IS1104 Mathematics and Statistics

Prepared by:
Ms. W.E. Iroshani
1
Lecturer (Probationary) Mobile: +94770800252
Division of Interdisciplinary Studies Email: iroshanie@itum.mrt.ac.lk
Section 02: Statistics – Descriptive statistics and
Probability Theory
Learning outcomes;
• Describe use of statistics in different fields of studies

• Explain the importance of collection, presentation, analysis and Interpretation

• Use excel and Minitab packages for descriptive data analysis

• Extract inferences and make conclusions

2
 Use of Statistics in different fields
➢Weather forecasts : Mathematical models are built using statistical theories and
concepts that compare prior and present weather conditions to predict future weather
conditions.

➢Risk Analysis and Reliability: Engineers use statistics to assess the risks associated
with structural designs, material strengths, and environmental factors. Probability
distributions and reliability analysis help in predicting potential failures and ensuring
safety.

➢Data Analysis in Surveying: Survey data collected for civil engineering projects
often involve statistical analysis to determine land characteristics, assess variations,
and create accurate representations of terrain. 3
 Use of Statistics in different fields
➢Data Analysis and Modeling: With the advent of sensors and data collection in
mechanical systems, statistical analysis is used to interpret and extract meaningful insights
from large datasets. This includes predictive maintenance, performance optimization, and
identifying patterns or anomalies in operational data.

➢Experimental Design: When developing new electronic devices or improving existing

ones, statistical experimental design helps in planning experiments effectively, reducing
the number of trials required, and optimizing outcomes.

➢Market Trends: Statistical analysis helps in analyzing market trends, demand forecasts,
and consumer behavior related to polymer and chemical products.
4
 Use of Statistics in different fields
➢Policy Formulation: Statistical insights help policymakers make
informed decisions related to maritime regulations, safety standards,
and resource management.

➢Anomaly Detection: Statistical models identify unusual patterns in

network traffic or user behavior, aiding in the detection of potential
security threats

➢Data Mining and Big data : Statistical techniques uncover patterns

and correlations within large datasets, enabling the extraction of
valuable insights.

➢Machine Learning and AI : Statistical algorithms are foundational in

machine learning, forming the basis for training models to recognize
patterns and make predictions. 5
 Branches of Statistics

Statistics

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

➢ Summarize and ➢ draw conclusions and

describe data make predictions about
populations based on
sample data
6
Population

Sample

Inferential Descriptive
Statistics Statistics

Probability
Theory 7
8
 Types of Data in Statistics
Data

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

(“Categorical”) (“Numerical”)
Non-numerical data that is usually textual Data that can be measured with numbers
and descriptive, like “male/female”, such as distance, duration, length, revenue,
“yes/no”, “brown eyes”, “satisfied, neutral, speed, etc. Let’s further classify these into
dissatisfied”, etc. two groups.
Discrete Continuous
Finite values that Infinite number
can be counted of positive values

Nominal scale Ordinal scale Interval scale Ratio scale

9
 Scales of Measurements
Nominal Scale Examples
You can categorize your data by labelling them in City of birth
mutually exclusive groups, but there is no order Gender
between the categories. Ethnicity
Ordinal Scale Examples
You can categorize and rank your data in an order, but Education Qualifications
you cannot say anything about the intervals between Language ability ( beginner, intermediate, fluent)
the rankings Satisfaction Level ( )

Interval Scale Examples

You can categorize, rank, and infer equal intervals between Temperature
neighboring data points, but there is no true zero point. IQ or test score

Ratio Scale Examples

You can categorize, rank, and infer equal intervals Height
between neighboring data points, and there is a true Weight
zero point. Age 10
Types of variables and scales of Measurements – Individual Activity
Zoom Poll

11
 Representation of Data / Visualization of Data
• Raw Data : Data recorded in an arbitrary manner after their collection.
Table 2.1

12
 Representation of Data / Visualization of Data
• Data Array: Data series is arranged in ascending and descending order
Table 2.2
•

13
 Representation of Data / Visualization of Data

• Ungrouped Frequency Distribution: Data series is

arranged in ascending and descending order along with
the frequency ( number of students belong to that
particular height)
• Grouped frequency Distribution: Data series is Table 2.3
arranged with class intervals and frequencies.

Class Intervals Frequency

100-105 12
105-110 15
110-115 3
115-120 11
14
120-125 9
Summary Measures

• In descriptive statistics, summary measures quantify special characteristics of a

data distribution.

• There are FOUR types of summary measures.

1. Measures of Central Tendency

2. Measures of Dispersion

3. Measures of Skewness

4. Measures of Kurtosis

15
1. Measures of Central Tendency
• The central tendency which is a significant property representing the nature of the
distribution of a particular variable is the trend od scattering the data about a
certain point.

• The measures of Central Tendency are,

*Mean *Median *Mode

There are several types of Means

(i) Simple Arithmetic Mean (ii) Geometric Mean
(iii) Harmonic Mean (iv) Weighted Mean
16
 Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)

1. Find simple arithmetic mean, median and mode of the following data array.

Example 1.1

Blood pressure values of 8 male patients are as follows.110, 100, 90, 120, 130, 140, 150, 90

Data array : 90, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150

σ𝑥 (90+90+100+110+120+130+140+150)
Simple Arithmetic Mean = = =?
𝑛 8

(𝑛+1)𝑡ℎ (4𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑏𝑠+5𝑡ℎ 𝑂𝑏𝑠)

Median = observation = (8+1)/2 = 4.5th Observation = =?
2 2

Mode = highest occurrence = ?

17
Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)

2. Find simple arithmetic mean, median and mode of the following ungrouped
data distribution.

Example 1.2
Suppose we conduct a survey in which we ask 15 households
how many pets they have in their home. The results are as follows.

18
No of Frequency Cumulative fx σ 𝑓𝑥
pets (f) frequency 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
(x) (cf) σ𝑓
1 4
2 3 𝑛
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = th Observation
3 2 2
4 1
5 2
6 1 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ
7 1 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
8 1

19
Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)

3. Find simple arithmetic mean, median and mode of the following grouped
data distribution.

Example 1.3
In a community survey of 100 families, the following distribution of number of
children was obtained.
No. of children No. of families
1-3 20
3-5 42
5-7 30
7-9 8
20
No. of x No. of cf fx σ 𝑓𝑥
children families 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
σ𝑓
(f)
1-3 20
3-5 42
𝑛
5-7 30 2
− 𝑓𝑐
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 + ×𝑐
7-9 8 𝑓𝑚

Δ1
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐿 + ×𝑐
Δ1 + Δ2

21
Positional Averages (Quartiles , Deciles, Percentiles)
𝑛
− 𝑓𝑐 𝑛
𝑄1 = 𝐿 + 4
×𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐
10
𝑓 𝑄1 𝐷1 = 𝐿 + ×𝑐
𝑓𝐷1
2𝑛
4
− 𝑓𝑐
𝑄2 = 𝐿 + ×𝑐 6𝑛
𝑓𝑄2 − 𝑓𝑐
10
3𝑛
𝐷6 = 𝐿 + ×𝑐
− 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝐷6
4
𝑄3 = 𝐿 + ×𝑐
𝑓𝑄3

20𝑛
100
− 𝑓𝑐
𝑃20 = 𝐿 + ×𝑐
𝑓𝑃20

22
Special types of Means

23
Geometric Mean
1. Calculate geometric mean to find the average annual increase in a labour
contract that gives a 4% raise the first year and 2% raise for the next three years.

2. Sales increment rates os a certain product during four years are 5%, 10%, 20%
and -10% respectively. Calculate geometric mean

24
Harmonic Mean
1. A similar amount is spent to buy pencil per Rs. 60 a dozen and to by pencil per
Rs. 40 a dozen. Find the Harmonic mean price of a pencil.

2. A man travels from city A to city B by a car and takes 4 hours to cover the whole
distance. In the first hour he traves at a speed of 50km/h, in the second hour his
speed is 64km/h, in third hour his speed is 80 km/h and during the fourth hour he
travels at the speed of 55 km/h. Find the average speed of the motorist.

25
Weighted Mean
1. Nimal wants to buy a new camera, and decides on the following rating system:
Image Quality 50%
Battery Life 30%
Zoom Range 20%

The Sonu camera gets 8 (out of 10) for image quality, 6 for battery life, and 7 for
Zoom range.

The Cannon camera gets 9 for Image quality, 4 for Battery Life and 6 for Zoom
range Which camera is suitable for Nimal?

26
Group Activity – Zoom Breakout Rooms
• Calculate Simple Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode, 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , 𝑄3 of the following
data distribution. (you may use scientific calculator – watch the uploaded video)

27
2. Measures of Dispersion

28
 2. Measures of Dispersion
1. 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2. Quartile Deviation = (𝑄3 − 𝑄1 )/2
Note: Inter Quartile Range 𝐼𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
3. Variance :

2 σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2 2 σ 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2
For data array 𝑆 = when n<30 𝑆 =
𝑛 𝑛−1

2
σ 𝑓 𝑥−𝑥ҧ 2 σ 𝑓𝑥 2 σ 𝑓𝑥
For grouped frequency distribution 𝑆2 = σ𝑓
or 𝑆 2 = σ𝑓
− σ𝑓

4. Standard deviation 𝑆 = 𝑆2 29
30
31
32