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System Authorization Presentation - Protection
System Authorization Presentation - Protection
System Authorization Presentation - Protection
PROTECTION
FUNDAMENTALS
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Copyright © SEL 2008
Agenda
Injuries to people
Damage to property caused by e.g. arcs, forces,
induced current and potential rise
Limit the damage of the faulty components
Prevent damages on other components in the power
system.
Prevent negative consequences on the network as a
whole e.g.
- Voltage drops
- Abnormal frequencies
- Oscillations and out of step conditions
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Damage to Main Equipment
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Voltage Transformers
• Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step down and
accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the protective device or
relay
• VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary; 14400:120,
7200:120
• A 4160:120 VT has a “VTR” of 34.66
VP
VS
Relay
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Protective relays
Protective Relays receive measured signals from the secondary side of CTs and VTs and
determine whether the protected unit is in a stressed condition (based on their type and
configuration) or not.
A trip signal is sent by protective relays to the circuit breakers to disconnect the faulty
components from power system if necessary.
Microprocessor-
Based Relay
Old Electromechanical
Protected
Control Equipment
Relay
VTs
Pickup of Operation of
Fault protection element protection element
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Faults In Power Transformers
Transformer faults are generally classified into
six categories:
winding and terminal faults
core faults
tank and transformer accessory faults
on–load tap changer faults
abnormal operating conditions
sustained or un-cleared external faults
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Transformer Protection
The commonly employed protection schemes are:
Fuse
Over current Phase
Over current Earth
Differential protection
Restricted earth fault - REF(LV & HV)
Standby Earth Fault (SBEF)
Buchhloz (Main Tank & Tap Changer)
Winding & Oil Temperature
Pressure Relief
Surge Protection
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Principles Of Unit Protection
unit schemes should only detect and
react to primary system faults within the
zone of protection, while remaining
inoperative for external faults
React only to faults inside protected
zone
Remain stable for external faults
No backup for neighbouring system
Differential
Power in = Power out
Simple
Very fast
Very defined clearing area
Expensive
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Differential Protection Principle
Balanced CT Ratio
CT CT
Protected
Equipment External
Fault
50 IDIF = 0
CTR CTR
Protected
Equipment
Internal
Fault
Relay Operates
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Transformer Protection
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SCADA