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ICATES-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116 (2022) 012055 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012055

The potential of dewaka banana stems as raw materials for

bioethanol

N L S Suryaningsih1,2,*, Mursalim3, A Laga3, H Natsir4

1)
Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Graduate School Hasanuddin University,
Makassar
2)
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Agriculture Faculty, Musamus University,
Merauke
3)
Department of Agricultural Technology, Agriculture Faculty, Hasanuddin
University, Makassar
4)
Chemistry Department, Natural Science Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar

*Email: suryaningsih@unmus.ac.id

Abstract. Increasing production and consumption of fossil fuels encourage the use of renewable
energy. Renewable energy that does not have the potential to disrupt the stability of the
availability of other materials is the use of waste. One type of waste that has been researched
into bioethanol is banana waste in the form of stems, leaves, skins, and weevil. Dewaka banana
is one type of banana that grows in Merauke, has a large enough size so that it has the potential
to produce a lot of waste and tastes sour. Dewaka banana production in 2019 was 7,087 tons and
produced waste in the form of Dewaka banana stems as much as 28,546.96 tons. The water
content of Dewaka banana stems is 93.42%, and taking into account the yield loss of ± 10%,
there will be 1,690.55 tons of dry waste. The amount of waste can produce 148,092.27 liters of
bioethanol in a year based on the best research results from Roni, et al. Dewaka banana stems
can be processed and reused into bioethanol as an alternative energy raw material.

1. Introduction
Fossil fuels are fuels that are in great demand today. Consumption figures in Indonesia and the world
continue to increase yearly, while production data tends to decrease yearly. The Statistical Review of
World Energy 2021 illustrates that fuel consumption continues to increase from 1,443 to 1,449
barrels/day from 2010 to 2020. Meanwhile, production data continues to decline from 1,003 to 743
barrels/day [1].

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116 (2022) 012055 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012055

The production and consumption figures nationally are getting further each year, the same thing is
happening globally [1]. This condition encourages the use of other energy sources from renewable
energy, such as the use of biomass.
Biomass is a by-product (waste) from agricultural production that has not been or is underutilized,
such as waste in the form of straw, rice husks, corn cobs, and other cellulose wastes. Banana plants can
also generate large amounts of waste, about 80-85% of the total banana plant weight.
One type of banana that grows a lot in Merauke and has the potential to produce quite a lot of waste
is the Dewaka banana. Dewaka bananas grown in Merauke have a larger size than Dewaka bananas
grown in other areas as described in the exploration of Edison et al in 2002. The height of Dewaka
bananas in this exploration is 4.04 meters, while Dewaka bananas in Merauke can reach 7 meters in
height and the stem diameter at chest height of an adult is 45 cm, so it has the potential to generate a lot
of waste [2].
Organic waste without processing and in large quantities has the potential to cause pollution. The
most perceived pollution is the odor (in the form of NH3) generated in the process of waste
decomposition. The decomposition process of organic waste also produces methane gas (CH4) which is
a greenhouse gas [3]. This condition can be reduced by treating organic waste before it is returned to
nature.
Biomass waste and agricultural waste have been investigated to become bioethanol. Research on the
production of bioethanol from raw materials in the form of sorghum waste, bagasse, vegetable, and fruit
waste, banana stems, and others is commonly found in Indonesia. Bioethanol is the result of biomass
fermentation with the help of microorganisms. Materials that can be used as raw materials for the
manufacture of bioethanol are sugary, starchy, and fibrous materials. Therefore, raw materials that have
these characteristics can be utilized.
This paper aims to predict bioethanol potential from the Dewaka banana stem. The potential for
bioethanol production was predicted using research data from the literature study.

2. Materials and methods

Literature study is the method used in this manuscript. Data from literature studies are used to estimate
the potential of bioethanol that can be obtained from Dewaka banana stem waste.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Dewaka Banana

Merauke is one of the easternmost districts in Indonesia with a total area of 46,791.63 km2. Merauke
has the largest agricultural land in Papua and the largest rice producer in Papua. The local government
is promoting a government program to increase agricultural production so that Merauke Regency can
become a "National Food Barn" [4]. This is supported by data from the Merauke Regency BPS (2021)
that the main occupations of the Merauke population in 2019 were in the fields of agriculture, forestry,
hunting, and fisheries.
Merauke is the largest rice-producing area in Papua. Rice production in 2020 is 344,192.32 tons with
a harvested area of 61,584 ha. Apart from being a rice-producing area, the large agricultural land in the
Merauke district produces various other agricultural products such as soybeans, corn, peanuts, cassava,
sweet potatoes, and green beans. Merauke also produces various fruits such as avocado, star fruit,
langsat, durian, guava, big orange, sweet orange, mango, mangosteen, passion fruit, jackfruit, pineapple,
papaya, petai, banana, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, and breadfruit. Merauke is also a plantation area.
Types of plantation crops cultivated are oil palm, coconut, rubber, and sugar cane.
Merauke's potential as an agricultural area provides a by-product in the form of abundant biomass.
The resulting biomass will usually be disposed of as waste rather than reused for something of the sale
value. As in the rice plant, the parts of the plant that are not used are straw, bran, straw, and husks. Rice

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116 (2022) 012055 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012055

produces straw as much as 55.6% of the total rice yield and 44.4% of the grain. Grain will produce 65%
rice, 25.5% husk, and 9.5% bran [5]. Therefore, from the total rice production in 2020 [6], there will be
a total waste from biomass of around 551,483 tons of straw, bran, straw, and husks. Waste in the form
of straw and bran can be used for animal feed, while a large number of others are still not utilized
optimally.
Waste in the form of biomass also comes from plants other than rice, in the form of lignocellulosic
biomass such as sorghum waste, bagasse, vegetable and fruit waste, banana stems, and others. Biomass
is a contributor to renewable energy from the agricultural sector. Its general use is as a fuel, either
directly or after further processing, in the form of charcoal, biogas, biodiesel, and bioethanol.
Bananas are the most common fruit in everyday life and can be found throughout the year. Bananas
are tropical fruits that are very easy to grow.
Various types of bananas are easy to find and thrive in Merauke, like other areas in Indonesia. The
types of bananas in Merauke include kepok bananas, nona bananas, Ambon bananas, plantain bananas,
milk bananas, and others. One type of banana that grows in Merauke is the Dewaka banana. The results
of the exploration of Edison, et al (1996; 2002) and Hermanto, et al (2013) stated that Dewaka bananas
also grow in Maluku and Papua with different names such as boi bananas and jawaka bananas [2], [7]–
[9]. However, Dewaka bananas grown in Merauke have a larger size and slightly sour fruit taste than in
other places [10]. Its slightly sour taste has prompted some researchers to use Dewaka bananas as a
substitute energy source. The ethanol content of Dewaka bananas is about 83.43% [11]. This is possible
because the carbohydrate content in Dewaka bananas is quite high at 82.44 grams, as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The Proximate Analysis of Several Types of Bananas

Ambon Raja
Berlin Kepok Dewaka
Parameter Hijau Bandung
[12] [12] [10]
[12] [12]
Water content (%) 80.94 72.94 62.01 66.49 10.27
Ash (gr) 0.79 0.78 0.89 0.82 2.72
Carbohydrate (gr) 16.72 24.33 35.24 31.13 82.44
Protein (gr) 1.48 1.92 1.78 1.51 4.03
Fat (gr) 0.07 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.56
Total Sugar (gr) 12.12 15.91 17.03 20.82 -
Vitamin C (mg) 25.54 19.1 30.27 16.45 -
Potassium (mg) 375 275 365 350 -
Calories (cal) 73.43 105.27 148.8 131.01 347.61

Physically, Dewaka bananas are almost similar to kepok bananas, especially from the shape and color
of the fruit. Jawaka bananas and Kepok bananas have a close kinship based on the similarity index value
of morphological data between Kepok bananas and Jawaka bananas studied from 0.68 to 0.79 [9].
Meanwhile, based on the molecular verification of bananas when viewed from all alleles of the
MaCIR108 locus and one allele of the Ma-3-90 locus, boi bananas and other types of kepok bananas
have the same genome, namely ABB [13]. The chemical properties of Dewaka bananas and several
other types of bananas in the form of proximate analysis results can be seen in Table 1.
Banana biomass is left after the harvest process and is not used in the form of pseudo stems, leaves,
and banana peels. Larger sizes of banana trees in general can produce biomass weighing >150 kg [14].
The biomass of Dewaka bananas is 72.82%, which is banana stems which have a moisture content of
93.42%, as seen in Table 2.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116 (2022) 012055 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012055

Table 2. Amount of Dewaka Banana Biomass [14]

Wet Moisture
Dry Weight
Plant Part Weight Content
(kg)
(kg) (%)
Leaf 21.80 15.22 25.78
Pseudostem 113.35 7.46 93.42
Weevil 20.50 5.65 74.06

Leaves, petioles, and fruit stalks will also be thrown away after harvest. Banana peels will go into
the trash. Table 3 shows the chemical composition of leaves, leaf bones, pseudo stem, flower stalk, fruit
stalk, and skin. The data illustrates that plant parts that are no longer used after harvesting still have
other materials that can be utilized. As seen from cellulose and hemicellulose which can still be utilized
and reprocessed into bioethanol.

Table 3. Chemical Composition of Banana Plant

Chemical Composition (%)
Banana Extractive
Water Hemicellu Ref.
Plant Part Ash Lignin Cellulose Substance
content lose
Level
Leaf 11.69 7.02 24.84 25.65 17.04 9.84 [15]
Leaf 7.70 19.40 24.30 20.70 8.60 8.40 [16]
Pseudostem 9.74 8.65 15.07 31.48 14.98 4.46 [15]
Pseudostem 9.10 19.00 13.30 37.10 11.40 3.50 [16], [17]
Pseudostem 10.20 11.00 37.30 44.00 17.50 9.70 [18]
Flower stalk 14.70 26.80 10.50 28.40 7.50 2.90 [16], [17]
Midrib 3.80 11.60 18.00 39.50 21.50 2.10 [16]
Fruit stalk 15.10 26.10 10.70 14.40 5.50 2.50 [16]
Fruit stalk 11.40 20.60 18.00 39.80 27.80 6.00 [18]

3.2. Bioethanol
Bioethanol has been used for a long time as an alcoholic beverage. Bioethanol is ethanol produced from
the fermentation process of raw materials containing carbohydrates with the help of microorganisms.
The raw materials for making bioethanol are sugary, starchy, and fibrous materials.
Ethanol or bioethanol is often abbreviated as EtOH. Et has the meaning of an ethyl group (C2H5) and
OH is a hydroxyl (-OH). C2H5OH is the molecular formula of ethanol, C2H6O is the empirical formula,
and its structure is CH3-CH5-OH. Ethanol is non-toxic, colorless, volatile, and has a characteristic odor
[19].
In general, there are 4 main stages in the manufacture of bioethanol from materials with complex
sugars, namely (1) pretreatment; (2) hydrolysis process, namely the conversion of complex sugars (eg
cellulose, lignocellulose) into simple sugars (glucose, fructose); (3) fermentation process; (4) the process
of purification of the results of bioethanol by distillation. These stages may vary from one raw material
to another.
Pretreatment is an important process in the manufacture of bioethanol, in the conversion of
lignocellulosic materials. This process is needed to break the lignin bonds from the lignocellulosic
structure. Pretreatment aims to increase the efficiency of the hydrolysis process by expanding the surface
contact of the material. The type of pretreatment used has advantages and disadvantages. The use of
various pretreatments also depends on the lignocellulose used. Therefore, the pretreatment process needs
to be considered first so that the conversion process can run optimally [20].
Effective pretreatment is the basis of the success of the hydrolysis process and subsequent processes.
The main objective of this process is increasing the surface area, reduce crystallinity of cellulose, reduce

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116 (2022) 012055 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012055

lignin and other compounds that can inhibit the rate of hydrolysis, and reduce the decrease in
holocellulose in total carbohydrate yield [21].
Various pretreatment technologies can be used, including biological, physicochemical, physical, and
chemical methods, and a combination of these methods. According to Jahnavi et al. (2017), physical
pretreatment was carried out by milling, extrusion, irradiation (with gamma rays or electron beams), and
the use of microwaves. A better effect on the yield of hydrolysis of biomass is seen at the size of the
biomass is smaller than 40 mesh [22]. The extrusion process applies a combination of several processes
such as heating, crushing, and pulverizing. The combination of these processes accelerates the chemical
and physical changes of materials. The temperature and speed of the device will also affect the
lignocellulosic structure and result in defibrillation, fibrillation, and fiber shortening [23].
Pretreatment was also carried out chemically and biologically. The initial chemical treatments
include using an alkaline treatment, giving NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and ammonia. As has been done by Octavia
et al (2011) by immersing technology using ammonia at room pressure and temperature (solution
soaking with aqueous-ammonia, SAA) [24]. In addition, chemical pretreatment is also carried out with
the addition of ozone, organosol, and others. Next is the initial biological treatment using bacteria or
fungi that can carry out the delignification process [23].
The initial treatment given can give different results to the material. This is because each material
has different levels of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. In addition, chemical pretreatment, although
giving good results in the delignification process, is feared to harm the environment because of the
chemicals used. Therefore, the use of microorganisms has been widely developed [25], [26], in addition
to the physical pretreatment process such as the use of hot water and steam [27], [28].
The bioethanol production process after the initial treatment, followed by the hydrolysis process.
This process is the process of converting carbohydrates into glucose. The hydrolysis process will be
followed by a fermentation process, which is the process of converting glucose into bioethanol. The
process of formation of ethanol occurs due to the presence of yeast added to the material. Yeast will use
glucose for respiration. The process of respiration using oxygen will break down glucose into CO2 and
water and energy. But with the help of yeast and without oxygen, sugar will be broken down into ethanol
and CO2.
The fermentation process becomes somewhat complicated if the material to be changed through the
fermentation process is material with lignocellulose content. Whereas materials with lignocellulose are
very abundant and are not used or become waste. Lignocellulose has the main components of lignin,
cellulose, and hemicellulose which are the main ingredients for building cell walls in plants.
Hemicellulose and cellulose must be broken down into monosaccharides (simple sugars) which will be
fermented into bioethanol.
The fermentation and hydrolysis processes can be carried out simultaneously in one container or
separately. There are two kinds of hydrolysis processes, namely enzymatic hydrolysis, and acid
hydrolysis.
Acid hydrolysis is divided into two major parts, namely hydrolysis with strong acids and dilute acids,
such as H2SO4 and HCl. Each of these acid hydrolysis has advantages and disadvantages. Hydrolysis
with strong acids is carried out at low temperatures and produces large amounts of monosaccharides.
However, large amounts of acid accelerate tool breakdown because high acids are corrosive. Meanwhile,
the use of liquid acid requires high temperatures, and relatively fewer monosaccharides are produced
[29].
The enzymatic hydrolysis process is carried out by utilizing microorganisms as a producer of
cellulase enzymes to break down cellulose into glucose. The most studied cellulolytic organisms include
fungi, bacteria, and Actinomycetes.
For hydrolysis to occur completely, it is necessary to develop a combination of enzymes such as
cellulase, hemicellulase, and other enzymes. One type of enzyme that can hydrolyze cellulose is
cellulase. Cellulases hydrolyze cellulose with three different classes of enzymes synergistically, namely
(1) β-glucosidase (BGs); (2) Cellobiohydrolases (CBHs); and (3) Endoglucanases (EGs). Trichoderma

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reesei is known as a fungus that produces two BGs, two CBHs, and five EGs. In addition to cellulase,
an enzyme that can hydrolyze the xylan component in hemicellulose is xylanase [26].
After obtaining monosaccharides through pretreatment and hydrolysis, the next process is
fermentation. The fermentation process is the process of converting glucose into ethanol with the help
of yeast. The most tried yeast in the bioethanol fermentation process is Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Scheffersomyces stipitis as done by Mohd Azhar et al as well as a consortium of both in the research of
Khajeeram dan Unrean (2017) [30], [31]. In addition, organic acids, ammonia, and sulfides formed
during fermentation can also act as inhibitors [32], [33].
Potential organisms in fermentation are fungi/fungi and bacteria. Several types of fungi used in the
fermentation were S. cerevisiae, Pachysolen tannophilus, Pichia stiplis, Kluveromyces marxianus, and
Candida shehatae. While the types of bacteria include Zymomonas mobilis, Esherichia coli, and several
types of thermophilic bacteria, namely Clostridium thermocellum, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus,
and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum [33].
Limayem and Ricke (2012) also explained that theoretically, S. cerevisiae, Pichia stiplis, and Z.
mobilis can produce more than 80% bioethanol. S. cerevisiae is naturally very suitable for the
fermentation process, having a high tolerance for chemical inhibitors formed. However, it cannot
ferment xylose and arabinose sugars, and cannot live at high temperatures caused by enzyme hydrolysis.
Pichia stiplis gives the best results in xylose fermentation. Most cellulose sugars are fermentable,
including cellobiose and galactose, and have cellulase enzymes which are beneficial in the SSF process.
The weaknesses of Pichia stiplis are intolerant to high ethanol concentrations above 40 g/L, sensitive to
inhibitors, unable to ferment xylose under acidic conditions, assimilation with ethanol formed, and
require micro-aerophilic conditions. Z. mobilis cannot perform xylose fermentation, is intolerant to
inhibitors, and works at neutral pH.
Fermentation with microorganisms has several problems including the lack of tolerance of certain
microorganisms to high ethanol concentrations and the inhibitors formed during the initial treatment
process and the hydrolysis process. In addition, microorganisms cannot ferment hexose and pentose
sugars at the same time. To answer this problem, hybrid microorganisms are used which are the result
of genetic engineering or from the use of joint cultures of two types of microorganisms [31], [33].
Temperature, pH, time, and the influence of microorganisms used can affect the fermentation
process. Fermentation requires a substrate balance between carbon and other nutrients such as
phosphorus, sulphur, and nitrogen. The fermentation process runs normally with a carbon and nitrogen
ratio of 16:1–25:1 [34]. The fermentation process can run very slowly or not at all if the free amino acids
are below a certain threshold (about 150 mg/L). This situation can be minimized by adding available
nitrogen, such as urea [35]. Other nutrients, such as sulfur, are more needed in the formation of protein
components of fermenting microorganisms, namely essential sulfur-containing amino acids such as
cystine, cysteine, and methionine. While phosphorus is for the formation of nucleic acids, phospholipids,
and ATP synthesis [35], [36].
The process of converting lignocellulosic biomass into fuel with the help of microorganisms is very
promising. The biomass processing scheme involving enzymatic hydrolysis or microorganism involves
four transformations carried out biologically, namely: (1) saccharolytic enzyme production (cellulase
and hemicellulase); (2) carbohydrate components hydrolysis into sugar; (3) hexose sugars fermentation;
and (4) fermentation of pentose sugars. The transformation process that occurs in one step is called
consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) [37].
During the process of enzymatic hydrolysis, cellulase converts cellulose into sugar. Cellulose is a
glucose polymer that is hydrolyzed by endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and β-glucosidase. T. reesei
is a type of fungus that produces this enzyme and is used to hydrolyze lignocellulosic biomass to produce
fermentable glucose [26], [38].
S. cerevisiae is the microorganism of choice for bioethanol production. The beneficial properties of
this microorganism are (1) high productivity (close to the theoretical yield of 0.51 g ethanol produced/g
glucose); (2) tolerance to high ethanol content; and (3) it is generally considered safe because so far it

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is widely used in the manufacture of bread, wine, and beer. S. cerevisiae is also tolerant of inhibitors
commonly found in hydrolysates produced from pretreatment [37].
The weakness of S. cerevisiae is its inability to utilize complex polysaccharides such as cellulose,
cellobiose, and cellodextrin. S. cerevisiae also produces cellulase externally which can function
optimally at temperatures higher than the optimum temperature of S. cerevisiae. Therefore, processing
must be carried out in two steps at two different temperatures or at one temperature at which both
processes can function properly [37]. The optimum temperature of S. cerevisiae is 30-35 0C and inactive
at over 40 0C and pH of 4.0-4.5. S. cerevisiae can ferment glucose, sucrose, galactose, and raffinose
[39].

3.3. Bioethanol Potential from Dewaka Banana Pseudostem

Banana production in Merauke in 2019 was recorded at 30,429 tons [4]. The banana production
represents the total production of various types of bananas in Merauke, such as kepok bananas, dewaka
bananas, nona bananas, raja bananas, Ambon bananas, milk bananas, and other types of bananas. Based
on existing data, the Dewaka banana is the second most common type of banana after the Kepok banana.
The production of Dewaka bananas per bunch reached 28.14 kg so the plants harvested in that year
reached 251,850 plants. Based on the data in Table 2, 28,546.96 tons of Dewaka banana stem waste was
obtained in 2019.
If it is assumed that in the processing of Dewaka banana stem waste there is a yield loss of ± 10%
and the water content of the material is 93.42%, there will be 1,690.55 tons of dry waste. This amount
of waste can produce 148,092.27 liters of bioethanol in a year based on the best results obtained in the
research of Roni et al (2020). In this study, the material was hydrolyzed with 0.5N H2SO4 at a
temperature of 80 0C for 1 hour, and the fermentation process was carried out for 4 days using S.
cerevisiae [41].

4. Conclusions
Bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials requires treatment in the form of pretreatment and hydrolysis,
before the process of fermenting glucose into bioethanol. Various pretreatment and hydrolysis methods
have been developed to get a shorter process so that production costs are lower. Dewaka banana stems
can be used as a basic material for making bioethanol, just like other types of banana stems. The
processing of Dewaka banana stems into bioethanol increases the added value of waste into alternative
energy.

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