Bolt Connections - Colly

Translated from Swedish to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.
com
hrsSPIRIT BOOK
ABOUT SCREW BANDAGES
Second edition, revised and developed
Colly Components AB.Box 76, 164 94 Coffin. Phone 08-703 01 00. Fax 08-703 98 41. www.colly.se
Copyright © Colly Company AB, 1995 All
rights reserved Colly Company AB,
why reprinting and copying, in whole or in part,
can only take place with the undertaking's consent.
Graphic form and repro:

Sundell Reklam & Tidningsproduktion AB
Printing: Axept Reklamproduktion AB, Stockholm 1995
Colly Company reg. no. MSK TU 9501135A

ISBN 91-630-3882-X
hrsHANDBOOK OF SCREW CONNECTIONS 5
Preface to
second edition
The first edition of the Colly Company handbook on screw One misdimensioned, miscalculated or incorrectly installed
connections was published in 1971. The authors were Owe screw connections or a substandard product quality will
Bergius and Ingvar Fagerberg. Since then, the manual has been inevitably sooner or later lead to failure with more or
used by 1,000s of people in industry and schools. The handbook less costly consequences.
was the first of its kind to present calculation methods and data in
a structured and collected manner. Quantities of screw In connection with the revision of the second edition of the
connections have been calculated using the formulas, tables and Colly Company handbook on bolted joints, a Windows-based
diagrams that are reported. These dressings have since proven calculation program for PC has also been developed. The
their practicality in various applications. program is based on the formulas and connections that can
be found in the manual. The program, which is self-
Unfortunately, many designers are still unaware of the instructional, means that a screw connection can be calculated
importance of the screw connection in every high-tech world. in a few minutes.
In recent years, however, several, in some cases tragic, events
have made many people realize that fasteners play a very
important role in our lives. Oil rigs have overturned, airplanes Coffin, September 1995
have crashed, roofs have collapsed, tanks have been knocked
out, and astronauts have died due to faulty screw connections.
The quality of the fasteners has been questioned when, Division Machine Elements
among other things, the American market has been flooded Colly Company AB
with "fake" screws or screws of inferior quality.
Colly Company ab
4 hrsHANDBOOK OF SCREW CONNECTIONS
Introduction
Many practical or constructive problems arise in The Colly Company handbook on

connection with the dimensioning of screw connections, bolted joints consists of:
such as locking, heat, corrosion, fatigue, shear, etc.
The mechanics of the screw connection
Most of these problems can be simplified or solved if, when
A detailed account of the mechanics of the screw and
calculating a screw connection, one goes through the factors
which factors affect the calculation of screw
that will affect the construction in a methodical way.
connections.
Here we will explain the mechanics of the screw and propose

Calculation and dimensioning
a suitable calculation process guided by what has been
A detailed description of how the screw connection is
published from research carried out in Germany, the USA and
calculated and dimensioned.
Sweden in particular. We will also show how HELICOIL insert
threads and UNBRAKO high-strength screws can be used as
Tables and diagrams
construction elements and how you simplify and make
Tables and diagrams needed for the calculation.
construction cheaper.
Calculation program
A Windows based calculation program for PC. The
program, which is self-instructional, means that a screw
connection can be easily calculated in a few minutes.
The program can be ordered from the Colly Company.
Colly Company ab
Preface to
first edition
The screw connection is one of our most important and In this handbook, hot etching methods for the analysis of bolted
common machine elements. Reliable and functional screw joints are presented. The methods are sufficiently accurate for any
connections are a necessary prerequisite for our modern conceivable practical application. They have the advantage of
technology. Despite this, the methods used for dimensioning leading to the goal without overly extensive calculations. In
addition, the results of the calculations are usually reported in the
bolted joints are often questionable.
handbook in table and diagram form for the values of interesting
parameters that may become relevant.
Many times, "feeling" and rules of thumb must be the guide for
choosing the dimensions and materials of the other parts of the
For those who want to critically evaluate the methods,
bandage. This could perhaps work satisfactorily some ten years
there is a reference list that covers the most important
ago when the pace of technological development was not faster
literature in the field. This also allows for in-depth
than you had time to acquire a feel for and experience with
studies of individual problems and for refinement of the
existing elements and materials while they were still
calculation methods.
where walkable.
Now new construction elements and new materials
The calculation instructions are compiled so that they
appear almost every day. These enable elegant and
automatically lead to a systematic analysis of the screw
economically advantageous technical solutions.
advance. If you follow it, you do not bypass any
essential steps in the analysis.
This is also the case in screw connection technology.
However, in order to take advantage of the advantages that
A further accentuation of the systematics is obtained if one
development offers, one must systematically analyze one's
uses the calculation form bearers that are tailor-made for the
problems. This is advantageous and perhaps necessary even
analysis of screw connections in accordance with the manual's
when it comes to conventional screw connections.
instructions.
The analysis of a screw joint is sometimes complicated. Stockholm, 29 June 1971

The transfer of the clamping force produces, for
example, a complex state of stress and deformation in
the joined parts. The deformation in the joint's various Janne Carlson
contact surfaces is very difficult to analyze and
determine. However, by idealizing the geometry and Professor
power play of a unit, a model of this can be constructed Department of strength engineering
that is calculable in terms of engineering. Even if it only Royal University of Technology
gives approximately correct results in details such as
stress distribution, etc., it gives a good estimate of the
quantities that the designer must know in order to
optimize the screw connection.
Colly Company ab
Content
1 Introduction................................................ ..........7 4 Calculation and dimensioning..............21

4.1 Calculation of the required bias forceFF
2 Designations and symbols...................8 ................................................... ..... 21
4.1.1 The screw connection is affected by axial
3 The mechanics of the screw........................................9 traction force ................................................ ... 21
3.1 Required preload forceFF................. 9 4.1.1.1 Calculation of preload lossFZ........... 21
3.1.1 Required biasing force dependent 4.1.1.2 Calculation of preload lossFlb.......... 21
of the size and direction of the load ..................... 9 4.1.1.3 Residual preloadFFmin................................ 22
3.1.1.1 The screw connection is affected by traction 4.1.2 The screw connection is affected by radial force ....... 22
in axial joint ................................................ ... 9 4.1.3 The screw connection is affected by both axial
3.1.1.2 The screw connection is affected by compressive force and radial force ............................................ 23
in axial joint................................... .. 10 4.1.4 Summary ........................................... 23
3.1.1.3 The screw connection is affected by both axial 4.2 Calculation of max. allowable bias for
and radial force................................,,,....... 10 assumed value for coefficient of frictionµg....... 24
3.1.1.4 Summary ....................................... 10 4.2.1 Summary ........................................... 25
3.1.2 Required preload depending on the elasticity of 4.3 Calculation of tightening torqueMv........... 26
the screw and joined parts ...11 4.3.1 Summary ........................................... 26
3.1.2.1 The spring constantC general derivation
—
4.4 Spreading in the screw joint ......................... 27
ning ................................................ ........ 11 4.4.1 The influence of the spread on the bias
3.1.2.2 Screw extension ............................... 12 the powerFF................................................... 29
3.1.2.3 Deformation of the goods ................................ 12 4.4.2 Summary .......................................... 30
3.1.2.4 Summary ....................................... 14 4.5 How hard can the screw be used ..................... 30
3.1.3 Required biasing force dependent 4.6 Why shouldn't the screw joint
of deposits ............................................ 15 is over-dimensioned ...................................... 31
3.1.3.1 What is meant by setting? ......................... 15 4.7 Hole plane pressure .............................................. 32
3.1.3.2 Where does subsidence occur? ........................... 15 4.8 Fatigue strength ................................ 32
3.1.3.3 How does setting required affect 4.9 Calculation of thread length in goods ................... 34
preload force? ................................... 15
3.1.3.4 How big is the depositZ? ........................16 5 Charts and tables...................................35
3.1.3.5 Settlement in the abutment surfaces .................... 16
3.1.3.6 Insertion into joined parts ....................... 16 5 Bibliography...................................50
3.1.3.7 Inserting the threads .................................... 16
3.1.3.8 Settlement caused by tiles,
gaskets, color etc. ................................ 17
3.1.3.9 Summary ....................................... 17
3.1.4 Required prestressing force depending on
point of attack of the load .............................. 18
3.1.4.1 The loadFLattacks in the nut's or
the abutment plane of the screw head. ................ 18
3.1.4.2 The loadFLattacks inside the estate .............. 19
3.1.4.3 Summary ....................................... 19
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1 Introduction
It is hardly an exaggeration to say that designers have You do not always get sufficient prestressing force by
considered and still consider a screw as an old familiar and overdimensioning the connection. Usually you get one
simple machine element. When you take the time to calculate instead, which is shown later in this manuallower
a screw connection, formulas and help tables are available. biasing force for amajorscrew dimension, unless special
The breaking strength of the screw and the shear strength of measures are taken.
the goods are calculated. If one wishes to delve deeper into
the mechanics of the screw and illustrate how, for example, Modern calculation method
screw length, subsidence, point of attack of forces, etc. affect The following calculation basis wants to give you an
the screw connection, it immediately becomes more difficult opportunity to take into account the factors that can affect the
to find the connection. If you also want to take into account screw connection. Thus, the conditions are significantly
during the dimensioning the sources of error that may occur greater that the screw dimension that you finally choose, even
in practice, e.g. assembly method, circumstances prevailing in in practice, is the screw dimension that best solves your
the screw connection, etc., this is so uncertain that as a rule construction case.
you simply introduce safety factors into the screw strength
formula. It also means that through constructive measures you can
probably choose a smaller screw and thus get a cheaper
The screw calculation formula below indicates the ratio screw connection.
after introducing safety factors.
The calculation process is mainly structured as follows:
FLxX=GFxReLxApp
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) A) Calculation of the prestressing force required for a
FL = external load certain load caseFFerbtaking into account the
X = safety factor factors that affect this.
GF= efficiency ofReL
ReL= yield strength of the screw AS B) Calculation of the utilization rate of the screw, i.e. the
= tension area of the screw tensile stress of the shear σdIt is primarily dependent
on the thread friction coefficientµg.Thus it can bias
Big variables forceFFis calculated, which a particular screw is
If you study the screw calculation formula, you find that the expected to give under the prevailing circumstances.
safety factorXcan vary from about 1.1 to about 5 depending
on which source you choose it from. The degree of utilizationG
Fcan vary from approx. 0.5 to approx. 0.9 depending on the
C) Selection of the smallest screw dimension that can
conditions prevailing in the screw connection. handle the required preload forceFFerbtaking into
account spreading, settlement, hole plane pressure and
Thus, in the calculation stage, such variables have been
fatigue.
introduced that screw joints calculated according to above rarely
or never get the correct dimension. Calculation program
With the help of a Windows-based calculation program for PC,
Wrong reasoning it is possible to quickly calculate your screw connection. The
If you choose a relatively large safety factor, you should program is based on the formulas and relationships found in
get an oversized connection and because of this be the manual. The program can be ordered from Colly Company
sure that the construction will last. AB.
You realize that this reasoning is incorrect if you make the

following clear to yourself. A screw connection always has
a certain specific function, for example to clamp, fasten,
join, seal, etc. Apart from this, the connection must of
course not come loose. It is therefore necessary to create a
biasing forceFFwhich despite relief, through the influence
of external forces and through settlements, always has a
positive value.
Colly Company ab
2. Designations and symbols

A = cylinder area ∆l = length change
AS = the stress area of the screw µa = friction coefficient contact surface
C = spring constant µg = friction coefficient thread
d = screw diameter µplan = coefficient of friction in the parting plane that has
Da = contact diameter, i.e. the diameter of the screw the least friction
head + the diameter of the free-running hole ε = friction angle
divided by two σup = max. voltage amplitude for respective
Dhrs = free-running hole diameter σa = screw current load amplitude
din = inner diameter of the screw Rm = the breaking point of the screw material
Dm = the mean diameter of the screw σd = tensile stress
Dpp = screw tension diameter σe = effective voltage
E = modulus of elasticity
ReL = yield strength of the screw material
F = force τ = torsional shear stress
Fpp = screw force for plasticizing
τB = shear failure limit
FFerb = Required clamping force τS = shear stress limit
FFmin = the smallest prestressing force that can be φ = thread pitch angle
allowed as a safety margin so that the s = thread coverage
construction is not completely relieved FF
FPhew = lower limit
FF = FFupper limit
FL = external load
FLdyn = external load, dynamic
FLstate = external load, static
FLa = the screw's share of the external load the load's
Flb = share of the external load required preload to cope
FQ = with the radial force
Fz = preload loss due to

settlement
GF = utilization rate ofReL, degree of bias
Kg,Km = correction factors
Kp, Ks
L = length
Leff = effective thread length
Lf = load factor
LK = clamp length
LK/d = ratio between the clamping length of the screw
and its diameter
Ma = contact moment
Mg = thread torque
Mv = tightening torque
P = climb
Phrs = hole plane pressure
Q = radial force
Sf = spread factor
Sm = torque spread
Su = friction spreading
Wp = torsional resistance
X = safety factor
Z = setting
Zf = settlement factor
B = thread profile angle
Colly Company ab
3. The mechanics of the screw
3.1
Required preload forceFF
In order to be able to calculate the prestressing force which is
lined to cope with a certain given load case applies
it is primarily to determine how different factors can
conceivably affect this prestressing force.
Factors affecting the required preload forceFFerb

are:
The magnitude and direction of the load The elasticity

of screws and joined parts Settlements in the
connection
Load point of attack
3.1.1
Required prestressing force
depending on the size and direction
of the load
3.1.1.1
The screw joint is affected by pull graft in the
axial joint
When tightening a screw connection according to Fig. 101, the
tensile force in the screw will increase along the line O - A, Fig.
102, at the same time as the compressive force in the goods
increases along the line B - A. The extension of the screw and the
compression of the goods are represented by the stretches ∆etc
and∆lg
In the figures are indicatedFLas a point force. In practice, it

is a matter of surface and volume forces that attack over a
larger area.FLconsidered as the resultant of these forces.
An external loadFLcauses an increase in the tensile

force in the screw along the line O - A - C and a
decrease in the compressive force in the goods along
the line A - E, if it engages in the abutment plane of the
nut or the screw head.
The biasing forceFFcorresponds to the distance A - D after the

screw connection has been tightened and the residual
preload FFmin,after that external loadFLadded, of the stretch E
- F.
If the prestressing force during tightening becomes so small that

the loadFLcompletely relieves the dressing,FFmin= 0, the screw
connection has lost its function of clamping, sealing and v. In the
event of dynamic loading, there is also a risk of the screw
loosening.
Colly Company ab
3.1.1.2
The screw joint is affected by compressive force in the
axial direction
The tensile force in the screw and the compressive force in the
goods increase along the lines O - A and B - A respectively in Fig.
104 when tightening a screw connection according to Fig. 103.
When the external loadFLis added, the goods are further

pushed together along the line B - A - G, while the pulling
force in the screw decreases along the line A - O to E.
Not in this case eitherFFminbecome equal to zero

since the screw connection then loses its function
and the screw can loosen under dynamic load.
3.1.1.3
The screw connection is affected by both axial and
radial force
Similar to the previous two cases, the tensile force in the screw
and the compressive force in the goods will increase for the
screw connection according to figures 105 and 106.
Because in this case it is a question of both axial

and radial force mustFFminhave a value that does
not fall below that of the radial forceQthe
required biasFQ.
Q
FQ=
µplan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
FQ = preload force at radial load in N = radial
Q force in N
µplan = coefficient of friction in the dividing plane
as
has the lowest friction
3.1.1.4
Summary
The required biasing forceFFis dependent on the size and
direction of the load if the screw connection is to
maintain its function of sealing, clamping,
joining etc. The prestressing forceFFmust not be
completely relieved, i.eFFminmust not be equal to zero. In
case of dynamic load
there is then a risk that the screw may come loose.
The greater the prestressing force that can be obtained

from a certain screw connection. for example, by reducing
the friction coefficient in the threads, the greater the
external load FL the screw connection can handle.
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3.1.2 where
Required preload force CS=the spring constant of the screw in N/mm ES=the
depending on the elasticity of the modulus of elasticity of the screw in N/mm2

A1=the stress area of the screw in ASin etc2
screw and joined parts
A2=the area of the unthreaded part of the screw in mm2
Under 3.1.1 it has been shown that the required prestressing
force is dependent on the size and direction of the external
The screw extension is obtained from (3) and (4)
load. When the cargoFL.is added, the pulling force in the screw
increases withFLaie that part of the cargoFLwhich affects the
1
screw. The compressive force in the goods decreases with Flb ∆l=ppFFx ......... (6)
i.e. the part that relieves the bias, see fig. 1 0 7. CS
This means that the prestressing force will also depend

on the elasticity of the screw and joined parts, i.e. the
slope of the lines O - A - C and B - E - A. Below is shown
how the slope, the spring constant C, on these two lines
is calculated.
3.1.2.1
The spring constantC-general derivation
According to Hooke's law, for the extension of the screw or for the
compression of the goods:
Fx L
∆l=
AxE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3)
F = force in N
L = waist in mm
A = area in mm2
E = modulus of elasticity in N/mm2
∆l=length change in etc
The spring constantCobtained from the ratio
F
C=
∆l
be follows that
ExA
C=
L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)
If a screw has different diameters, has a threaded and

an unthreaded part or if the joined parts consist of
materials with different modulus of elasticity, the total
shape change is:
Fxl1 Fxl2+ ...... A2
∆l=∆l+∆1 l+ .....
2 = + xE 2
A1xE1
and erroneously also applies that
1 1 1
= +
C C1 C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5)
3.1.2.2
The extension of the screw
For a screw according to Fig. 108, it applies that
1 L1 L2
= +
CS A1xES A2xES
Colly Company ab
3.1.2.3
Deformation of the goods
The tensile force in the screw is absorbed as a compressive force
by the joined parts. The state of tension in these becomes
multiaxial and very complicated.
To dimension the screw connection, it is sufficient to

know the relationship between the compression ∆ of the
joined partslSand the prestressing force FF.
A linear relationship is assumed to apply of the type:
1
∆lg=FFx
Cg . . . . . . . . . (7)
whereCgcan be interpreted as the spring constant of the goods.

You then get an analogy with the uniaxial load
failure if you write:
1 Lk
=
Cg AxEg
Eg= modulus of elasticity of the goods

A=the area of a from a suspension point of view to the
gade parts equivalent hollow cylinder.
According to Rötscher (no. 74 in litt. fort.) the equivalent area is

calculatedAas the area of a hollow cylinder with the outer
diameterDS+Lk/2 and the hole diameterDhrs.
π-- L-2 -
A= --D+S K- −D2- hrs
4 --- 2- --. . . . . . .(8)
The above applies to the goods' outer diameter Dg>_ (DS

+ Lk), see Fig. 1 10. If Dg<_ (DS+ Lk) the spring constant C of the goods
is calculatedgout of the relationship.
- -
1 4 - Dg−Dpp Lk−(Dg−D)-pp-
= - +
Cg Exπ--Dg D- 2
Dg−D2 -hrs
-- + pp - − D hrs
--2 2- -- (9)
which corresponds to uniaxial force absorption in a rotationally

symmetric hollow body according to Fig. 110
Fritche (no. 12 in litt. fort.) instead assumes uniaxial force

absorption in an area enlift fig. 111 and has introduced a
correction factor for the calculationKmwhich varies for
different materials.
π-- L-k-2 -
A= --Dpp+K m − Dhrs-
4 --- 2- --. . . . . . . . . . . (10)
The correction factorKmfor steel............................... = 1/5

The correction factorKmfor cast iron .......................= 1/4
The correction factorKmfor aluminum alloys = 1/3
The above applies ifDg≥(Dpp+KmxLk)
Colly Company ab
IfDg≤(Dpp+KmxLk)states Weiss and Wallner (no Deformation of the goods acc. Fritz:
87 in litt.forth.) the following relationship for calculating the
spring constant of the goodsCg π-- L- -2
A= --Dpp+ K mx k- − D2hrs
-=
4 --- 2- --
- 1( 1(D -
- D − Dpp) L−k − Dpp)-
1 Km g Km g
= 4- + -
-
Cg Exπ--Dg D-2 D2g−Dhrs
2
- π-- 1 50 -2
-- + pp- − Dhrs
2 - = --16 + x - −112- =252 mm2
--2 2- - 4 --- 5 2- --
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (11)
Example:
Appearance of the preload triangle for an M 10 bolted connection
FxL 25000x50
mounted in steel with the clamp lengthLk= 50 mm, calculated with ∆lg= = = 0.0237 mm
the deformation of the goods according to Rötscher or Fritsche AxE 252x210000
can be seen from fig. 112 or Fig. 113.
The modulus of elasticity for steel E= 210000 N/mm2
The outer diameter of the screw headDpp= 16 mm
Diameter of free-running holeDhrsmm The tension
area for M 10 screwApp= 57.3 mm2
The screw is fully threaded and in strength class 8.8
The screw is tightened so that it provides a preload

forceFF= 25000N
Screw extension:
FxL 25000x50
∆lpp= = = 0.102 mm
AxE 57.3x210000
Deformation of the goods acc. Rötscher:
π-- Lk-- 2
- From the above example it is clear that the unloading of the
A= --Dpp+ − Dhrs
2- = goodsFlbrespectively the additional voltage of the screwFLadiffers
4 --- 2- -- considerably depending on which of the two theorems one
chooses for calculating the deformation of the goods.
π-- 50 -2 - The latest investigations regarding the deformation of the goods

= --16 + - −112- =1225 mm2
4 --- 2- --
have shown that the deformation does not occur in a straight line,
but is dependent on the magnitude of the prestressing force. A
larger biasing force gives a smaller additional stressFLasee Fig.
114.
FxL 25000x50
∆lg= = = 0.00486 mm
AxE 1225x210000
Colly Company ab
It is likely that for low prestressing forces one should expect the
deformation to take place within the dashed part in fig, 115. When
the prestressing force then becomes greater, the deformation
zone of the goods increases according to fig. 116.
It has also been found that the lateral distance e of the

external load, in relation to the screw axis, affects the
magnitude of the additional stressFLa
If the joint is affected on one side by the external load, see fig,
117, a greater additional stress is obtainedFLaas the distance e
grows.
If the load acts symmetrically in relation to the screw

shaft, see fig, 118, a smaller additional stress is
obtainedFLawith increasing distance e.
3.1.2.4
Summary
The required preload force is dependent on the elasticity
of the screw and joined parts.
To determine the spring constant of the screwCppface no

difficulties. The property's deformation zone, on the other
hand, cannot be clearly determined as too many
constructive factors affect the result.
In this handbook, the goods area is calculated according to Fritsche.
As can be seen from examples and figs, 112-114, for large

prestressing forces the load area should be calculated according
to Rötscher, but since in most practical constructions the joint is
affected unilaterally by the external loadFL
Fritsche's theorem should give a better approximation.
By choosing a favorable clamp length ratio Lk/ddvs a

slim and long screw, you can influence the linesCSandCg
slope, see fig. 107. Thereby, depending on the load
case, you can influenceFLarespectivelyFfmin,
however, see chapter, 3.1.3.3 on setting. A clamp length ratio
Lk/d greater than or equal to 3 should be pursued.
Colly Company ab
3.1•3 As can be seen from Hooke's law (3.1.2.1) and as can be seen
in fig. 120 - 121, the strain line O - A of the screw is strongly
Required prestressing force dependent on the ratioLk/ddvs the ratio between the clamping
depending on settlements length of the screw and its diameter.
3.1.3.1 This means that a greater value forLk/ddvs a slimmer

What is meant by setting? screw is able to take up larger settlements. This reduces
By settlement is meant the sum of all plastic the preload loss due to settlementZ.
deformations in the screw connection that cause
permanent shortening of the joined parts or
elongation of the screw (overstretching).
Some of these deformations are obtained in connection

with assembly, others occur during operation.
What will hereafter be referred to as set Z is the

deformation that occurs during operation, ie after the
screw connection has been worn away.
3.1.3.2
Where does subsidence occur?
Settlements occur in the following places:
• In all contact surfaces
• In the joined parts
• l the threads
• In the machine elements used for joining.
The settlement in the contact surfaces varies for different

materials and in the appearance of the respective contact
surfaces. The settlement that occurs in the contact surfaces is
dependent on surface smoothness and surface hardness and can
be referred to as the material's tendency to plastic deformation in
the contact surface, see fig. 122 and 123.
Inside the joined parts, some settling can also occur

similar to what can be obtained when using soft
gaskets and folding sheets. High hole plane pressures
can affect the settlement of the joined parts.
Settling can occur in the threads by exceeding the shear

strength limit of the nut or screw threads so that plastic
deformation is obtained. Even normal profile depth
after threading causes settlement.
The extra machine elements that are introduced in the

construction, for example chain washers, tooth
washers, etc. cause settlement due to corrosion in the
goods. Soft flat washers, gaskets etc. give rise to
settlement due to compression.
3.1.3.3
How does the setting affect the
required preload force?
For a screw connection, the preload triangle O - A - B is

drawn in Fig. 119. The settingZproduces a bias loss and
the original bias triangle O - A - B reduces to O - H - 1.
The bias forceFFthus drops toFFdue to the settlementZ.
Colly Company ab
3.1.3.4 3.1.3.7
How big is the set Z? Setting the threads
The size of the settlement is difficult to determine with The threads can be considered as an abutment plane. The
certainty due to the large number of factors that can affect setting in the threads is dependent on surface
it. Many studies have been carried out, but no one has so smoothness, material and contact pressure. Due to skew
far been able to give a clear answer to how the various loading on the various thread turns, there is also always a
factors affect the size of the settlement. risk that the shear strength limit of the threads will be
exceeded so that plastic deformation is obtained. Also,
How to design the construction to be able to take into account the chips and particles in the thread cause seizing.
negative impact of the settlement?
By investigating where settlements occur and the cause of

them, the construction can be designed in such a way that
the settlements are reduced as much as possible. As a
result, the surveys that have been carried out should also
give a relatively clear picture-how big the depositZcan
conceivably be for different construction cases.
3.1.3.5
Settlement in the abutment surfaces
When two surfaces are pressed together, these initially only have
contact in a few points, depending on the surface smoothness.
The contact pressure at these points thereby becomes so great
that plastic deformation occurs, whereby the contact area
increases and the contact pressure decreases.
From the above it appears that the settlement in the contact

surfaces is above all dependent on the surface smoothness.
Since it can generally be said that plastic deformation occurs
at excessive contact pressure, this means that the material
and the prestressing force also affect the size of the
settlement.
Junker (no. 39 in litt. fort.) has shown the dependence of settlement on

the surface smoothness and type of load. For axial load, the
settlement per pair of contact surfaces is 3µm, for surfaces with
surface smoothness 4µm and 4µm for surfaces with surface
smoothness 5µm
For radial load or combination axial and radial load, Junker

specifies 5µm and 8 respectivelyµm for surfaces with
surface smoothness 4µm or 6µm.
Taking the material into account when assessing the size of the
settlement, the diagrams in Fig. 122 and Fig. 123 show the
approximate relationship between type of load, material, surface
smoothness and settlement per pair of contact surfaces.
3.1.3.6
Assembly in joined parts
Settlements also occur inside the joined parts. This
occurs above all in soft materials because these are
compressed over time.
Therefore, extra details such as folding sheets, spring

washers, soft gaskets etc. be avoided. If necessary,
liquid packing must be used, e.g. Dow Corning
Industrial Silicones.
Colly Company ab
Wiegand and Illgner (no. 95 in litt. fort.) generally indicate a

setting in the threads of 5µm. Since different profile depths,
materials and contact pressure affect the size of the
settlement, the diagram in Fig. 124 should give a clearer
picture of the connection.
If HELICOIL insert threads are introduced in the

construction, the unfavorable load distribution on the
various thread turns is reduced. In a HELICOIL connection,
the load on the first thread is reduced from 50% to 30% of
the total screw load, see fig. 125 b. The better load
distribution and the larger outer diameter of the HELICOIL
insert make the screw connection stronger and you can
choose shorter thread length in soft and light materials.
The setting of the threads for a HELICOIL connection is
shown in Fig. 124.
3.1.3.8
Settling caused by trays, gaskets, paint etc
Machine elements such as tooth washers, spring washers,

gaskets, plastic washers etc. should be avoided. As a rule, these
give rise to large settlements due to corrosion in the goods and
that they are compressed over time.
Paint layers in abutment and division planes also give rise

to large settling losses and should therefore be removed
before assembly takes place.
3.1.3.9
Summary
The required prestressing force is dependent on the
settlement as deformations cause a loss of prestressing
in the screw joint. The size of the settlement is difficult
to determine with certainty. If in the construction you
avoid using paint, soft machine elements or those that
eat into the substrate due to teeth, the sum of the
settlement in the contact surfaces and the threads, fig.
122-124, should give a sufficiently good approximation
of the settlementZfor different construction cases.
For surface treatment such as galvanizing, chromating,

galvanizing, etc. special consideration must be given to the
setting.
Example:
The joined parts in the screw connection in Fig. 125 are assumed
to be of steel. The surface smoothness of all contact surfaces and
the threads is assumed to beRa4µm. The settingZis then
theoretically thought to be the sum of the settlement in 3
abutment planes and the threads.
From the diagram in Fig. 122, the settlement of the abutment plane is
obtained = 3 x 3µm = 9µm.
The diagram in Fig. 124 gives a setting in the threads of

5µm. The total settlementZin this example is thus about
14µm.
Colly Company ab
3.1.4
Required prestressing force depending on the point of
application of the load
We have previously established how the required pre-
tensioning force is dependent on the size and direction of
the load, the elasticity of the screw and joined parts and
the settlement.
The prestressing force required for a certain load caseF

Fis finally also dependent on where in the construction
the load isFLattacking. The load's points of attack are
difficult to determine in practice. In the summary, we
therefore describe a practical way to determineFF
depending on whereFLattacking.
3.1.4.1
The cargoFLattacks in the nut's or the
abutment plane of the screw head.
When tightening the screw connection in Fig. 126, the tensile force in the
screw increases along the line O - A, at the same time as the compressive
force in the goods increases along the line B - A according to Fig. 127.
If the external load FLengages as Fig. 126 shows, i.e. under the
nut or the screw head, the tensile force in the screw will
increase by a certain amountFLaalong the line O - A - C at the
same time as the compressive force in the goods decreases by
a certain amountFlbalong the line A - B.
The slope of the lines O - A - C and A - B corresponds to the

screw's or the spring constants of the goods based on the
clamping length between the points of attack of the load,L
n.
Colly Company ab
3.1.4.2
The cargo FLattacks inside the estate
The bias triangle O - A - B for the screw connection in Fig. 128 is

shown in Fig. 129.
About the loadFLattacks inside the estate, for example 0.25 Lkfrom
the nut or the contact plane of the screw head, the compressive
force will decrease for the part of the goods that lies between the
points of attack of the load, while the compressive force will
increase for the part that lies outside the points of attack.
This means that the reduction of the compressive force takes

place along the line A - B', the slope of which corresponds to the
spring constant of the goods based on the distance between the
attack points of the load, i.e.Ln= 0.5Lk.
The pulling force in the screw increases along the line A - C',
the slope of which corresponds to the spring constant
obtained for the screw and the part of the goods that lies
outside the attack points.
Fig. 130 shows the appearance of the bias triangle when the loadF
Lattacks in five different ways. Which seems to be decreasing FFmin
as the load's attack points are moved from the outer surfaces of
the joint towards its centre.
3.1.4.3 Summary
You can count on the loadFLin practice in most designs
attack somewhere inside the estate. The residual biasF
Fminwill therefore be less than what was shown under
3.1.1.
The required biasing forceFLthus depends on where in

the construction the load isFLattacking.
In cases where you do not know exactly where the load isFLattacks
and thus cannot choose from any of the cases I - V, we suggest
the following calculation process:
1. In case of static load, the most difficult case is when the loadFL
attacks in the dividing surfaces. Therefore, calculate the
screw dimension according to load case V.
2. When the dimension of the screw has been determined, in

case of dynamic loading, the fatigue strength must be
checked (see chap. 4.8). In doing so, load case I must be
used because this is the most difficult operating case with
such a load.
Colly Company ab
Colly Company ab
4. Calculation
and dimensioning
4.1
Calculation of required
prestressing forceFF
4.1.1
The screw connection is affected
by axial traction
If the screw joint is affected by an axial tensile force,
according to Fig. 131 a, the required prestressing force
becomesFF:
FF=FZ+Flb+FFmy . . . . . . . (13)
FF = required prestressing force =

FZ prestressing loss due to settlement =
Flb prestressing loss due to external load FL
FF min = lowest residual prestress that can be allowed as
safety margin so that the screw connection is not
completely relieved
4.1.1.1 4.1.1.2
Calculation of bias lossF Z
Calculation of bias lossFlb
According to Fig. 131 a, the settlement causes a bias An additive forceFLa, and a bias lossFlb
loss FZIt depends on the size of the settlement and the is produced by the external loadFL.
elasticity of the screw and joined parts, i.e. the slope of
the lines O - A and B - A.
According to Fig. 131 istgα=
FLa=CSand
γ
FZ
tgα= =CS
Z1
tgη= Flb=C
.......... (14)
g
γ
FZ
tgη= =C g
Z2 .......... (15) Since Flb=FL−FLa becomes
F F FL−FLa
SinceZ=Z1+Z2becomesZ=Z + Z γ= FLa = Flb=
CS Cg CS Cg Cg
CxSCg
Z F =Z
from which it follows that CS
CS+Cg from which it follows that FLa=FLCS+Cg
CSxCg -
Införe is a setting factorZf= CS --
CS+Cg and Flb = F-L- 1− -
- CS+Cg- . . . . . . . . . (17)
becomesFZ=ZxZF . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16)
The above applies under the condition that the cargoFL
Zfcan either be calculated or read from the diagrams, engages in the contact plane of the nut or screw head.
see Fig. 163-168.
The specified values forZfare calculated forCgaccording to Under 3.1.4.2 and in Fig. 130, the power play has been shown when
Fritsche's theorem withDg≥ (KmxLK+DS),see 3.1.2.3. the loadFLattacks inside the estate.
Colly Company ab
If one denotes the distance between the attack points of the 4.1.2
load withLn,becomes the spring constantCINfor the part of the The screw connection is affected by
goods that lies between the points of attack radial force
If the screw connection is only affected by a radial force, the
ExA prestressing force must produce a residual clamping forceF
CIN=
Ln Fminwhich is so large that the joined parts do not move in
relation to each other.

and the spring constantCIIfor the part of the goods that
is outside
The required biasing forceFFbecomes for this load case,
ExA see Fig. 131 b:
CII=
Lk−Ln
FF=FZ+FFmin
The spring constantCIIIfor the screw and the part of the goods
that is outside the load's points of attack becomes
FF = required prestressing force
FZ = prestressing loss due to settlement
1 1 1 FFmin= minimum residual bias that guarantees that
= +
CIII CS CII the joined parts do not move in relation to
each other,FFmin≥FQ
With the above designations for the spring choruses,
you get
C III - CIII -
FLa= F andFlb=F-- L 1− --
LCIII+CIN - CIII+CIN-
CIII
A load factor is introducedLffor the expression
CIII+CIN
is obtained Flb=FL(1−Lf). . . . . . . . . . . . (18)
The load factorLfcan either be calculated or for the five

cases taken up in Fig. 130 obtainedLffrom the diagrams
in fig. 160 - 162.
The values stated therein onLfare approximate values and

calculated for Cgaccording to Fritsche's theorem withDg≥(Km
xLk+Dpp)
For calculating the bias lossFLsee ch. 4.1.1.1.
4.1.1.3
Residual biasFFmin
It is stated in ch. 3.1.1 that there must always be a In order for the joined parts not to move in relation to
certain residual biasFFminfor the unit to maintain its each other mustFFminbe at least as large as that against the
function. shear forceQthe corresponding axial forceFQ
In the screw calculation, you should in principle not need

Q
to enter any value forFFminbecause the guidelines and FFmy≥FQ=
values for the calculation given in this manual should µplan
provide sufficient security that the prestressing force is not
completely relieved and thusFFminbecomes equal to zero. µplan= the coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces.
Selected for the one of the contact surfaces that has
If the designer nevertheless chooses to introduce a the smallest coefficient of friction.
certain margin of safety against complete relief shouldF
Fminis chosen as small as possible.FFminis suitably chosen
Similar to what was said in ch. 4.1.1.3 no extra margin
to be 10-20% of the external loadFLto avoid the risk of of safety against relief must be introduced.FFminis
oversizing. usually set equal toFQ
If the designer prefers to introduce a safety factor,

should FFminnot be chosen greater than 1.1-1.2 xFQto
avoid oversizing.
Colly Company ab
4.1.3
The screw connection is affected by both
axial and radial force
1 in accordance with Fig. 131 c becomes the required
biasing forceFFfor this load case:
FF=FZ+Flb+FFmin
FF = required prestressing force

FZ = preload loss due to settlement Z = preload
Flb loss due to the external
the loadFL
FFmin = minimum residual bias that guarantees that
the joined parts do not move in relation to
each other,FFmin>_FQ
Calculation of the bias lossFZsee chap. 4.1.1.l
Calculation of the bias lossFlb, see ch. 4.1.1.2.
The residual biasFFminmust be at least as large as that

against the shear forceQthe corresponding axial forceFQ 4.1.4
if the joined parts are not to move in relation to each Summary
other. If a screw joint is to be able to fulfill its function of
clamping, fastening, joining, sealing, etc., a certain
required prestressing force must be achieved. Despite
relief, this must always have a positive value.
µplan= the coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces.
Chosen for-the one of the contact surfaces sorn has the
The factors that affect the relief of the prestressing force are
smallest coefficient of friction.
the size and direction of the load, the elasticity of screws and
joined parts, the size of the settlement and the point of attack
FFminis usually set equal toFQfor reasons described in
of the load in the construction.
chap. 4.1.2.
It is advantageous to choose as small a screw diameter
If the designer prefers to introduce a safety factor it is
and as long a clamp length as possible because a screw
suggested thatFFminnot selected greater than 1.1-1.2 (FQ
connection with a larger value of the ratioLk/d gets a
+FL) to avoid the risk of oversizing.
smaller bias loss due to settlement.
In the case of dynamic loading comes at such a choice F

Lato become smaller, i.e. the screw is affected by a less
pulsating load (greater fatigue strength).
IfFFmincan be held positive and the screw is thus not relieved

by loss of preload, you get a secure locking effect completely
without secondary locking elements, so-called primary locking
with preload.
Colly Company ab
4.2
Calculation of max. allowable
preload force for assumed value of in the surface pressure of the tension areaAs and the torsional resistance W
coefficient of frictionµg p.
When tightening a screw joint, the screw is not only Further applies:
subjected to tensile stress but also to torsional stress tgϕ+tgε'
due to the braking effect of the thread friction The tg(ϕ+ε' ) =
tensile stressσddecreases with increased friction 1−tgϕxtgε'
coefficient, which means that the permissible biasing
forceFFalso decreases with increased value ofµg Practically, you can puttgϕ+tgε'=0meaning
To calculateσdthe following designations are introduced:

tg(ϕ+ε' ) =tgϕ+tgε'
FF = Preload force in N = P
wheretg ϕ= and
σe Effective stress in N/mm2
π xdm
σd = Tensile stress in N/mm2
ReL= Yield strength in N/mm2 µg
τ eg ε' =µg' =
= Torsional tension in N/mm2
cosϕxcosβ/ 2
AS = Tension area in mm2
cosϕcan be set equal to 1 and the expression for the
ϕ =Pitch angle
tensile stress then becomes
ε =Friction angle (tgε =µg)
ε' =Friction angle obtained from the thread geometry νxR
σd= eL
(tgε' =µg') 2
- 8xd m - P µg--
β =Profile angle 1+ 0.75- - x --
dm = Mean diameter of the screw in mm = -d m + din--πxd m cosβ/ 2 ---
din Mean diameter of the screw in mm = . . . . . . . . . . . (23b)
dpp Inside diameter of the screw in mm = Now sit down
dso-called Shank diameter of the screw in mm
1
Mg = Thread torque in Nmm σd=
2
Vp = Torsional resistance - 8xd m -P µg --
1+ 0.75- x --
v = Utilization rate -d+m -πdxin--
dm cosβ/ 2 ---
P = Rise in mm
equal to a correction factorKp the above formula can
An effective voltageσecan be calculated from the tensile stress
be simplified to
σdand the torsional stressτ.
σd=KpxνxReL. . . . . . . . (24)
According to the deviation work hypothesis is whereKp for different thread friction coefficients can be obtained
from the diagram in Fig. 132.
2 2
σe= σ d + 3τ . . . . . . . . . . (19)
The maximum permissible prestressing force is obtained from the formula
Mg FF=σdxApp
For the torsional stress appliesτ= . . . . . . . . . . . (20) . . . . . . . . (25)
Wp
d Comment:
where the torqueM g =σdxAppx mxtg(ϕ+ε')(21)
πxd3pp
2 When setting the twist resistanceW =
p has one
πxd3 pp 16
and the torqueW p = . . . . . . . . . . . . (22) assuming that the force couple acts in a plane perpendicular to the
16 axis of the screw.
Ifvdenotes how much of the yield strength the material can be However, due to the pitch, the points of attack of the force
strained toσe=vxRelectricityfrom which it follows that couple for a screw connection are offset in relation to the
cut surface. It is possible that in practice an even more
νxR
σ=d eL accurate value of σd than is obtained with
- 8 xd m -2 (23a) formula (23), is obtained if the average diameter is taken into account
1 + 0.75 - xtg(ϕ+ε' )-
when calculating the torsional resistancedm.
- dm+din -
πxd3m
dm+d Wp=
if you set the tension diameterd.s= in 16
2
Colly Company ab
The tensile stress would then be 4.2.1

Summary
νxReL The maximum permissible prestressing force for a screw
σ=d
- -dm+d- 2
-
2 connection can be calculated from the ratio
1+ 0.75- -- in- xtg(ϕ+ε' )- . . . . (26)
--- dm - - FF=σdxApp
- -
where the stress area of the screw
Often the tensile stress is given somewhat incorrectly as
νxReL
σ=d π-d + din-
2
-tg(ϕ+ε) d-
2
AS= - m
-
1+12- x m 4 -- 2 -
. . . . (27)
-cosβ/ 2 din- -
and the tensile stress
This formula is similar to the one that applies to screws with
countersunk life so-called "life screws" σd=KpxνxReL
νxReL The correction factorKpis selected from the diagram in Fig. 132.
σ=d
2
- d - It is apparently strongly dependent on the thread
1+12-tg(ϕ+ε' )× m - friction coefficientµg. A low value of ug means a smaller
- d -
torsional moment, which means a greater pretensioning
so-called
force and thus that the screw is used better.

Preload and moment tables in this manual are based
on tensile stress according to formula 23 νindicates how much of the screw's yield strength can be
used, see the introduction, page 7.
Fig. 132
Colly Company ab
4.3
Calculation of tightening FF = Preload force in N Mv =
torqueMv Tightening torque in Nm Mg =
The tightening torque required to obtain the desired Thread torque in Nm Ma =
preload forceFF is Contact torque in Nm
Mv=Mg+Ma dm = Average screw diameter in mm
Da = Contact diameter in mm (Ds+Dh)/2
WhereMg=F Fx dmxtg(ϕ+ε') Dpp= Outer diameter of the screw head or nut in mm =

2 DhrsDiameter of the clearance hole in mm
Da ϕ = Pitch angle
andMa=FFxµax ε = Friction angle (tgε=µg)
2
from which it follows that ε' = Friction angle obtained from thread-
the geometry (egε'=µg')
-d tgϕ+tgε' Da - β = Profile angle
Mv=FF - m x + µx
- 2 1−tgϕ + tgε'
a 2 -- µg = Friction coefficient in the contact surfaces of the threads
µg' = Friction coefficient obtained from the thread geometry
P µg µa = Friction coefficient in the contact plane

iftgϕ= andtgε'=µg'=
πxdm cosϕxcosβ/ 2 contact surfaces
P = Rise in mm
Kpp= Correction factor
inserted into the formula obtains that
Kg = Correction factor
- -
- -
d P
Mv =F-m- +
F-2 - Pxµ g
- -πxd− m
- - cosϕxcosβ/ 2
µg -
πxdmx -
cosϕxcosβ/ 2 - Da-
+ µx
Pxµg - a
2 --
πxd−m -
cosϕxcosβ/ 2 -
. . . . . . . . . (29)
If one now introduces the correction factorsKpp. andKg for
dmx 1
the expressions =Kpp
2 Pxµg
πxdm−
cosϕxcosβ/ 2 4.3.1
Summary
1 The tightening torque required to obtain the desired
π preload force is calculated from formula (30).
dmx cosϕx cosβ/ 2
=K
Pxµg g
respectively
2 From the torque formula, the dependence of the tightening

πxdm− torque on pitch, thread friction and shell friction can be
cosϕxcosβ/ 2 deduced. In addition, the influence of the screw diameter on
the preload force can be read out if the same moment is
the above formula can be simplified to applied to different screw dimensions.
Mv=FF(KppxP+Kgxdmxµg+0.5xDaxµa) An accurate tightening torque is very important for the

function of the screw connection. High and even screw
. . . . . . . . . . (30) quality together with tight tolerances is also important for
maximum preload and guaranteed screw locking (primary
Kpp. andKg can be chosen for different thread friction coefficients
screw locking, see chap. 4.1.4).
from the diagram in Fig. 133.
As can be seen in the above diagram, the variations of the
correction factors are quite small, which means that these
can be replaced by constants.
Colly Company ab
For the thread friction coefficientµg = 0.15 becomesKs = 0.161 In general, it can be said that the thread friction coefficientµg
and Kg = 0.583. This can be considered as average values, should usually be selected from the "cut thread normal"
column and the shell friction coefficientµa for plane washer or
which means that the moment formula will have the following
appearance. corresponding basis.
Etc=FF(0.161xP+0.583xdmxµg+0.5xDaxµa)
4.4 Table of the coefficient of frictionµg
Spreading in the screw connection for different screw - nut combinations
Chapter 3.1 has described how the required prestressing force
can be calculated. In chapter 4.2 it has been shown how max. Screw Nut Osmortized Oil MoS2
permissible prestressing force taking torsional stress and µg µg µg
spreading into account is calculated.
untreated Untreated 0.20 - 0.35 0.16 - 0.23 0.13 - 0.19
Phosph. Untreated 0.28 - 0.40 0.16 - 0.33 0.13 - 0.19
The pre-tensioning force that can be obtained for a certain
Galvanized. Untreated 0.12 - 0.23 0.14 - 0.19 0.10 - 0.17
tightening torque varies greatly. This is partly due to the
about 5µm
spread of the friction value that is always obtained both in
Galvanized. Untreated 0.18 - 0.44 0.11 - 0.17 0.10 - 0.14
the threads and under the screw head and partly to the
about 15µm
spread of the tightening torque. Cadm. untreated 0.10 - 0.19 0.10 - 0.17 0.13 - 0.17
about 3µm
It is not possible to give a safe value of the coefficient of Cadm. Untreated 0.18 - 0.31 0.10 - 0.14 0.13 - 0.15
friction due to the large number of factors that affect it. about 8µm
Examples of such factors are surface finish, lubrication Galvanized Galvanized 0.17 - 0.45 0.12 - 0.18 0.10 - 0.16
condition, material, surface treatment, tightening about 5µm
speed and heat. Galvanized Galvanized 0.17 - 0.39 0.12 - 0.22 0.13 - 0.20
about 15µm
It is even more difficult to determine in advance the Cadm. Cadm. 0.16 - 0.38 0.11 - 0.18 0.10 - 0.13
distribution of the prestressing force. The spread is about 3µm
affected, in accordance with what was said above, by the Cadm. Cadm. 0.23 - 0.38 0.10 - 0.17 0.10 - 0.16
spread of thread and shell friction, but also by the spread about 8µm
of the applied moment. Fig. 134
In order for the designer to be able to calculate his

Table showing min values for the thread friction
bolted connection with satisfactory certainty, it is
coefficientµg and the FF of the biasing force
important to specify guidelines for friction coefficients
and dispersions on the basis of the investigations that total spread for different screw-nut combinations
have been carried out, even if these are incomplete. (torque wrench)
Later investigations may show other values.
Screw Nut Total spread
The table in Fig. 1 34 indicates the coefficient of frictionµg for screw Osmortized Oil MoS2
and nut with different surface treatment and grease conditions
µg % µg % µg %
according to investigations made by Kellerman und Klein (no. 53 in
litt.cont.) untreated Untreated 0.175 60 0.175 50 0.125 40
. Phosph Untreated 0.175 60 0.175 40 0.125 35
In the table in Fig. 1 35, an average of what is usually Galvanized. Untreated 0.15 60 0.15 60 0.125 60
specified as minimum values for the coefficient of friction about 5µm
is recordedµg and expected max. spread of prestress Galvanized. Untreated 0.175 70 0.15 60 0.125 60
ning force for different screw and nut combinations. about 15µm
Galvanized. Untreated 0.125 50 0.125 50 0.125 45
about 3µm
The screw is assumed to be tightened with a torque wrench and
Galvanized. Untreated 0.125 55 0.125 55 0.125 50
fitted with a hardened flat washer under the head.
about 8µm
Phosph. Phosph 0.15 60 0.15 40 0.125 35
The spread given in the table is total spread, which
Galvanized. Galvanized 0.15 70 0.15 65 0.125 60
means that the spread of the prestressing force is ± half about 5µm about 5µm
the total spread. Galvanized. Galvanized. 0.15 70 0.15 65 0.125 60
about 15µmotorcycle 5µm
In order to give the designer an approximate idea of Cadm. Cadm. 0.125 55 0.125 55 0.125 50
expected friction coefficients for other combinations of about 3µm about 5µm
surfaces and surface conditions than those specified in Cadm. Cadm. 0.15 60 0.125 60 0.125 55
the tables fig. 134-135, a schematic arrangement is about 8µm about 5µm
shown for threads and contact plane in fig. 136 and Fig. 135
137.
Colly Company ab
Table of the influence of the thread friction on the distribution of the preload force (see fig. 140).
Friction coefficients
Nut thread Surface smoothness µg µg µg
nature µm Osmortized Spr. Oil Spr. MoS2 Spr.
Rolled thread Ra < 0.3 0.10 C 0.10B 0.075A
HELICOIL
Cut thread Ra 2.5 - 4.6 0.15 E 0.15D 0.125B
very good
The cut thread Rows 3.6 - 7 0.175F 0.175E 0.125C
normal
Cut thread Ra > 6 0.20 G 0.20F 0.15 D
less good
Fig. 136
Table of the influence of the contact friction on the distribution of the prestressing force (see Fig. 140).
Friction coefficients
The site plan Surface smoothness µa µa µa

nature µm Osmortized Spr. Oil Spr. MoS2 Spr.
Rough lipping
Cold rolling
Floor tiles
Fine milling with end mill
Fine planing Ra 1.4 - 3.6 0.125 III 0.125 II 0.10 IN
Medium fine grinding
Smooth milling with a roller mill
Smooth turning
Sealing surfaces with gasket
Contact surfaces
Appearance surfaces without special Rows 2.5 - 6 0.15 IV 0.15 III 0.125 II
function
Fine sandblasting
Rough milling with roller mill
Rough grinding Ra 3.6 - 10 0.175 V 0.175 IV 0.125 III
Rough turning
Smooth milling with end mill
Smooth planing
Fig. 137
Colly Company ab
4.4.1
The effect of spreading on
the prestressing forceFF
The distribution of the preload force for some different screw and
nut combinations when tightening with a torque wrench has been
shown in Fig. 135.
As already mentioned, the spread of the preload force

is dependent on both the spread of the friction
coefficients and the spread of the applied tightening
torque
The upper spread value of the biasing forceFFÖcan be

calculated from the ratio
Mvmax
FFÖ= KppxP+Kgxdmxµgmin+ 0.5xDaxµamy
and the lower spread value of the biasing forceFFU

out of the relationship
Spread factor tableSf
Total spread Sf
Mvmy
FFÖ= KppxP+Kgxdmxµgmax+ 0.5xDaxµamax 20% 1.22
25% 1.28
30% 1.35
The spreading band for a shiny, unlubricated screw connection 35% 1.42
with a flat washer under the screw head and the pull with a torque 40% 1.50
wrench is inserted in Fig. 138. 45% 1.58
50% 1.67
For a tightening torque of 40 Nm, an average preload 55% 1.76
can be readFFmedof approx. 17 kN, upper spread- 60% 1.86
ning valueFFÖ= 22 kN and lower spread value
65% 1.96
70% 2.04
FFU= 12 kN. Spread approx. ± 30%. A total of 60%. 75% 2.20
80% 2.33
In order to be able to compare the prestressing force 85% 2.48
required for a certain load caseFFerb, whose calculation 90% 2.64
shown in ch. 3.1, with the upper and lower spread limits 95% 2.81
of the expected prestressing force, a is introduced 100% 3.00
spread factorSf. This applies to 110% 3.44
120% 4.00
FPhew=FFerband . . . . . . . . . . . (31) Fig. 139

FPhew=SfxFFerb. . . . . . . . . . . (32)
If the table in Fig. 135 is used to determine the size of the

spread, the spread factor is obtainedSf out of table
one, Fig. 139, for the stated dispersion percentages.
Colly Company ab
4.5
How hard can the screw be used
When tightening, the screw is subjected to both pulling and
twisting. According to formula (24), the tensile stress is
σd=KpxνxReL
Kpwhich is strongly dependent on the thread friction coefficient

the cientµg, indicates how much of the yield strength
the material of the screw may be strained due to the
distortion.
νshows the safety margin required so that the yield

strength is not exceeded when the added stress
FLais added.νis generally set to 0.9.
Specified values for preload force and tightening

torque in the tables, Fig. 147-149 are calculated for
ν=0.9.
In order to check that the safety margin is sufficient,

the table, fig. 150 max. permissible tensile stress
As already mentioned, the spread of the prestressing force is FFfmax=RmxAppand 0.9FFormer max
dependent on both the spread of the friction coefficients,
Sµand the spread in the applied tightening torque,Sm
It should be checked that:
(0.9FFormermax+FLa)≤FFormermax. . . . . . . . .(33)
Spread in friction in the thread and the contact plane can
be defined with the help of the tables, fig. 136 - 137. whereFLacalculated according to ch. 3.1.4.
The spread ofSµcan be read from Fig. 140.
The table in Fig. 141 shows the torque spreadSi.e

how different tightening methods affect the distribution of the
preload force.
The products ofSµandSm gives the scattering factorSf.
SuxSm=Sf
Table of the effect of the tightening method on

the distribution of the prestressing force
Tightening method Sm
Air operated hydraulic screw/nut drivers 1.111)
Torque wrench 1.3
Pneumatic mechanical screw/nut drivers 2.5
Other non-moment determined method 3
Fig. 1411)The spread 1.1 applies to URYU and

PLARAD screw and nut drivers
4.4.2
Summary
Large spreads affect both the reliability of the screw
connection and its dimensions. In order to minimize
dispersion in preload force, one must work with
materials and lubricant combinations that give small
dispersions in the friction conditions. In addition,
assembly equipment with great accuracy is required.
Colly Company ab
4.6 On the workshop floor, it is of course possible to

Why shouldn't the screw connection achieve this point, but in practice space is often tight
be over-dimensioned and you often do not have access to special tools.
In addition to the purely economic aspects that one can Unless special measures are taken, the designer should
have on oversizing, it also often means a worse screw not expect screws to be tightened with a greater torque
connection. Let's assume that the M 16, 12.9 screw is than 250-400 Nm. There is reason to assume that the M
sufficient to handle a certain load case, but that M 30, 30 screw in the above example will not be tightened
12.9 was used. with a greater torque than is recommended for the M
16 screw.
It may seem that the larger dimension would have
multiple safety to handle the current load case. The
calculation example below may illustrate that in The M 30 screw will then have a pre-tensioning force
practice it may be different if special measures are not
taken.
FF= 358000/5.83 = 61 kN, i.e. almost half the preload
Calculation data: force against the M 16 screw.
M 16-12.9 M 30-12.9
The conclusion of the above example is that oversizing
ReL= 1080 N/mm2 ReL= 1080 N/mm2 gives a false sense of security. On the contrary, everything
App = 157 mm2 App= 560 mm2 points to the fact that you get a worse dressing from the
dm= 14.70 mm dm= 27.73mm point of view of fatigue. The larger screw above requires
P = 2.0 mm P = 3.5 mm double the torque to be equally pre-tensioned - thus to
da = 21.0 mm da = 39.0 mm have the same function. In addition, a greater required
prestressing force is needed to cope with the same load
d/p=8.0 d/p=8.6 case due to unfavorable clamping length ratio Lk/d, see ch.
µg = 0.175 µg = 0.175 3.1.2.
µa = 0.125 µa = 0.125
A correctly dimensioned screw connection thus provides both
Calculation of preload force and tightening torque for economy and higher safety.
M 16:
σd = Kp× ν ×ReL
σd = 0.75x0.9x1080 = 729 n/mm2
FF = σdxApp
FF = 729x157 = 114453N
Mv =FF(0.161xP+0.583xdmxµg+ 0.5x
Daxµa)
Mv = 114453(0.161x2.0 + 0.583x14.70x
0.175 + 0.5x21.0x0.125)
Mv = 114453x3.13 = 358 Nm
Calculation of preload force and tightening torque

for M 30:
σd = 0.76x0.9x1080 = 739 n/mm2

FF = 739x560 = 413840N
Mv = 413840(0.161x3.5 + 0.583x27.73x
0.175 + 0.5x39.0x0.125) =
Mv 413840x5.83 = 2412 Nm
For the M 16 screw, a tightening torque of 358 Nm is

required for a preload force of 114.5 kN. To achieve this
torque, a 0.7 m long spanner and 500 N of tightening
force are needed, which is a practically achievable
torque.
The M 30 screw, on the other hand, requires a tightening

torque of 2412 Nm, which gives a preload force of 413.8
kN if the screw is fully utilized. This means a 5 meter long
key and about 500 N in tightening force.
To practically achieve this tightening torque, a

mechanical or hydraulic torque amplifier is required.
Colly Company ab
4.7
Hole plane pressure
In order to avoid preload losses, it is important to check

that the material's permitted hole plane pressure is not
exceeded.
In table fig. 156 the max. permissible hole plane pressure in relation to
the hardness of different materials.
When choosing screw quality, the screw force used does not
produce higher hole plane pressure than the material allows.
Theoretically, the hole plane pressure obtained for a certain screw

force is calculated from the relationship
4F
Phrs=
(
π Dpp2 − Dhrs
2 )
. . . . . . . . . . . . (34)
where
Phrs = Hole plane pressure in N/mm2

F = Screw force in N (FF+FLa)
Dpp = Contact diameter of the screw head or
outer diameter of the pressure surface at washer or
equivalent (see fig. 109 and the tables, fig. 145 and
146)
Dhrs = Diameter of free-running hole (see fig. 109 and
the tables fig. 145 and 146)
When choosing a rough screw quality for the material in question,

compare the permissible hole plane pressure fig. 156, with max.
calculated hole plane pressure (the screw loaded to the tensile
limit, fig. 154 and 155).
The contact diameter of the screw head or the outer diameter of the
pressure surface at the washer or equivalent (see fig. 109 and the
tables, fig. 145 and 146)
4.8
Fatigue strength
Machine structures are generally subjected to dynamic
loading. Therefore, you must also check that the fatigue
strength of the screw is sufficient.
If the external load is thus pulsatingFLdyncome-

more inclined to be affected by a pulsating additive
forceFLa, see Fig. 142.
For screws, the permissible stress amplitude for pulsating

load σ is specifiedupas the amplitude that produces breakage
after 107load changes. Table of σupcan be found in
table fig. 158.
You only need to check that the current amplitude for

the load case
σ a=± FLa is less than σ up

2xApp
The screw then has sufficient fatigue strength.
Colly Company ab
Fatigue strength can be directly affected if the following 6. An accurate tightening method with little torque
factors are taken into account before determining final spread ensures that the correct preload force is
screw material and dimension: achieved. Suitable tightening methods are torque
wrench (Sm= 1.3) or air-driven hydraulic screws/
1. The elasticity of the screw and joined parts has a decisive nut driver made by URYU or PLARAD (Sm=1,1).Sec.
importance for how large the screw's additional force isF 4.4.1.
Labecomes A favorable clamping length
holdingLk/dcan raise the fatigue strength 7. If for some reason it is not possible to pre-tension a
significantly. See ch. 3.1.2 and 3.1.4. screw connection to the maximum or if there is a
risk that the pre-tensioning force is reduced or
2. The size of the prestressing force greatly affects the completely lost due to settlement losses etc.,
fatigue strength. screws that have been rolled after hardening (REH)
can be used. The fatigue strength is up to two times
IfFF<Flbthat total unloading of the goods takes place higher compared to screws that are roll-threaded
during part of the load cycle, the further load before hardening (see table, fig. 158).
increase is taken up by the screw, fig. 143 b. IfFF=
The following relationship applies:
0 comes wholeFLdynto be taken up by the screw, fig.
143 c. Notice in Fig. 114 (page 13) that FL should not Gang- Valid within
Voltage amplitude σup
come so low that it ends up on the curved part of type the area
the goodsCg-line becauseFLathen N/mm2
-180 - 0.2FRail <FF
increases proportionally more Flb. RFH ±δup RFH ≈0.75- + 52- <0.8FRail
By using high-strength screws class 12.9, the -d -
preload force can be increased (see tables fig. 147
- 0.2FRail <FF
F-
±δ upREH ≈ --2− F--δup
and 148). The residual biasing forceFFminafter
REH <0.8FRail
settlement loss, external load (Flb) REH
- FREl-
etc. thus becomes higher (see fig. 111 a) whereby the additional
force in the screw (FLa) becomes lower (see fig.143).
RFH = Roll threaded before hardening
REH = Roll threaded after hardening
3. The fatigue failure starts locally where the stress is
highest. If the first threads take up a relatively large
part of the screw force, they constitute potential
breakage instructions. Measures that give more even
load on several threads should be taken and the screw
threads should not start exactly where the goods or
nut threads begin. HELICOIL insert threads are
advantageous in that case and provide higher fatigue
strength.
4. The fatigue strength varies between different screw

brands. The reason for this is that factors such as
material, thread outlet, radius between screw head
and stem, thread quality (bottom radius), surface
finish, etc. have a very high influence
the permissible voltage amplitude (107load changes
to failure) for a screw.
UNBRAKO 12.9 guarantees a permissible tension Fatigue strength for screws with strength class 8.8, 10.9
amplitude of 70 N/mm2(< M10). Corresponding values and 12.9
those for a standard 12.9 are 35 N/mm2. As can be seen
from the table in Fig. 158, different strength classes also
have different permissible stress amplitudes σup
5. By designing the structure/bolted joint so that the

external loadFLattacks inside the estate so
as close to the division plane of the structure as possible (the
distance between the points of attack of the load,Lnwill
be as small as possible), the additional power is reduced F
La(see 3. 1 .4 and fig. 130) whereby σadecreases (cf
4.8).
Colly Company ab
4.9
Calculation of thread length in goods
The investigations that have been carried out so far on the required
thread length in goods are incomplete and have not been able to give
a clear answer to the question of the deformation of goods threads.
However, the formula below can be used for approximate

calculations of the strength of goods threads. Fig. 144 shows the
geometry of the thread engagement.
ReL the screw's yield strength in N/mm2 calculated on
the stress area As. Table fig. 145, 146, 157 screw
d min. outer diameter in mm = a factor that takes
into account how much of the goods thread takes
up the shear force. Table fig. 153
τpp the shear stress limit of the goods thread in N/mm2. Chart
Fig. 159
Leff effective thread length in mm
App= tension area of the screw in
P mm2 pitch in mm Comment:
Used for tough materials without a pronounced yield
πxdxρxτ ppxLeff strength Rp0.2instead ofReL. For brittle materials ie such
Then applies: ReL= App that fail without prior plastic deformation, τ is replaced
pp; with τbandReLwithRm, see Fig. 159.
You want to avoid plastic deformation occurring other

than locally in the contact surfaces. Letting the force As described in ch. 3.1.3.7 each turn of the thread does not carry
required to plasticize the thread be equal to the force the same amount of load. This means that the theoretically
required to plastically deform the screw yields: calculated thread length according to formula (35).Leffin practice
will be slightly too small. To guard against the
unfavorable load distribution is multipliedLeffwith a
Fpp=πxdxρxτppxLeff. . . . . . .(35) safety factor X which is suggested to be set
to 1.2-1.3.
whereFpp=ReLxApp= the screw force required for
plasticization to occur in the screw. If the screw is used incompletely, a shorter thread
length can be selected. For overrun calculations, the
actual screw force = is usedFF+FLainstead ofFppin
formula (35).
If HELICOIL insert threads are introduced in the construction,

a shorter goods thread can also be selected. The same
formula can be used in the calculation, but for a HELICOIL
joint becomesd=my. outer diameter for HELICOIL.
The safety factor X can be chosen lower, for example

1.0 - 1.1 due to the more favorable load distribution,
see ch. 3.1.3.7.
Colly Company ab
5. Charts and tables
Table of numerical values for metric coarse threads. (Screw MC6S)
Dim. d dm din Dhrs Dpp Da P d/p App

etc etc etc etc etc etc etc etc etc2
M3 3.0 2.68 2.39 3.4 5.5 4.45 0.5 6.0 5.05

M4 4.0 3.55 3.14 4.5 7.0 5.75 0.7 5.7 8.8
M5 5.0 4.48 4.02 5.5 8.5 7.00 0.8 6.3 14.2
M6 6.0 5.35 4.77 6.6 10.0 8.30 1.0 6.0 20.1
M7 7.0 6.35 5.77 7.6 11.0 9.30 1.0 7.0 28.8
M8 8.0 7.19 6.47 9.0 13.0 11.0 1.25 6.4 36.6
M10 10.0 9.03 8.16 11.0 16.0 13.5 1.5 6.7 58.0
M12 12.0 10.86 9.85 13.5 18.0 15.75 1.75 6.9 84.2
M14 14.0 12.70 11.55 15.5 21.0 18.25 2.0 7.0 115
M16 16.0 14.70 13.55 17.5 24.0 20.75 2.0 8.0 157
M18 18.0 16.38 14.93 20.0 27.0 23.5 2.5 7.2 192
M20 20.0 18.38 16.93 22.0 30.0 26.0 2.5 8.0 245
M22 22.0 20.38 18.93 24.0 33.0 28.5 2.5 8.8 303
M24 24.0 22.05 20.32 26.0 36.0 31.0 3.0 8.0 352
M27 27.0 25.05 23.32 30.0 40.0 35.0 3.0 9.0 459
M30 30.0 27.73 25.71 33.0 45.0 39.0 3.5 8.6 561
M33 33.0 30.73 28.71 36.0 50.0 43.0 3.5 9.4 694
M36 36.0 33.40 31.09 39.0 54.0 46.5 4.0 9.0 817
M39 39.0 36.40 34.09 42.0 58.0 50.0 4.0 9.7 976
Fig. 145
Table of numerical values for UNC coarse threads. (Screw UC6S)
Dim. d dm din Dhrs Dpp Da P d/p App

etc etc etc etc etc etc etc etc etc2
1/4 6.35 5.52 4.79 7.0 9.5 8.25 1.27 5.0 20.9
5/16 7.94 7.02 6.21 9.0 11.9 10.45 1.41 5.6 34.4
3/8 9.53 8.49 7.58 11.0 14.3 12.65 1.59 6.0 50.7
7/16 11,11 9.93 8.89 12.5 16.7 14.60 1.81 6.1 69.5
1/2 12.70 11.43 10.30 14.5 19.0 16.75 1.95 6.5 92.6
9/16 14.29 12.91 11.69 16.0 21.1 18.55 2.12 6.7 119
5/8 15.88 14.38 13.04 18.0 23.8 20.90 2.31 6.9 148
3/4 19.05 17.40 15.93 21.0 28.6 24.80 2.54 7.5 218
7/8 22,23 20.39 18.76 25.0 33.3 29.15 2.82 7.9 301
1 25.40 23,34 21.50 28.0 38.1 33.05 3.18 8.0 395
1 1/8 28.58 26,22 24.12 32.0 42.9 37.45 3.63 7.9 497
1 1/4 31.75 29.39 27.30 35.0 47.6 41.30 3.63 8.7 632
1 3/8 34.94 32.17 29.73 38.0 52.4 45.20 4.23 8.3 752
1 1/2 38.10 35,35 32.91 42.0 57.2 49.60 4.23 9.0 915
Fig. 146
Colly Company ab
Table of FFÖand Mv metric coarse thread, ν = 0.9
FFÖ Mv FFÖ Mv FFÖ Mv Ö FFÖ Mv

kN No kN No kN No kN No
Dim. Class µg= 0.10 µg= 0.125 µg= 0.15 µg= 0.175
M3 8.8 2.45 1.26 2.33 1.29 2.20 1.31 2.10 1.33

10.9 3.44 1.77 3.28 1.81 3.11 1.85 2.95 1.87
12.9 4.13 2.12 3.93 2.18 3.74 2.22 3.54 2.24
12.9 UNB 4.48 2.30 4.26 2.36 4.05 2.40 3.84 2.43
M4 8.8 4.23 2.87 4.03 2.94 3.82 3.00 3.63 3.03

10.9 5.95 4.04 5.66 4.14 5.38 4.21 5.10 4.26
12.9 7.15 4.85 6.80 4.97 6.45 5.05 6.12 5.12
12.9 UNB 7.74 5.25 7.36 5.38 6.99 5.48 6.63 5.54
M5 8.8 6.92 5.72 6.59 5.88 6.26 6.00 5.94 6.09

10.9 9.73 8.04 9.26 8.26 8.80 8.43 8.35 8.56
12.9 11.7 9.65 11.1 9.92 10.6 10.1 10.0 10.3
12.9 UNB 12.6 10.4 12.0 10.7 11.4 11.0 10.9 11.1
M6 8.8 9.75 9.66 9.28 9.93 8.82 10.1 8.36 10.3

10.9 13.7 13.6 13.1 14.0 12.4 14.2 11.8 14.4
12.9 16.5 16.3 15.7 16.7 14.9 17.1 14.1 17.3
12.9 UNB 17.8 17.7 17.0 18.1 16.1 18.5 15.3 18.8
M7 8.8 14.2 15.8 13.6 16.3 12.9 16.7 12.3 17.0

10.9 20.0 22.2 19.1 23.0 18.2 23.5 17.2 24.0
12.9 24.0 26.7 22.9 27.6 21.8 28.3 20.7 28.8
12.9 UNB 26.0 28.9 24.8 29.9 23.6 30.6 22.4 31.2
M8 8.8 17.9 23.4 17.1 24.1 16.2 24.6 15.4 25.0

10.9 25.2 32.9 24.0 33.9 22.8 34.6 21.6 35.1
12.9 30.2 39.5 28.8 40.6 27.4 41.5 26.0 42.2
12.9 UNB 32.8 42.8 31.2 44.0 29.6 45.0 28.1 45.7
M 10 8.8 28.5 45.9 27.2 47.3 25.8 48.4 24.5 49.2

10.9 40.1 64.5 38.2 66.5 36.3 68.0 34.5 69.2
12.9 48.1 77.4 45.8 79.8 43.6 81.7 41.3 83.0
12.9 UNB 52.1 83.8 49.6 86.5 47.2 88.5 44.8 90.0
M 12 8.8 41.5 78.0 39.5 80.7 37.6 82.7 35.7 84.2

10.9 58.3 110 55.6 113 52.9 116 50.2 118
12.9 70.0 132 66.7 136 63.4 140 60.2 142
12.9 UNB 75.9 143 72.3 147 68.7 151 65.3 154
M 14 8.8 57.0 124 54.3 129 51.7 132 49.1 135

10.9 80.2 175 76.4 181 72.7 186 69.0 189
12.9 96.2 210 91.7 217 87.2 223 82.8 227
12.9 UNB 104 228 99.4 235 94.5 242 89.7 246
M 16 8.8 78.3 192 74.8 200 71.2 205 67.6 210

10.9 110 270 105 281 100 289 95.1 295
12.9 132 325 126 337 120 346 114 354
12.9 UNB 138 338 131 351 125 361 119 368
M 18 8.8 95.3 269 90.9 278 86.4 285 82.1 291

10.9 134 378 128 391 122 401 115 409
12.9 161 454 153 469 146 482 139 491
12.9 UNB 167 472 160 489 152 501 144 511
Fig. 147 UNB = UNBRAKO U 130/12.9
Colly Company ab
Table of FFÖand Mv metric coarse thread, ν = 0.9
FFÖ Mv FFÖ Mv FFÖ Mv FFÖ Mv

M20 8.8 122 378 117 393 111 404 106 412
10.9 172 532 164 552 156 568 149 579
12.9 207 639 197 662 188 681 178 695
12.9UNB 215 665 205 689 195 709 186 724
M22 8.8 153 514 146 534 139 550 132 563
10.9 215 723 205 752 196 774 186 791
12.9 258 867 246 902 235 929 223 950
12.9UNB 268 903 256 939 244 967 232 988
M24 8.8 176 652 168 676 160 695 152 710
10.9 248 916 237 951 225 978 214 998
12.9 297 1100 284 1141 270 1173 257 1198
12.9UNB 310 1144 295 1187 281 1221 267 1247
M 27 8.8 232 955 221 993 211 1023 200 1047
10.9 326 1343 311 1397 297 1439 282 1472
12.9 391 1612 374 1676 356 1727 338 1766
12.9UNB 407 1677 389 1745 370 1797 352 1838
M30 8.8 282 1299 269 1349 256 1389 244 1419
10.9 396 1826 379 1897 360 1953 343 1996
12.9 476 2191 454 2277 433 2343 411 2395
12.9UNB 495 2281 473 2369 450 2439 428 2492
M33 8.8 351 1766 336 1838 320 1895 304 1939
10.9 494 2483 472 2585 450 2664 427 2726
12.9 593 2980 566 3102 539 3197 513 3271
12.9UNB 617 3101 589 3228 561 3328 534 3404
M36 8.8 412 2259 394 2350 375 2422 356 2477
10.9 579 3177 553 3305 527 3405 501 3483
12.9 695 3812 664 3966 633 4086 601 4179
12.9UNB 724 3968 691 4127 658 4253 626 4350
M 39 8.8 495 2907 473 3030 451 3127 429 3203
10.9 696 4089 665 4261 634 4398 603 4504
12.9 835 4906 798 5114 761 5277 723 5404
12.9UNB 869 5106 831 5322 792 5492 753 5624
Tightening torqueMvin the above table applies

for screw joints tightened with a torque wrench and an
assumed contact friction coefficientµamine = 0.125
(see Fig. 137).
Ifµamine is assumed to be 0.15 or 0.175 is multiplied
indicatedMvwith 110% and 120% respectively.
Colly Company ab
Table of FFÖand Mv UNC coarse thread, ν = 0.9
FFÖ Mv FFÖ Mv FFÖ Mv Ö FFÖ Mv

1/4 8.8 9.85 10.3 9.36 10.5 8.87 10.7 8.41 10.8
10.9 13.9 14.4 13.2 148 12.5 15.0 11.8 15.2
12.9 16.6 173 158 177 150 181 14.2 18.3
12.9 UNB 18.0 18.8 17.1 19.2 16.2 19.6 15.4 19.8
5/16 8.8 16.5 21.3 15.7 21.9 14.9 22.3 14.2 22.7
10.9 23.2 29.9 22.1 30.8 21.0 31.4 19.9 31.9
12.9 27.9 35.9 26.5 36.9 25.2 37.7 23.9 38.2
12.9 UNB 30.2 38.9 28.7 40.0 27.3 40.8 25.9 41.4
3/8 8.8 24.6 37.9 23.4 39.0 22.2 39.8 21.1 40.4
10.9 34.6 53.3 32.9 54.8 31.3 56.0 29.7 56.8
12.9 41.5 63.9 39.5 65.8 37.5 67.2 35.6 68.2
12.9 UNB 45.0 69.2 42.8 71.2 40.6 72.8 38.6 73.9
7/16 8.8 33.8 60.2 32.2 62.1 30.6 63.4 29.0 64.5
10.9 47.6 84.7 45.3 87.3 43.0 89.2 40.8 90.7
12.9 57.1 102 54.4 105 51.6 107 49.0 109
12.9 UNB 61.8 110 58.9 113 55.9 116 53.1 118
1/2 8.8 45.4 91.9 43.3 94.8 41.1 97.1 39.0 98.7
10.9 63.9 129 60.8 133 57.8 136 54.9 139
12.9 76.6 155 73.0 160 69.4 164 65.9 167
12.9 UNB 83.0 168 79.1 173 75.2 177 71.3 180
9/16 8.8 58.4 131 55.7 136 52.9 139 50.3 142
10.9 82.2 185 78.3 191 74.4 196 70.7 199
12.9 98.6 222 94.0 229 89.3 235 84.8 239
12.9 UNB 107 240 102 248 96.8 254 91.9 259
5/8 8.8 72.7 183 69.3 189 65.9 193 62.6 197
10.9 102 257 97.5 266 92.7 272 88.0 277
12.9 123 308 117 319 111 326 106 332
12.9 UNB 133 334 127 345 121 354 114 360
3/4 8.8 108 322 103 333 98.4 342 93.4 349
10.9 153 452 145 469 138 481 131 491
12.9 183 543 175 562 166 577 158 589
12.9 UNB 190 565 182 585 173 601 164 613
7/8 8.8 150 519 143 538 136 553 130 565
10.9 211 730 202 757 192 778 182 794
12.9 254 877 242 909 230 934 219 953
12.9 UNB 264 912 252 946 240 972 228 991
1 8.8 197 775 188 804 179 827 170 844

10.9 278 1090 265 1131 252 1163 240 1187
12.9 333 1309 318 1357 302 1395 287 1424
12.9 UNB 347 1362 331 1413 315 1452 299 1483
Colly Company ab
Table of FFÖand Mv UNC coarse thread, ν = 0.9

1 1/8 8.8 248 1104 237 1144 226 1176 214 1200
10.9 349 1552 333 1609 317 1653 301 1687
12.9 419 1863 400 1931 381 1984 362 2025
12.9UNB 436 1939 416 2010 396 2065 376 2107
1 1/4 8.8 318 1546 303 1607 289 1655 275 1691
10.9 447 2174 427 2260 406 2327 386 2379
12.9 536 2609 512 2712 488 2792 463 2854
12.9UNB 558 2716 533 2823 507 2906 482 2971
1 3/8 8.8 377 2025 360 2102 343 2163 326 2209
10.9 530 2847 506 2956 482 3041 458 3107
12.9 636 3416 607 3547 578 3650 549 3728
12.9UNB 662 3556 632 3692 602 3798 572 3880
1 1/2 8.8 462 2690 441 2797 420 2881 399 2946
10.9 649 3782 620 3934 591 4052 561 4143
12.9 779 4539 744 4720 709 4862 674 4972
12.9UNB 811 4724 774 4913 738 5061 701 5174
Tightening torqueMvin the above table applies to screw connections the pull with a torque wrench
and an assumed contact friction coefficientµamine = 0.125 (see Fig. 137).
Ifµamine is assumed to be 0.15 or 0.175 is multiplied indicatedMvwith 110% and 120% respectively.
Table of FFÖand Mv metric coarse thread, ν = 0.9. Stainless

Dim. Class kN No kN No kN No kN No
Stainless µg= 0.10 µg= 0.125 µg= 0.15 µg= 0.175
M3 A2-70 1.72 0.89 1.64 0.91 1.56 0.92 1.48 0.93

A4-80 2.30 1.18 2.18 1.21 2.08 1.23 1.97 1.25
M4 A2-70 2.98 2.02 2.83 2.07 2.69 2.11 2.55 2.13

A4-80 3.97 2.69 3.78 2.76 3.59 2.81 3.40 2.84
M5 A2-70 4.86 4.02 4.63 4.13 4.40 4.22 4.18 4.28

A4-80 6.48 5.36 6.17 5.51 5.87 5.62 5.57 5.71
M6 A2-70 6.86 6.79 6.53 6.98 6.20 7.12 5.88 7.22

A4-80 9.14 8.06 8.70 9.31 8.26 9.49 7.84 9.63
M7 A2-70 10.0 11.1 9.54 11.5 9.07 11.8 8.62 12.0

A4-80 13.4 14.8 12.7 15.3 12.1 15.7 11.5 16.0
Fig. 149
Colly Company ab
Table of FFÖand Mvmetric coarse thread, ν = 0.9

Dim. Class kN No kN No kN No kN No
Stainless µg= 0.10 µg= 0.125 µg= 0.15 µg= 0.175
M8 A2-70 12.6 16.5 12.0 16.9 11.4 17.3 10.8 17.6
A4-80 16.8 21.9 16.0 22.6 15.2 23.1 14.4 23.4
M lO A2-70 20.0 32.2 19.1 33.3 18.2 34.0 17.2 34.6

A4-80 26.7 43.0 25.5 44.3 24.2 45.4 23.0 46.1
M 12 A2-70 29.2 54.9 27.8 56.7 26.4 58.1 25.1 59.2

A4-80 38.9 73.1 37.1 75.6 35.2 77.5 33.5 79.0
M 14 A2-70 40.1 87.5 38.2 90.6 36.3 92.9 34.5 94.7

A4-80 53.5 117 51.0 121 48.4 124 46.0 126
M 16 A2-70 55.1 135 52.6 140 50.0 144 47.5 147

A4-80 73.4 180 70.1 187 66.7 192 63.4 197
M 18 A2-70 67.0 189 63.9 196 60.8 201 57.7 204

A4-80 89.3 252 85.2 261 81.0 268 76.9 273
M 20 A2-70 86.0 266 82.1 276 78.2 284 74.3 290

A4-80 115 355 110 368 104 378 99.0 386
M 22 A2-70 107 361 103 376 97.7 387 92.9 396

A4-80 143 482 137 501 130 516 124 528
M 24 A2-70 124 458 118 475 113 489 107 499

A4-80 165 611 158 634 150 652 143 666
M 271) A2-70 163 671 156 698 148 720 141 736
A4-80 217 895 208 931 198 959 188 981
M 301) A2-70 198 913 189 949 180 976 171 998
A4-80 264 1217 252 1265 240 1302 228 1330
M 331) A2-70 247 1242 236 1292 225 1332 214 1363
A4-80 329 1656 315 1723 300 1776 285 1817
M 361) A2-70 290 1588 277 1652 264 1703 251 1741
A4-80 386 2118 369 2203 351 2270 334 2322
M 391) A2-70 348 2044 333 2131 317 2199 301 2252
A4-80 464 2726 443 2841 423 2932 402 3002
Fig. 149 cont 1)FFÖandMv are calculated with Rp 0.2 = 450 N/mm2(A2 -70) or 600 N/mm2(A2 -80). Other
values may occur, see Fig. 157
Tightening torqueMvin the above table applies

for screw connections tightened with a torque wrench and
an assumed contact friction coefficientµamen= 0.125
(see Fig. 137).
Ifµamine is assumed to be 0.15 or 0.175 is multiplied
indicatedMvwith 110% and 120% respectively.
Colly Company ab
Table of maximum permissible tensile stress FFd max

and 0.9 FFd max (See chap. 4.5.)
METRIC
Dim. FFd max 0.9 FFd max kN
kN
8.8 10.9 12.9 12.9 UNB 8.8 10.9 12.9 12.9 UNB
M3 3.23 4.54 5.45 5.91 2.91 4.09 4.91 5.32

M4 5.62 7.91 9.49 10.3 5.06 7.12 8.54 9.27
M5 9.08 12.8 15.3 16.6 8.17 11.5 13.8 14.9
M6 12.9 18.1 21.7 23.5 11.6 16.3 19.5 21.2
M7 18.4 26.0 31.1 33.7 16.6 23.4 28.0 30.3
M8 23.4 32.9 39.5 42.9 21.1 29.6 35.6 38.6
M 10 37.1 52.2 62.6 67.9 33.4 47.0 56.4 61.1
M 12 53.9 75.8 90.9 98.5 48.5 68.2 81.7 88.7
M 14 73.8 104 125 135 66.5 93.6 113 122
M 16 100 141 170 184 90.4 127 153 165
M 18 123 173 207 216 111 156 187 194
M 20 157 220 264 275 141 198 238 248
M 22 194 273 327 341 175 246 294 307
M 24 226 318 381 396 204 286 343 356
M 27 294 414 496 516 265 372 447 464
M 30 359 504 605 630 323 454 545 567
M 33 444 625 750 780 400 563 675 702
M 36 523 735 882 918 471 661 794 826
M 39 625 878 1054 1097 563 790 949 987
UNC
1/4 13.4 18.8 22.6 24.5 12.1 16.9 20.4 22.1
5/16 22.0 31.0 37.2 40.3 19.8 27.9 33.5 36.3
3/8 32.4 45.6 54.7 59.3 29.2 41.0 49.2 53.4
7/16 44.5 62.5 75.0 81.3 40.1 56.3 67.5 73.2
1/2 59.3 83.3 100 108 53.4 75.0 90.0 97.5
9/16 76.1 107 129 139 68.5 96.3 116 125
5/8 94.8 133 160 167 85.3 120 144 150
3/4 140 196 236 246 126 177 212 221
7/8 193 271 325 339 174 244 293 305
1 253 355 426 444 228 320 384 400
1 1/8 318 447 536 558 286 402 483 502
1 1/4 404 569 682 710 364 512 614 639
1 3/8 481 677 812 846 434 610 731 761
1 1/2 586 824 988 1029 528 741 889 926
Colly Company ab
Table of assumed screw diameter load capacity

with regard to load type and load type
(Help table for preliminary selection when sizing screws).
Load capacity per screw Screw diameter
Axial load Radial Metric UNC

loading
static or
static dynamic dynamic
FL kN FL kN Q kN 8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9
1.5 1.0 0.3 4 4 3

3.0 2.0 0.6 6 6 5
3.0 2.0 0.6 6 6 5 1/4 1/4
10.0 6.0 2.0 10 8 7 3/8 5/16 5/16
15.0 10.0 3.0 12 10 9 1/2 3/8 3/8
30.0 20.0 6.0 16 14 12 5/8 9/16 1/2
60.0 40.0 12.0 24 20 16 1 7/8 5/8
100.0 60.0 20.0 27 24 20 1 1/8 1 7/8
150.0 100.0 30.0 36 30 27 1 1/2 1 1/4 1 1/8
300.0 200.0 60.0 39 36 30 1 1/2 1 1/4
Fig. 151
Table of expected surface smoothness for different processing methods
Processing method Surface smoothness Processing method Surface smoothness
Fine milling with corner cutter Ra 0.1-1.4 Contact surfaces Row 2.5-6
Fine grinding Appearance surfaces without
Fine turning special function
Pressure washers
Fine sandblasting Rows 3.6-10
Rough lipping Row 1.4-2.5 Rough milling with corner cutter
Cold weathering Rough grinding
Floor tiles Smooth milling with a face mill
Sealing surfaces without gasket
Molded surfaces Rows 6-25
Fine milling with face mill Row 1.4-3.6 Raw forged surfaces
Fine planing
Medium fine grinding Rough milling with face mill Rows 10-25
Sealing surfaces with gasket Rough planing
Rough turning
Fig. 152
Colly Company ab
Chartover ς values - thread coverage Table of maximum hole plane pressure if

the screw is loaded to the yield point (values
s -values for s -values for forDpp. andDh taken from fig. 146)
metric coarse threads thumb threads UNC
Dim 8.8 10.9 12.9 12.9 UNB
M6 0.71 1/4 0.74 UNC N/mm2
M8 0.73 5/16 0.74
M 10 0.74 3/8 0.75 1/4 415 580 700 760
5/16 460 645 775 840
M 12 0.74 7/16 0.75 3/8 500 700 840 915
M 14 0.74 1/2 0.76 7/16 460 650 780 845
M 16 0.75 9/16 0.76 1/2 500 705 845 915
9/16 515 725 865 940
M 18 0.75 5/8 0.76 5/8 500 700 840 880
M 20 0.76 3/4 0.77 3/4 470 665 795 825
M 22 0.76 7/8 0.77 7/8 505 710 855 890
1 485 680 815 850
M 24 0.77 1 0.78 1 1/8 495 695 835 870
M 27 0.77 11/8 0.78
M 30 0.77 1 1/4 0.78 Fig.155 UNB = UNBRAKO U 130/12.9
M 33 0.77 1 3/8 0.79

M 36 0.78 1 1/2 0.79
M 39 0.78 Table of permitted hole plane pressure in
relation to the hardness of the material
Fig. 153
Material hardness Max. permissible hole plane pressure
N/mm2
Table of maximum hole plane pressure if the

HB 340 1650
screw is loaded to the yield point (values forDpp. HB 300 1450
andDh taken from fig. 145) HB 260 1250
HB 220 1050
Dim 8.8 10.9 12.9 12.9 UNB HB 190 900
N/mm2
HB 160 750
HB 130 600
M5 275 390 465 505 HB 100 450
M6 290 410 490 530 HB 80 350
M7 370 525 625 675 HB 60 250
M8 340 475 570 620 Fig. 156

M 10 350 495 590 640
M 12 535 755 905 980
Table of yield strengthReL
M 14 510 720 860 930
(Rp 0.2) and breaking pointRm for different
M 16 505 715 855 925
screw strength classes
M 18 475 670 800 835
Class ReL Rp 0.2 Rm
M 20 480 675 810 845 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2
M 22 480 675 810 845
M 24 460 650 780 810 8.8 640 800
10.9 900 1000
M 27 535 755 905 940 12.9 1080 1200
M 30 475 670 800 835 12.9 UNB 1170 13001)
M 33 470 665 795 825 Stainless
A2 - 70 4502) 7002)
M 36 475 670 800 834 A4 - 80 6002) 8002)
M 39 475 700 840 870 1) 1250 N/mm2 > M16
2) Applies≤M24. For diameters over M24 use resp.
Fig.154 UNB = UNBRAKO U 130/12.9 manufacturer's specifications.
Fig. 157
Colly Company ab
Max. permissible voltage amplitude σup
strength Permission Permissible stress amplitude σ

up
classes
N/mm2
8.8 Rolled thread, untreated + Fzb 50 - 60

Rolled thread, hot-dip galvanized 35
Cut thread, untreated 35
10.9 Rolled thread, untreated + Fzb 45
12.9 Rolled thread, untreated 35
12.9 UNB Rolled thread, untreated + Fzb <M10 70

Rolled thread, untreated + Fzb ≤M16 60
Rolled thread, untreated + Fzb > M16 50
12.9 UNB REH. Rolled thread after hardening 50 - 100 *)
Stainless
A2-70, A2-80 Rolled thread, untreated 40
A4-70, A4-80 Rolled thread, untreated 40
* ) Depending on degree of bias, see ch. 4.8

.
Colly Company ab
Shear yield strengthτs for tough materials.

For brittle materials, tensile failure limit Rm and shear failure limit are alternatively specifiedτB
Materials Condition ReL Rp 0.2 τS Material Permission ReL Rp 0.2 τS

(SIS) N/mm2 (SIS) N/mm2
Aluminum alloys
Sheet, band, bar 2614-03 Toughened
4004 Annealed 20 12 2624-03 Toughened
4005 Annealed 20 12 2652-00 Untreated
4007 Annealed 20 12 2662-00 Untreated
4054 Annealed 35 20
4054 Hard processed 115 67 Machine steel
4103 Cold aged 60 35 1350-00 Untreated 200 116
4104 Cold aged 70 41 1450-00 Untreated 230 133
4120 Annealed 65 38 1550-00 Untreated 260 151
4140 Annealed 120 70 1550-06 Cold worked 460 267
4212 Heat aged 245 142 1650-00 Untreated 300 174
4338 Heat aged 380 220 1650-06 Cold worked 540 313
4355 Cold aged 125 73
4425 Heat aged 270 157 Toughening steel
Casting alloys 2120-01 Normalized 400 232
4255-03 Sand castings, untreated 80 47 2225-01 Normalized 420 244
4260-03 Sand castings, untreated 80 47 2225-03 Toughened 500 290
4247-10 Die castings, untreated 110 64 2234-04 Toughened 600 348
4244-04 Sand castings, 200 116 2541-04 Toughened 900 522
heat treated
4253-04 sand castings, 200 116 Cast steel
heat treated 1305-02 Annealed 220 128
4163-03 Sand castings, untreated 90 52 1505-02 Annealed 250 145
4230-03 Sand castings, untreated 110 64 1606-02 Annealed 300 174
4251-03 Die castings, untreated 110 64 2223-03 Normalized and annealed 280 162
4438-04 Sand castings, 140 81
heat treated Stainless steel
2302-02 250 145
Magnesium alloys 2302-03 410 238
4635-10 Die casting, untreated 160 93 2303-05 450 261
4637-03 Sand casting, untreated 130 76 2303-06 550 319
4640-03 Sand casting, untreated 90 52 2304-03 600 348
4640-06 Die casting, untreated Die 100 58 2380-03 410 238
4640-10 casting, untreated 140 81 2387-05 750 435
2333-02 190 110
Copper alloys 2343-02 200 116
5011 50 29 2346-02 210 122
5122 100 58 2346-04 500 290
5144 70 41 2375-02 270 157
5252 120 70
5253 120 70
5256 170 99
5443 130 76
Material Permission Rm τB
(SIS) N/mm2
5465 160 93
Cast iron
General structural steels 0115-00 Untreated 150 75
1311-00 Untreated 210 122 0120-00 Untreated 200 100
2132-01 Normalized 350 203 0130-00 Untreated 300 150
2142-01 Normalized 390 226 0135-00 Untreated 350 175
Colly Company ab
a) The values obtained from figs

160 - 162 are only approximate
values
Colly Company ab
Colly Company ab
Colly Company ab
Colly Company ab
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the Reibungszustandes bei der Bemessung high- Körper bei ruhender statischer Beanspruchung.
quality screw connections. Construction 8 pp. EMPA Zurich, Bericht Nr. 172.
236/244. 73.Rydschenko, WC. und Tkachenko, M.:Die maximum
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über den Influence der Reibung auf Vorspannung Schraubenverbindung. Construction 15, p. 466.
und Zugsmoment von Schraubenverbindungen. 74.Rötscher, F:Die Maschinenelemente. Berlin usw
Construction 7 pp. 54/68. Springer-Verlag.
54.Kellerman, R. und Schuster, W:Die statistische 75.Sass, F: Construction and Operation of Diesel Machines.
Qualitätskontrolle in der Schraubenfertigung. Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg: Springer.
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Relativen Reibwertes bei hohen Flächen Erleichterung der chiplosen Kaltformung. Draht
pressungen an Drähten und Drahterzeugnissen. Welt48s. 181... 185.
Wekstattstechnik Heft 7. 77. Sicherung von Schrauben gegen Oberbeans
56.Klein, H.-Ch.:Das Anziehen high-quality screw pruchung beim Anziehen. Construction 10 pp.
connections. Technology Rdsch. 5247 pp. 9/21. 417/418.
Colly Company ab
78.Siebel, E. und Gaier, M.:Untersuchungen über den 96.Wiegand, H. und Iligner, K. -H. und, Junker G.: Neuere
Influence der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit auf die Ergebnisse und Untersuchungen über die
Dauerschwingfestigkeit metallischer Bauteile. VDI-Z. Dauerhaltbarkeiten von Schraubenverbindungen.
98 pp. 1715/23. Construction 13 p. 46 1/67.
79.Standinger, H. und Wehser W:Zweckmässige Wahl 97.Wiirges, M.:Zweckmässige Vorspannung von
der Kernlochbohrungen bei Einschnitt-Gewinde Schraubenverbindungen. dissertation TH
drills. Darmstadt.
80.Standinger, H. und Wehser, W:Das 98.Wyss, Th.:Untersuchungen an gekerbten Körpern,
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bei vergrösserten Nutkerniöchern. Industrie- Berticksichtigung der Vergleichsspannung. EMPA
Anzxeiger vom 7.11.58 p. 265/268. Zurich, Bericht Nr. 151
81.Theophanopoulus, N.:Legislation in the installation
of screws, in particular the head screws. Srpinger.
82.Thum, A. und Staedel, W:Dauerfestigkeit von Addition:

Schrauben. Maschinenbau 11 p. 230.
83.Thum, A. und Lorenz, H.:Vorspannung und Blume, D. and Illgner, K.-H.:Scrauben Vademecum,
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Research. No. 46. high duty bolted joints, VDI 2230.
84.Thurston, G.:The fatigue strength of threaded Bickford, JM:An Introduction to the Design and
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Graphic form and repro:

Colly Company reg. no. MSK TU 9501135A

Many practical or constructive problems arise in The Colly Company handbook on

Here we will explain the mechanics of the screw and propose

The program can be ordered from the Colly Company.

The analysis of a screw joint is sometimes complicated. Stockholm, 29 June 1971

1 Introduction................................................ ..........7 4 Calculation and dimensioning..............21

You realize that this reasoning is incorrect if you make the

2. Designations and symbols

Fz = preload loss due to

3. The mechanics of the screw

Factors affecting the required preload forceFFerb

The magnitude and direction of the load The elasticity

In the figures are indicatedFLas a point force. In practice, it

An external loadFLcauses an increase in the tensile

The biasing forceFFcorresponds to the distance A - D after the

If the prestressing force during tightening becomes so small that

When the external loadFLis added, the goods are further

Not in this case eitherFFminbecome equal to zero

Because in this case it is a question of both axial

The greater the prestressing force that can be obtained

depending on the elasticity of the modulus of elasticity of the screw in N/mm2

This means that the prestressing force will also depend

The spring constantCobtained from the ratio

If a screw has different diameters, has a threaded and

To dimension the screw connection, it is sufficient to

A linear relationship is assumed to apply of the type:

whereCgcan be interpreted as the spring constant of the goods.

Eg= modulus of elasticity of the goods

According to Rötscher (no. 74 in litt. fort.) the equivalent area is

4 --- 2- --. . . . . . .(8)

The above applies to the goods' outer diameter Dg>_ (DS

which corresponds to uniaxial force absorption in a rotationally

Fritche (no. 12 in litt. fort.) instead assumes uniaxial force

The correction factorKmfor steel............................... = 1/5

The above applies ifDg≥(Dpp+KmxLk)

The screw is tightened so that it provides a preload

Deformation of the goods acc. Rötscher:

π-- 50 -2 - The latest investigations regarding the deformation of the goods

It has also been found that the lateral distance e of the

If the load acts symmetrically in relation to the screw

To determine the spring constant of the screwCppface no

In this handbook, the goods area is calculated according to Fritsche.

As can be seen from examples and figs, 112-114, for large

By choosing a favorable clamp length ratio Lk/ddvs a

3.1.3.1 This means that a greater value forLk/ddvs a slimmer

Some of these deformations are obtained in connection

What will hereafter be referred to as set Z is the

The settlement in the contact surfaces varies for different

Inside the joined parts, some settling can also occur

Settling can occur in the threads by exceeding the shear

The extra machine elements that are introduced in the

For a screw connection, the preload triangle O - A - B is

By investigating where settlements occur and the cause of

From the above it appears that the settlement in the contact

Junker (no. 39 in litt. fort.) has shown the dependence of settlement on

For radial load or combination axial and radial load, Junker

Therefore, extra details such as folding sheets, spring

Wiegand and Illgner (no. 95 in litt. fort.) generally indicate a

If HELICOIL insert threads are introduced in the

Machine elements such as tooth washers, spring washers,

Paint layers in abutment and division planes also give rise