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CRACKS IN THE REVOLUTION

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Katipunan or KKK (Kagalang-galang na

Katipunan nang mga Anak nang Bayan)
Formed on July 7, 1892

A secret revolutionary society to work for the independence of the Philippines by means of
arms or revolution

Remained an underground organization until its discovery on August 19, 1896

The discovery was a result of the petty quarrel of Apolonio dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño–
both members of Katipunan and working at Diario de Manila

•Patiño confided to his sister who lived in an orphanage in Mandaluyong and who told the
authorities about her brother’s involvement in the secret organization.

•His brother divulged the secret organization to Fr. Mariano Gil who brought with him Spanish
guards to raid the printing press and found evidences of the Katipunan in their lockers.

DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN
By the last week of August 1896, about 500 to 1,000 Katipuneros had already assembled and
was committed to fight and carry out a plan they hatched as early August 24, 1896 to attack
Manila on August 29, 1896.

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 But the plan did not happen on August 29, instead, Bonifacio shifted the offensive on an
arsenal in San Juan del Monte.

It was a strategic shift because, if successful, could yield into their possession guns and
ammunitions.

But the first major offensive turned out to be a blunder because of inadequate military
experience.

In the battle of San Juan del Monte, the Katipuneros were met with heavy casualties and
retreated as far back as San Mateo, where they attacked the municipal building in Montalban
but was repulsed again at the Battle of Langka where they had to retreat to Balara.

August 30, 1896

-Eight provinces rose in revolt against Spain – Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija

Captured their provincial and municipal offices and churches and declared their territories
under the command of the revolutionaries.

This forced Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco to declare the eight provinces under the state of war
and martial law.

From the eight provinces, the Spaniards had a special concern for Cavitesince the
province is geographically and strategically located close to Manila, and houses a naval
outpost at Sangley Point that could guard the mouth of Manila Bay from enemies that
could attack Manila.

But the whole of Cavite except for the naval station fell in the hands of the revolutionaries.

The first order of battle was for the Spaniards was to re-take the province.

REVOLUTIONARY CAMPAIGN IN CAVITE

-The success of the revolutionary campaign in Cavite was to the social class that led it.

Mostly gobernadorcillos, cabezas de barangay and members of the principalia

The Aguinaldo’s came from the landed family in Kawit. Other prominent leaders were
also owners of land, members of the middle class, teachers and lawyers.

On the other hand, while Bonifacio was fighting a war of attrition in the hills of Balara,
San Mateo and Montalban.

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 EMILIO AGUINALDO
“Capitan Miong”

By September, the youngest gobernadorcillo of Kawithad become a local hero for having
decimated the forces of General Ernesto Aguirre in the battle at Imus.

Cavite had two Katipunan chapters.

-Mariano Alvarez – gobernadocillo of Noveleta, organized in 1895 the Sangguniang Bayan

Magdiwang(Provincial Council of Noveleta).

Mariano Alvarez was the uncle of Bonifacio’s wife Gregoria de Jesus, whose chapter
had Noveleta and later, San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias) as
headquarters of the Magdiwang.

-Baldomero Aguinaldo– Justice of the Peace of Cavite Viejo or Kawit also created another
chapter of the Katipunan, the Sangguniang Bayan Magdalo(Provincial Council of Cavite Viejo)
with its capital at Cavite Viejo where the Aguinaldo estate was located.

Baldomero was the older cousin of Emilio.

TWO COUNCILS OF KATIPUNAN

-MAGDIWANG COUNCIL

Founded by Gen. Mariano Alvarez

According to Agoncillo, Magdiwang Council was formed first

In the account of Santiago Alvarez, Magdiwang was formed in April 1896

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 -MAGDALO COUNCIL

According to Aguinaldo,in his memoirs, Magdalo Council was formed in June

1895

Headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo

With the differences in dates claimed, only TWO things are DEFINITE:

1.Magdiwang was organized ahead of Magdalo;

2.The Supremo was present in both elections

PUEBLOS CONTROLLED BY THE TWO CAMPS

TWO COUNCILS...

There cannot be two chapter–governments in one province.

Since they could not agree, the best proposal – to dissolve the mother organization itself, the
Katipunan.

MAGDIWANG COUNCIL– having close affinity with Bonifacio due to blood ties,
respected the Katipunan even considering it as a government in itself.

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 MAGDALO COUNCIL – wanted the unity of the troops as they wanted a new
government formed.

The only way to unite the two councils under one government was to have an election. To
make it legitimate, the Supremo should be there to authorize it.

THE ELECTION

The presence of the Supremo to resolve their differences creates legitimacy in the
electoral process.

To unite the forces in order to save the province from Spanish hands

First Meeting (December 31, 1896) – happened in Imus, failed to resolve the issue

Tejeros Meeting (March 22,1897) – second meeting; Magdalo delegates questioned what
kind of government was the Katipunan

The election that followed was an election in Cavite and by Caviteños only.

It also turned out, it was an election, they proclaimed, to be the election for the Republic
of the Philippines.

Bonifacio fell into the trap that he eventually lost his position and came the death of the
organization he founded.

THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

Antonio Pigafetta

The Greek’s Concept of a flat earth according to Homer. Humans are on top of the flat cookie,
above are the gods and down below is hades. No one should sail outside the waters
surrounding the cookie or you might fall on the edge of the earth.

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 1415 – Prince the navigator, Portuguese ships captured Ceuta, freed Christian slaves and
found gold was not coming from Arab-India route but across Sahara.

1420- Captured Mediera Island •1456 – Cape Verde Island

1432 – Azores •1462 – Sierra Leone

1434 – Cape Bojador •1471 – Gold Coast

1445 – Cape Verde •1474 – SaoTome Island

1484 – Christopher Columbus submitted a proposal to King John II of Portugal, claiming he

could reach India (4,000 km) via west. His advisers knew it was 16,000 km away.

Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli’s (Florentine physician) map

Columbus argued:

The circumference of the earth is 30,200 km.

The distance between Canary Islands and Japan was 3,000 Italian miles (3,700 km or
2,300 statute miles.

Whereas s Eratosthenes measured it at 5,040 stadia or 39,620 km. The actual measure
is 40,000 km.

Whereas the correct distance is 19,600 km or 12,200 miles. King John’s adviser knew it
was 16,000 km.

King John rejected his plan.

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 Columbus's Map 1490

In 1488 he sought another audience with King John but Bartolomeu Diaz had rounded the
Cape of Good Hope. The more that King John was not persuaded of his plan .

In 1486 he went to Spain to propose his plan to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel la which
she referred to a committee of savants but they said he overestimated his calculations.

Fernando Magallanes

born to a noble family sometime in 1480.

enlisted himself in the service of the Portuguese navy and participated in

several expeditions in Asia in 1505 at the age of 25 in order to locate the
spice island

was wounded in 1506.

In 1509, he sailed to Malacca with his friend and cousin Francisco

Serrăo (Serrano) but was conspired against by the natives

took refuge in an island in between Paragua (Palawan) and Zulu (Sulu) now known as Turtle
Islands.

Francisco, on the other hand, prior to his voyage in Molucas, landed in Mindanao, thus the
Portuguese were the first Europeans to have reached the islands prior to 1521.

In 1511Magellan participated in the battle and later conquest of Malacca.

He stayed in Molucas. From this time, Magellan was promoted captain and took a baptized
Malay by the name of Enrique (Henrich) de Malaca.

In 1512 Magellan and Francisco parted ways. Francisco went on to participate in the
conquest of Molucas which was claimed as a colony under the name of the King of Portugal.

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MAP OF MOLUCAS
1548 MAP OF MOLUCAS AND ASIA
Magellan and Enrique, on the other
hand, went back to Lisbon the
capital of Portugal.
He took a leave and participated in
several battles with the Moors
where he was accused of aiding the
Muslims.
He was reinstated in 1514 with a
new sailing employment in 1515 but
he rejected the offer.
In 1517, he had an audience with
King Manuel I to propose his plan to
reach Molucas which was their
colony, not by sailing eastward
which was within their territory
beyond the Tordesillas line.
King Manuel denied the approval of
Magellan’s plan in 1517.
CRACKS IN THE REVOLUTION
MAP OF MOLUCAS
MAP OF MOLUCAS AND MINDANAO
He renounced his Portuguese citizenship and
went to Seville, Spain where he renewed ties
with a family friend , a Portuguese by birth Diogo
Barbosa (Diego Barboza).
He became a friend a sailing companion to his
son Duarte and married his daughter to his
second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.
They eventually had two sons Rodrigo and
Carlos who died in infancy.
A year after his stay in Seville, 1518, he
contacted Juan de Aranda, agent (in some
translation, chief) of Casa de Contratacion.
With the arrival of his partner Rui Faleiro, and
with the help of de Aranda, Magellan was able
to present his plan to King Charles I which
readily approved of his plan.
Through the help of Archbishop Juan Rodriguez
de Fonseca, some investments from a
merchant-businessman, Christopher de Haro
who provided a barter of the rest of the funds.
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 ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

By 1518 to 1519, Seville had been

buzzing with the news of the
He heard of the expedition and decided to stay
expedition and this attracted
in Spain to sign up with Magellan for the voyage.
different nationalities from France,
He was recruited with a salary of 1,000
Germany, Greece up to Galicia a
maravedis as a supernumerary, a member of the
province of Turkey to sign in for
crew with no specific job.
crew recruitment.
August 10, 1519, the five ships descended on
By this time a Venetian, came to the river to San Lucar de Barrameda
Madrid. Born in 1491 and probably
about 24 years old, Antonio They were moored for about a month waiting for
Pigafetta, came to Madrid to the right wind of the summer to blow them west.
accompany the papal nuncio On September 20, 1519, the church bells of San
(ambassador) Fr. Francesco Lucar rang wildly as a send off to the five ships.
Chieregati to Spain in order to have
with King Charles.

Pigafetta was born to a noble family

in the province of Vicenza, Venice
and a member of the Order of St.
John of Jerusalem , a group of
knights stationed in the Island of
Rhodes in the Mediterranean, who
were fighting the Muslim Turks.

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