. : Solar radiation - More or less uniformly moderate all through the year. Mean Temperature : Summer midday 30°-34° C; Su night 17°-24° C; Winter midday 27'-33" Cj Wir night 16°-18' C; Diurnal variations 6-13 deg C.3.4.6 Relative humidity - Consistently low (10-50%) Precipitation - Very low, generally less than 200mm per year. Winds - Occasionally intense Sky conditions - Fairly clear throughout the year with cloud cover less than 50% . Miscellaneous - Exceptionally harsh cold desert climatic conditions. Composite Typical landscape-and vegetation - Extremely variable landscapes, with rapid seasonal changes in vegetation. Solar radiation - Intense inthe summer and winter with a low percentage of diffuse radiation, but very low in monsoon with predominantly diffuse radiation. Mean temperature : Summer midday 32°-43° c (monsoon); Summer night 27°-32' C (midday); Winter midday 10°-25° c, 27 Winter night 4*-10° c (night); Diurnal variations 3-22 deg C, 24°-27° Cc. Relative humidity - In dry periods 20-55%; in wet Periods 55-95% . Precipitation - Variable between 500 and 1300mm per year, during monsoon reaching 250mm in the wettest month. Little or no rain in the dry season. Winds - Hot and dusty during summer; strong winds in monsoon from south-east; dry, cold winds in winte from north-west. . Sky conditions - Varying, overcast and dull in the monsoon, Clear during summer and winter. Occasional dust haze during the summer period. Miscellaneous® - Seasonal changes in relative humidity cause rapid weakening of building materials. Guidelines for Suitable Building Design for each Climatic Region Design of hotel buildings will vary from one climatic zone to another depending upon the climat factors. "|The basic guidelines for design of anol 3.5.1.2 energy efficient hotel building for each climatic zones of India are given below: Hot & Dry Climate Site & Orientation C Sun pockets and radiation glare from sky, ground Pavings of buildings to be avoided. Grass and shade trees to be grown if irrigation permits. Building to be designed in such a Way so as to face inwards on sheltered courtyards, which provides privacy as well as shelter from dust-laden wind. Solar heat gain could be reduced by orientation of smaller walls towards east and west. Building Plan Inward looking plan is preferred to allow rapid radiation of heat and thereby cooling of rooms on summer evenings. Heat producing areas e.g. air-conditioning plant room, kitchen etc. should be separated from guest rooms. Staircases, lift, toilets should preferably be placed facing west. Compact shapes are preferable, yet they should be elongated on E-W axis. Deep rooms are preferable. Roofs Roofing material used could be thick insulatina material with high heat storage capacity. Roof gardens are preferred,, which minimize heat gain through roof. : Reflective roof surfaces would also minimize heat ingress. Evaporative cooling could be done by spraying water on roof (provided if water is abundant). Radiation screen with ventilated cavity space between it and the roof=could be done. ealA double roof or Composit Constructed. Pp e@ roof, could be 3.5.1.4 walls # Ff ‘ The heat storage Capacity of thick exterior walls end to narrow the internal temperature range. Trees, bushes, shrubs could be used to shade the walls. ‘ Minimum openings to be provided. Artificial screens and shading devices could be used to shade walls. If building envelope is of light colour much of heat is reflected. 4 Concrete walls due to their high heat capacity are well suited for hot dry climate. Western walls should be of heavy masonry, or it could be double wall with proper air ventilation. 3.5.1.5 Openings z z 3.5.2 Openings should be tight closing as protection against high heat. Windows, particularly those facing the direction of the sun, should be small. Deep reveals are advantageous. Large glass areas should be avoided. Windows should be provided with insulated shutters. Glass, if used, should be of heat reducing type. Guest rooms should not be placed on west. Windows should be properly shaded. Warm & Humid Climate ana 3.5.2.1 Site & Orientation Building should be oriented to catch maximum ai The best orientation of building is the long axes in east-west direction. a33.4.4 Relative humidity - variable, between 30 and 80% Precipitation - Fairly well distributed over the year; total annual rainfall usually exceeding 1000mm, relatively dry winters. Winds - variable, generally high during summer; intensities and direction Mainly dependent on topography. Sky conditions - Mainly clear, . occasionally overcast with dense low clouds in summer Miscellaneous - Climatic conditions generally within a favourable range, which requires no special building designs to improve indoor comfort. Cold and Clouay Typical landscape and vegetation - Highland regions with abundant vegetation in summer. Solar radiation - Low in winter with a high Percentage of diffuse radiation. Mean temperature : Summer midday 20°-30° Cc; Summer night 17*-21° c; Winter midday 4*-8* Cc; Winter night ~3°-4" Cz Diurnal variations 5-15 deg Cc. Relative humidity - varies between 70 and 80k ‘Precipitation - Moderate, distributed fairly evenly throughout the year; annual total around 1000nn. Winds - Generally intense, especially during rainfall; mainly dependent on topography. Sky conditions - overcast for most part of the year, except) during the brief summer period. Miscellaneous - Summers are usually pleasant, with higher rainfall. Cold and sunny Typical «landscape and vegetation - Mountainous regions with little vegetation. Solar radiation - Intense with low percentage of diffuse radiation. Mean temperature : Summer midday 17°-24° C; Summer night 4°-11° C; Winter midday. -7*-8* C; Winter night -14°-0° C; Diurnal varjations 20-25 deg c.