FORENSIC

PHOTOGRAPHY
The different types of camera

Submitted by: Group 1

Team Leader - Geena J. Calendro

· Angelene Logong
· Rechelle Garcia
· Aiza belandres
· Myla Cabaya
· Johanna mae Paracale
· Rhea Himan
· Jerald Zarate
· Luie Jay Manuel

Submitted to: Mr. Arnel Falcis

1. Camera obscura
A camera obscura is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an
image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. Camera obscura can also refer to
analogous constructions such as a box or tent in which an exterior image is projected inside.

Background history

The earliest known written account of a camera obscura was provided by a Chinese philosopher
called Mo-tzu (or Mozi) in 400BC. He noted that light from an illuminated object that passed
through a pinhole into a dark room created an inverted image of the original object.

Latest Update/New models

A camera obscura consists of a box, tent, or room with a small hole in one side or the top. Light
from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where the scene is
reproduced, inverted (upside-down) and reversed (left to right), but with color and perspective
preserved.

To produce a reasonably clear projected image, the aperture is typically smaller than 1/100th the
distance to the screen. As the pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but dimmer. With
a too small pinhole, however, the sharpness worsens, due to diffraction. Optimum sharpness is
attained with an aperture diameter approximately equal to the geometric mean of the wavelength
of light and the distance to the screen.

In practice, camera obscuras use a lens rather than a pinhole because it allows a larger aperture,
giving a usable brightness while maintaining focus.

If the image is caught on a translucent screen, it can be viewed from the back so that it is no
longer reversed (but still upside-down). Using mirrors, it is possible to project a right-side-up
image. The projection can also be displayed on a horizontal surface (e.g., a table). The 18th-
century overhead version in tents used mirrors inside a kind of periscope on the top of the tent.[6]

The box-type camera obscura often has an angled mirror projecting an upright image onto tracing
paper placed on its glass top. Although the image is viewed from the back, it is reversed by the
mirror.

Where is it used to camera obscura

The camera obscura was used to study eclipses without the risk of damaging the eyes by looking
directly into the sun. As a drawing aid, it allowed tracing the projected image to produce a highly
accurate representation, and was especially appreciated as an easy way to achieve proper
graphical perspective.

Photos example
2. Instant Camera
3. Spy Camera

A hidden camera or spy camera

-is a camera used to photograph or record subjects, often people, without their knowledge.
The camera may be considered "hidden" because it is not visible to the subject being filmed, or is
disguised as another object. Hidden cameras are often considered a surveillance tool.

The term “hidden camera” is commonly used when subjects are unaware that they are
being recorded, usually lacking their knowledge and consent; the term “spy camera” is generally
used when the subject would object to being recorded if they were aware of the camera's
presence. In contrast, the phrase "security camera"
refers to cameras that are visible and/or are
accompanied by a warning notice of their presence,
so the subject is aware of the camera's presence
and knows they are being filmed.
The use of hidden cameras raises personal
privacy issues. There may be legal aspects to
consider, depending on the jurisdiction in which they
are used.

Where it is used for?

Common applications for hidden cameras are property security, personal

surveillance, photography, or entertainment purposes, though they may also be used
for espionage or surveillance by law enforcement, intelligence agencies, corporations, or other
entities. They may also be used for illegal activity, such as criminal scope-outs, stalking,
or voyeurism.

This is the latest updates about the different Spy ‘hidden’ cameras example:

Wyze Cam v3
This hidden spy camera offers HD video and audio, motion and
sound detection, two-way audio, and night vision—allowing you to
monitor your home or office anytime, day or night.Wyze Cam sends your
phone an alert and begins recording when either is detected. Monitor
specific areas for motion so you only receive notifications when it matters.
Capture and view up to 28 days with a 128GB microSD card (sold
separately). Receive an alert the moment Wyze Cam hears a Smoke or CO alarm go off.
Alpha Tech Spy Camera
-It is used to hide anywhere something might not be as it
seems, whether that's the new baby's sitter, cheating among
adults, supervising pets, or other undercover needs.

Verrny Clock Security Camera

-Use it to record everything around you! It is simply a must-
have item for home or travel! Night Vision & Gravity Sensor Taking
clear images for you during the day is its basic function, but it can
also shoot for you in the dark.
SIRGAWAIN Mini Spy Camera
-it is use as a body or sports cam, to record nannies, pets,
children, or elderly and caregivers, and ensure you’re a step ahead
of any dangers in your life.

4. Range finder
5. Twin lens reflex

A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal
length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens that takes the
picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system which is usually viewed from above at
waist level.

History

Sketch of an early-20th-century twin-lens reflex camera

Double-lens cameras were first developed around 1870. In the earlier plate cameras the
photographer first viewed the image on a screen of ground glass. After adjusting the camera and
closing the objective aperture the ground glass screen was swapped for the photographic plate,
and finally the picture could be taken. (Some cameras used this layout as late as the 1960s, for
example the Koni-Omegaflex. The additional view finding optics made it possible for a
photographer to snap a picture immediately after focussing the image.

This advantage of course applies to SLR cameras as well, but early SLR cameras caused delays
and inconvenience to move the mirror needed for viewfinding out of the optical path to the
photographic plate. When this process was automated, the movement of the mirror could cause
shake in the camera and blur the image. Using a mirror to allow viewing from above also enabled
the camera to be held much more steadily against the body than a camera held with the hands
only.
The London Stereoscopic Co's "Carlton" model, dating from 1885, is claimed to be the first off-the-
shelf TLR camera. A major step forward to mass marketing of the TLR came with the Rolleilex in
1929, developed by Franke & Heidecke in Germany.

The Rolleiflex was widely imitated and copied and most mass-market TLR cameras owe much to
its design. It is said that Reinhold Heidecke had the inspiration for the Rollei TLRs while
undertaking photography of enemy lines from the German trenches in 1916, when a periscopic
approach to focusing and taking photos radically reduced the risk to the photographer from sniper
fire.

TLRs are still manufactured in Germany by DHW Fototechnik, the successor of Franke &
Heidecke, in three versions.
Film formats
6×6 format
The typical TLR is medium format, using 120 roll film with square 6 cm × 6 cm images. Presently,
the Chinese Seagull Camera is still in production along with Lomography's Lubitel, but in the past,
many manufacturers made them. DHW-Fototechnik GmbH continues to make the Rolleiflex TLR
as well.[12] The Ciro-flex, produced by Ciro Cameras Inc., rose dramatically in popularity due in
large part to the inability to obtain the German Rollei TLRs during World War II. The Ciro-flex was
widely accessible, inexpensive, and produced high quality images.[13] Models with
the Mamiya, Minolta and Yashica brands are common on the used-camera market, and many
other companies made TLRs that are now classics. The Mamiya C series TLRs had
interchangeable lenses, allowing focal lengths from 55 mm (wide angle) to 250 mm (telephoto) to
be used. The bellows focusing of these models also allowed extreme closeups to be taken,
something difficult or impossible with most TLRs. The simple, sturdy construction of many TLRs
means they have tended to endure the years well. Many low-end cameras used cheap shutters
however, and the slow speeds on these often stick or are inaccurate.
127 format
There were smaller TLR models, using 127 roll film with square 4 cm × 4 cm images, most famous
the "Baby" Rolleiflex and the Yashica 44. The TLR design was also popular in the 1950s for
inexpensive fixed focus cameras such as the Kodak Duaflex and Argus 75.
35 mm format
Though most used medium format film, a few 35 mm TLRs were made, the very
expensive Contaflex TLR[14] being the most elaborate, with interchangeable lenses and removable
backs. The LOMO Lubitel 166+, a natively medium format camera, comes with an adapter for
35 mm film. As do most Rolleiflex models with their respective Rolleikin 35mm adapter.
Furthermore the Yashica 635 was made specifically for use with 120 and 135 film and was
shipped with the appropriate adapters.
Instant film format
The only twin lens reflex camera that uses instant film is Instantflex TL70 manufactured by MiNT
Camera which is compatible with Fuji instax mini film (film size 54 mm × 86 mm, picture size 46
mm × 62 mm) . It is the world's first instant twin lens reflex camera.
Subminiature format
Gemflex is a subminiature twin lens reflex camera made by Showa Optica Works (昭和光学精機)
in occupied Japan in the 50s.[15] Gemflex resembles the well known Rolleiflex 6×6 twin lens reflex,
but much smaller in size. The body of Gemflex is die cast from shatter proof metal. [16]
The smallest photography TLR camera using 35 mm film is the Swiss-made Tessina, using
perforated 35 mm film reloaded into special Tessina cassette, forming images of 14 mm × 21 mm.
Goerz Minicord twin lens reflex made 10 mm × 10 mm format on double perforated 16 mm film in
metal cassette. 6 Element Goerz Helgor F2 lens, metal focal plane shutter B, 10, 25, 50, 100, and
400. Viewing lens uses pentaprism reflex optics for the viewing lens. Picture format 10 mm × 10
mm on double perforated 16 mm film.
6. Single Lens Reflex (SLR)

A single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system
(hence "reflex" from the mirror's reflection) that permits the photographer to view through the lens
and see exactly what will be captured. With twin lens reflex and rangefinder cameras, the viewed
image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on
most SLRs, the mirror flips out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor
and the image to be captured.

History

The history of the single-lens reflex camera (SLR) begins with the use of a reflex mirror in a
camera obscura described in 1676, but it took a long time for the design to succeed for
photographic cameras. The first patent was granted in 1861, and the first cameras were produced
in 1884, but while elegantly simple in concept, they were very complex in practice. One by one
these complexities were overcome as optical and mechanical technology advanced, and in the
1960s the SLR camera became the preferred design for many high-end camera formats. The
advent of digital point-and-shoot cameras in the 1990s through the 2010s with LCD viewfinder
displays reduced the appeal of the SLR for the low end of the market. The mirrorless
interchangeable-lens camera is increasingly challenging the mid-price range market. But the SLR
remains the camera design of choice for most professional and ambitious amateur photographers.
Cross-section view of a typical 35mm SLR camera:

1 – Front-mount Lens

2 – Reflex mirror

3 – Focal plane shutter

4 – 135 film or 35mm format sensor

5 – Focusing screen

6 – Condensing lens

7 – Pentaprism

8 – Eyepiece

Past models

 Medium format SLR by Hasselblad (Model 1600F), Sweden

 Medium format SLR by Bronica (Model S2), Japan. Bronica's later model—the Bronica EC
—was the first medium format SLR camera to use an electrically operated focal-plane
shutter
 The 1952 (Pentax) Asahiflex, Japan's first single-lens reflex camera.
 The Contaflex III a single-lens reflex camera from West Germany from 1957, with additional
115 mm lens
 The 35 mm film-based Nikon F, 1959, the world's second single-lens reflex system camera.
The first was Kamera-Werke's Praktina.
 Canon Pellix, 1965, the first camera to incorporate a stationary pellicle mirror.
 The Pentax Spotmatic IIa, 1971
  Olympus The 35 mm film-based Olympus OM-2 (1975), which was the first SLR to measure
light for electronic flash off the film plane.
 Casio RF2 35 mm film SLR
 Nikon F5 professional SLR, 1996
 Digital SLR Nikon D200 and a Nikon film sscanner
 Zenit, a Russian brand. SLR without lens kit
 Cross section of SLR camera.

7. Digital camera

A digital camera is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory. Most cameras
produced today are digital, largely replacing those that capture images on photographic film.
Digital cameras are now widely incorporated into mobile devices like smartphones with the same
or more capabilities and features of dedicated cameras (which are still available). High-end, high-
definition dedicated cameras are still commonly used by professionals and those who desire to
take higher-quality photographs.

History