“Can the Subaltern Speak

-GAYATRI SPIVAK
The essay of Gayatri Chakrovorty Spivak Can The Subaltern Speak summary is all about the
condition of women in the postcolonial era. The essay addresses the way in which the
“Subaltern” woman is constructed, as absent or silent, someone who is not listened to. No one
cares about them, what they think and what they say.
Introduction
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak a postcolonial Theory calls herself “a practical Marxist feminist
deconstructionist”. She discourages and dismantles western centres and challenges there
over history and prejudice. She considers postmodernism as politically contradictory and
ambivalent. In the text “can the subaltern speak” she tries to overthrow the binary opposition
between subject and object, self and other, Occident and Orient, center and marginal and
the majority and minority.

She introduces the question of gender and sexual difference in the work. Subaltern
according to Spivak is those who belong to third world countries. It is impossible for
them to speak up as they are divided by gender, class, caste, region, religion and other
narratives. These divisions do not allow them to stand up in unity.

Truth Construction
Spivak uses deconstruction to examine how true it is constructed. She takes the example of
Sati. Sati was a practice among the Hindus in which a woman was burnt alive with the pyre of
her dead husband.

When the British came to India they outlawed this practice. Though it saved a number of lives
of women, it also helped the British to secure their rule in India.

Again the outlawing of this practice had a complete absence of Indian women’s voice.
According to the British, “white men saved brown women from brown men.” This statement
created a truth that Indians are barbarians and British on the other hand are civilized and
hence their rules were justified over the Indians. Human conscious is constructed randomly.
We do not construct our identities. We have them written for us.

Knowledge is Not Innocent

Spivak criticizes Foucault and Deleuze for committing ‘epistemic violence‘-that is projecting
eurocentric knowledge on to the third world countries. She is of the view that Western
Academic thinking is produced in order to support their economic interests. Thus the
knowledge is like any other commodity that is exported from Europe to third world countries.
Knowledge is never innocent. It expresses the interest of its producer. This westernized
knowledge tends to construct our identities and for the third world people, Europe becomes
the ideal.

Criticism of Essentialist Ideology

Spivak uses Marxist ideology to criticize the leftists. According to her, the leftists essentialize
the subalterns i.e. They consider the third world people to be same as one identity and same
issues. It has 3 negative impacts on subalterns.

1. It provides an opportunity to make attempt from outside to reform subalterns i.e. It paves
way for colonialism.
2. It provides a logocentric assumption of cultural unity among Heterogenous people.
3. The subalterns become dependent on the Western intellectuals to speak for their condition
rather than allowing them to speak for themselves.

The Suicide of Bhubaneswari

In the end, Spivak brings to light the suicide of an ordinary woman to explain how outside
effects the subaltern. According to her, Bhubaneswari Bhaduri ended her life because she did
not want to participate in an association that she was assigned to commit.

However, after her death, her suicide was misinterpreted and her story was written by her
family in a different way. They considered her suicide as an outcome of a failed love affair
rather than a protest.
Thus Spivak concludes that it is impossible to reclaim and rewrite history in the Western
framework as they construct truth for us as Bhubaneshwari’s family constructed for her and
hence Subaltern cannot speak.

Gayatri Spivak / "Can the Subaltern Speak?" – summary

The essay "Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988) by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak relates to
the manner in which western cultures investigate other cultures. Spivak uses the
example of the Indian Sati practice of widow suicide as an example. However the main
significance of the article is in its first part which presents the ethical problems of
investigating a different culture base on "universal" concepts and frameworks.

"Can the Subaltern Speak?" critically deals with an array of western writers starting
from Marx to Foucault, Deleuze and Derrida. The basic claim and opening statement of
"Can the Subaltern Speak?" is that western academic thinking is produced in order to
support western economical interests. Spivak holds that knowledge is never innocent
and that it expresses the interests of its producers. For Spivak knowledge is like any
other commodity that is exported from the west to the third world for financial and other
types of gain.

Spivak is wondering how can the third world subject be studied without cooperation
with the colonial project. Spivak points to the fact that research is in a way always
colonial. In defining the "other", the "over there" subject as the object of study and as
something that knowledge should be extracted from and brought back "here".
Basically we're talking about white men speaking to white men about colored
men/women. When Spivak examines the validity of the western representation of the
other, she proposes that the discursive institutions which regulate writing about the
other are shut off to postcolonial or feminist scrutiny.
This limitation, Spivak holds, is due to the fact that critical thinking about the "other"
tends to articulate its relation to the other with the hegemonic vocabulary. This is
similar to feminist writers which abide by the patriarchic rules for academic writing.

In the following parts of "Can the Subaltern Speak?" Spivak is criticizing different
critical writers and then moves on to the example of the Indian "Sati" practice.
Gayatri Spivak / "Can the Subaltern Speak?" - review - summary part 1 - summary part
2

Here you can find an introduction to spivak's thought and summaries of her main
works.