2/18/24, 8:56 PM Return to Player - Wikipedia

Return to Player
Return to Player (RTP) is a term used in gambling and online games to refer to the percentage
or prizes that will be returned to a player depending on funds deposited during the game initially.
Return to Player is one of the ways to attract players.

In Australia and the UK, information about the game cost often includes Return to Player values
(for example, the average payout percentage or the percentage of money stakes saved) in order to
protect players.[1]

The UK Gambling Commission allows customers to be informed about the risks in the form of
Return to Player or house-edge percentages. For example, a casino may inform the player about a
payout percentage of 90%, which means that for $100 bet $90 is going to be returned. The same is
for "house-edge percentage" meaning that the casino is having $10 for every $100 spent on the
game. Both variants are identical, however in accordance with the so-called framing effect, there is
a certain influence on players due to different ways of perception.[2]

According to the results of a study made by the UK Gambling Commission in 2014, it was
discovered that a number of players not specializing in the industry do not understand the
mechanism of Return to Player. Thus, the complex terms, the usage of mathematical concepts and
formulations, the information in English, are mentioned among factors of misunderstanding,
which worsens the comprehension of the rules for non-native English speakers.[3]

All the slot machines at Crown Perth in Australia have a 90% minimum Return to Player
percentage.[4] In 2018, The Federal Court of Australia enacted in a lawsuit against a large casino in
Melbourne that information about the nature of Return to Player is misleading for players, since it
indicates the percentage of winnings for a long-term game, which is not true for a short-term
one.[5][6]

Some software developers choose to publish the RTP of their slot machines, while others do not.[7]
Despite various RTP theories, almost any outcome is possible in the short term perspective.[8]

See also
Slot machine
Gambling mathematics
Progressive jackpot
Fixed odds betting terminal

References
1. Philip W.S. Newall, Lukasz Walasek, Elliot A. Ludvig, Matthew J. Rockloff. House-edge
information yields lower subjective chances of winning than equivalent return-to-player
percentages: New evidence from support forum participants (https://web.archive.org/web/2021
0726013207/https://jgi.camh.net/index.php/jgi/article/view/4078)
2. Philip W. S. Newall, Lukasz Walasek, Elliot A. Ludvig. Equivalent gambling warning labels are
perceived differently (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.14954) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20211224114815/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/add.14
954) 2021-12-24 at the Wayback Machine

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2/18/24, 8:56 PM Return to Player - Wikipedia

3. Debbie Collins, Sophie Green, Jo d’Ardenne , Heather Wardle & Shauna-Kaye Williams.
Understanding of Return to Player messages: Findings from user testing (https://www.research
gate.net/publication/270685424_Understanding_of_Return_to_Player_messages_Findings_fro
m_user_testing) (October 2014)
4. Electronic gaming machines – return to player (RTP) policy (https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/depar
tment/publications/publication/electronic-gaming-machines-return-to-player-(rtp)-policy)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220325093309/https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/departme
nt/publications/publication/electronic-gaming-machines-return-to-player-(rtp)-policy) 2022-03-
25 at the Wayback Machine // Department of Local Government, Sport and Cultural Industries,
Government of Western Australia
5. Newall, P.W.S., Byrne, C.A., Russell, A.M.T., & Rockloff, M.J. House-edge information and a
volatility warning lead to reduced gambling expenditure: Potential improvements to return-to-
player percentages (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip-Newall-2/publication/35929513
4_House-edge_information_and_a_volatility_warning_lead_to_reduced_gambling_expenditure
_Potential_improvements_to_return-to-player_percentages/links/6235d95cd545b7729404183
d/House-edge-information-and-a-volatility-warning-lead-to-reduced-gambling-expenditure-Pote
ntial-improvements-to-return-to-player-percentages.pdf)
6. Olha Lammer. Are Highest RTP Slots More Popular? (https://www.slotsup.com/blog/are-highes
t-rtp-slots-more-popular) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220218161719/https://www.s
lotsup.com/blog/are-highest-rtp-slots-more-popular) 2022-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
7. "Return to Player (RTP) and Hit Frequency: What Do These Mean?" (http://getgamblingfacts.c
a/how-gambling-really-works/return-to-player-rtp-and-hit-frequency-what-do-these-mean/).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220526134458/http://getgamblingfacts.ca/how-gambli
ng-really-works/return-to-player-rtp-and-hit-frequency-what-do-these-mean/) from the original
on 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-07-23.
8. Online slots Return to Player (RTP) explained: Make sense of it and get the best value (https://
web.archive.org/web/20180925025915/https://gamblersfever.net/online-slots-return-to-player-rt
p-explained/)

External links
Kate Beresford, Alexander Blaszczynski (2020-03-01). "Return-to-Player Percentage in
Gaming Machines: Impact of Informative Materials on Player Understanding" (https://doi.org/1
0.1007/s10899-019-09854-z). Journal of Gambling Studies. 1 (1): 51–67. doi:10.1007/s10899-
019-09854-z (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10899-019-09854-z). ISSN 1573-3602 (https://www.
worldcat.org/issn/1573-3602). PMID 31020442 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31020442).
S2CID 129945785 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129945785).
Ramon Sancibrian. Slot Machine RTP Optimization Using Variable Neighborhood Search (http
s://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2021/8784065/)
How to calculate return to player (RTP) (https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/licensees-an
d-businesses/guide/page/how-to-calculate-return-to-player-rtp)
Weighing in on the slots controversy (https://www.cdcgamingreports.com/commentaries/weighi
ng-in-on-the-slots-controversy/)

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