ELECTRIC CHARGES ¢ AND FIELDS IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. Coulomb's force F between two point charges Kept in a medium of electric constant, 1 ne Hek For air between the charges, dielectric constant K= 1. In veetor form Where Fp; is the foree on charge ay due to dg and fy, is the unit veetor in the direction from qito 4 2. Electric field strength E at any point in the field where F is the force experienced by a test charge ay kept at that point, B= jg F a (@) Electrie field strength due to a point charge at a distance r fet tae ae =a Fa Taal graye [where ?isunit vector along 7:7 (b) Due to sphere charge 1 (Inside point (@ R) mh} Bal /Neetne pe ® Gi) On the surface (r ~ Ry E= 7 # (© Due to hollow sphere of charge (Inside point (= R), e ee ate, (i) Outside, B= a + Nee ao rE=0 7 Gif) On the surface, B= a ES Electric Charges and Fields | 58. Total electric fax, =f 2 (d) Electric field strength due to infinite line charge having linear charge density (7) coulomb! metre. ple ane, (©) Eleetvie field strength near an infinite thin sheet of change. ° om @ Electric field strength near a conductor F =¢- i, where ii is a unit vector normal to the surface in the outer direetion, Electvie field strength inside a conduetor = 0. 7, Bleetrie Dipole: (@) Dipole moment li 21 (21 boing the separation from -g to-+a) (b) Torque on a dipole in uniform electric field % = jx E © Potential energy of dipole, U =~). E-=—pF cox where @ is the angle between pand E (@ Work done in rotating the dipole in uniform electric field from orientation 0, to 0. is W= U,~ 0, = pE(eos 0, —c0s 04) Work done in rotating the dipole from equilibrium position W=pE (1 ~ cos) (©) Electric field due to a short dipole. 1%» ae, = 0 to orientation 6 is (at axial point £,, Gii)at an equitorial point £ ore, Ls: net charge enclosed by the closed surface. e MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 6 1. A body can be negatively charged by (@) giving excess of electrons to it () removing some electron from (6. giving some protons to it (@ removing some neutrons from it 2. ‘The unit of perm tivity of free space (é,) is |. Which of the following is not a property of field lines? (a) Field lines are continuous curves without any breaks (0) “Two field lines cannot cross each other (©) Field lines start at positive charges and end at negative changes {d) They form closed loops 4. Gauss's law is valid for {@) Any closed surface (©) Only regular closed surfaces (@) Any open surface (4) Only ixvegular open susfaces Physics-Xll: Term-1‘The spatial di ibution of the electric field due to two charges (4, B) is shown in figure. Which one of the following statements is correct? (a) Ais + ve and Bis—ve and |4| > |B] (6) Ais - ve and Bis + ve, |A| = |B] {c) Both are + ve butA > B (d) Both are = ve but A > B ‘When air is replaced by a medium of dielectric constant K, the force of attraction between two (©) increases K times (d) increases K times electric field is best given by INCERT Exemplar] ==( = = o i) 2 7 , ig i i : @ Gi) (iii) (w) (a) in Fig, (i) is the largest, () in Fig, (i) isthe least. (6) im Fig, (i) is same as Fig. (i) but is smaller than Fig. () @) is the same for all the figures. Ahemisphere is uniformly charged positively: The electric field ata point ona diameter away from the centre is directed [NGERT Exemplar] (@) perpendicular to the diameter (©) parallel to the diameter (6) at an angle tilted towards the diameter (d) atan angle tilted away from the diameter Electric Charges and Fields | 78 10. ML. em 13, 1“ 15. 17. 18. Figure shows electric field line ole p is placed as shown. Which of the following statements is correct? INCERT Exemplar] ee | ey —V—'—_sw'__ = ay (@) the dipole will not experience any force (©) the dipole will experience a force towards vight. (©) the dipole will experience a force towards left (d) the dipole will experience a force upwards, A point charge +9, is placed at a distance d from an isolated conducting plane. ‘The field at a point P on the other side of the plane is [NCERT Exemplar] (@) directed perpendicular to the plane anc away from the plane. (©) directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane. (6) directed radially away from the point charge. {@) divected radially towards the point charge. ‘There are two kinds of charges—positive charge and negative charge. The property which lifferentiates the two kinds of charges is called (@) amount of charge (@) polarity of change (6) strength of charge (@) field of charge A method for charging a conductor without bringing a charged object in contact with it is called (@) electrification (®) magnetisation (6) electromagnetic induction (@) electrostatic induetion 16 fB.d8 = 0 overn surface, then INCERT Fempla (@) the electric field inside the surface and on itis zero. (&) all charges must necessarily be outside the surface, (©) the number of us lines entering the surface must be equal to the number of flux lines leaving, (@) both (b) and (6) A cup contains 250 ¢ of water. ‘The number of negative charges present in the cup of water is (w) 1.94 x 107°C. @) 134 x ole ( 3.34 x 10°C. @ 134 x 10% When the distance between two charged particles is halved, the Coulomb force between them becomes (@) one-half (@) one-fourth (©) double (@) four times air. Coul ‘Two charges are at distance d apart i b force between them is F. If'a dielectric material of dielectric constant K is placed between them, the Coulomb force now becomes (@) FR FK tia () RE ‘Two point charges q, and q, are at separation r. The force acting between them is given by F=K 32. The constant K depends upon (@) only on the system of units (b) only on medium berween charges (¢) both on (a) and (6) (@) neither on (2) nor on (0) Physics-Xll: Term-119. 20. 24. 22. 24, 26. 27. 28. 29, 30. 31. ‘Three charges +4g, Q and q are placed in ast ne of length Lat points at distance 0,12, and I respectively. What should be Q in order to eae the net force on q to be zero? 4 @) 29 o-$ @ An electron falls from the rest through a vertical distance h ina uniform and vertically upward directed electric field E. The direction of electric field is now reversed, keeping its magnitude the same. A proton is allowed to fall from rest in it through the same vertical distance h. The of fall of the electron to the time of fall of the proton is, (@) smaller (6) 5 times bigger (6) 10 times bigger (@) equal Which of the following is the unit of electric charge? (@) Coulomb (©) (6) Statcoulomb (stat ©) {©} Abcoulomb (abC or aC) (é) All the above A body is positively charged. It has {@) excess of positrons ©) excess of electrons. (©) deficiency of electrons (4) deficiency of protons st has a charge e, When it moves with a high speed, its charge Ox r), Another point charge is also kept is also kept at the centre of the sphere, The net electric flux coming out of the sphere will be [CBSE 2020 (55/3/2)] ~(24+Q) Q 2+Q © ie, ee © ~e ‘Two large conducting spheres carrying charges Q, and Qs are kept with their centres r distance 1 2H apart. The magnitude of electrostatic between them is not exactly because in, [CBSE 2020 (55/33) (@) these are not point charges (©) charge distribution on the spheres is nor uniform. (6) charges on spheres will shift towards the centres of their respective spheres. @) charges will shift towards the portions of the spheres which are closer and facing towards each other. Physics-XIl: Term=1 J81. The electric flux through a closed Gaussian surface depends upon —_ [CBSE 2020 (55/5/1)] (@) et charge enclosed and permittivity of the medium, @) net charge enclosed, permitivity of the medium and the size of the Gaussian surface (¢) net charge enclosed only (@) permittivity of the mediun only Answers L@ 2% 3) 4@) 5@ 6 Ta 84) %@ 160 Le 20 1d) Ke Ba 16d) JE @ 181%) — 2A) BREW) 25.2) 26.) 27d) 2B.) 29.(8) 80.) BEG) BGA) 38.0) 84.) 8B.) 86) B72) 8B) BBG) 40. (0) A) 4) 4B.) 440) 4B) ABH) ATC HBL) 49.(0) 0.6) BL (@)—BR(@) BB) BAC) BBA) BB(C) 57.) BB) BBA) GO.) Gf), Ga) BBA) CA) 65. (0) 66.) «67. (a) 6B. (a)9.(5) 70.00) THA(6) TAC) 73.0) 74.(0)—T5(a)——76.(c)_ TH) TBUa) 79.00) 80.46) 81. (@) reat eee Altempt any 4 sub-parts from each question. Each question carries I mark. 1, COULOMB'S FIELD: ‘The electrostatic field around an electrically charged borly or particle is called Coulomb field, According to Coulomb's law, “The foree of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is dixectly proportional to the product of the changes and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. The direction of this force is along the line of joining the two charges.” After all, for any system of charges, the measurable quantity is the force on a charge which can be directly determined using Coulomb's law and the superposition principle. Te 7S | Electric Charges and Fields | 15the electrical envin at ofa system ofcharges. Electric field at a point in the space around a system of charges tells you the force a unit positive test charge would experience if placed at that point. The true physical significance of the concept of electric field, however, emerges only when we go beyond electrostatics and deal with time dependent electromagnetic phenomena, The concept of field was first introduced by Faraday and is now the central concept in physics. (@) The vector form of lomb's force (Fin) in (ii) ‘The Coulomb force between a proton and an electron separated by 0.810" m is (@) 300 N ) S20N (©) S10N (d) 360. N (iii) The Coulomb field at a point is (@) always continuous (6) continuous if there is no charge at that point (6) discontinuous only if there is a negative charge at that point (@) continuous if there isa charge at that point (i) A point charge +4, is placed at a distance d from an isolated conducting plane, ‘The field at a point P on the other side of the plane is (@) directed radially towards the point charge (6) directed radially away from the poin: charge (©) directed perpendicular to the plane but towards the plane (@) divected perpendicular to the plane and away from the plane (®) An infinite number of charges each equal to 4 1G are placed along the X-axis at x= Im, x =2m,x=4m,x= 6 m, and so on, the Coulomb field at origin for all these charges is (a) 4.8 x 10° NIC 6) 48 x 108 NIC (4.8 x 10° NIG (4) 48 x 10° NIC Answers 1. ( (@)s The Coulomb's force is directly proportional (o the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. In vector form, itis represented as i) @) 1.6 X 10°C, pt = + 1.6 x PE x 10° Nin’yc® Lox! 16 | Physics-Xil: Term-1(ii) (0); Either positive or negative charges will interact with the lines of electric field to make the, electric field If there is no charge inside the clectric field then the lines will not he affected. So, electric field becomes com (e) (ds Lot charge +4 is placed to the left of isolated conducting plane AB vertical to plane of paper: Due to induction by +g, R-ELS. of plane acquire positive charge. So, lines of force will emerge perpendicularly ‘outward and parallel to each other. () (O)s Electric field (Coulomb field) due to point charge, _ ke Now, Coulomb field due to system of charges. ian wend -5| 36x10° 11a 8x 10*NIC 2. GAUSSIAN SURFACES: Johann Carl Friendvich Gauss (1777-1853) was German mathematician and physicist who mace significant contribution to many fields in mathematics and science, In physics Gauss’s law, also known as Gauss's flux theorem, isa la relating the distribution of eleetic change to the resulting electric fel. In the integral form, it states that the flux of the electric fielel out of an arbitrary closed surface is proportional to the eleetsie charge enclosed by the surface, irrespective af how thar charge is distributed. A Gaussian surface (sometimes abbreviated as GS) is a closed surface in three dimensional space through which the flux of a vector field is calculated, usnally gravitational field, the clectric field, or magnetic field. It is an arbitrary closed surface used in conjunction with Gauss's ons 7 law for the corresponding field by performing a surface integral, in order to calculate the total amount of the sources quantity enclosed; ¢g., amount of electric charge as the sou electrostatic field. of the (i The type of physical quantity electric flux and its dimensions respectively are (a) vector, [M*L°T°A4] (6) scala, [M" TA (@) vector, [ML'T a") (4) scalar; [ML°T*at] Electric Charges and Fields | 17flax through a cubical Gaussi lectric flux through one face of @) aie, @) gle, ©) gi6e, ©) oe, (ii) The electric ux of a flat square having an area of 10 m® placed in a uniform electric field of 8000 NIC passing perpendicular to itis n surface enclosing net charge q is 4/0, (a8 x 109 8x 10°N (@)16 «10° NmC (@) 4x 10" Nic (fo) Gauss's law is valid for {@) any open surface 6) any closed surface (©) only regular closed surface (4) only irregular open surface (@) If the elects flux entering and leavin; Jide the surface will be enclosed surface respectively ©) & (o—3) @) ald + 08) 2. (i) scalar quantity, [8] = [M127 SA] i Tn cubical Gaussine eurfice, slectric line passes equally from ench face. So, electric flux through one face is GE as the no, of faces of cube = 6). : Gi) Oh: 8, = EAeos® [0 = 0 e080 = 1] 4b, - EA = = 8000x10 = 8x10! Ne (G0) (6); Gauss's law is applicable for all types of closed surfaces, 22 ey (ii) (© According to Gauss's law, (@) @ Net flux diverging ,— 4 = = g= Hlbo~ 41) ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. 18 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (®) Both A and R are truc but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) Ais true but Ris false. (d) Ais false and R is also false. 1. Assertion(A) + The charge given to a metallic sphere does not depend on whether it is hollow or solid. Reason (R) + Since the charge resides only on the surface of the conductor 2. Assertion (A) + Chargeis quantized because only integral number of electronscan be transferred. Reason (R) + There is no possibilty of twansfer of some fraction of electron, Physics-Xll: Term-13. Assertion (A) + Electrons moves away from a region of lower potential to a region of higher potential. An electron has a negative change. When a body acquires negative change, its mass decreases. Abody acquires positive charge when it gains electrons. Surface charge density ofan irregularly shaped conductor in nox face density is defined as charge per w + Total flux through a closed surface is zero if no charge is enclosed by the surface. sniform, 6, Assertion (A) Reason (R) + Gauss law is true for any closed surface, no matter what its shape or size is 7. Assertion (A inside a conductor is zero. [alms 2078] Reason (R) + Total positive charge equals to total negative charge in a charged conductor Assertion (A) + If the bob of a simple pendulum is kept in a horizontal electric field, its period of oscillation will remain same, [4uiMs 2072 Reason (R) + Ifbob is charged and kept in horizontal electric field, then the time period wall be decreased, 9, Assertion (A) + All the charge in a conductor gets distributed on whole of its outer surface. [41IMS 2078} Reason (R) + In a dynamic system, charges try to keep their potential energy minimum. 10, Assertion (A) + Acceleration of charged particle in non-uniform electric field does not depend ‘on velocity of chunged particle. [AIMS 2017] Charge is an invariant quantity. That is the amount of charge on p not depend on frame of reference. ‘Answers 1 @ 2.0) 3.(@) 4d) 5a) 9%) 10. (@) @ LO HINTS/SOLUTIONS OF SELECTED MCQs + (@) Abody can be negatively changed by giving excess of electrons to it 2. (6) According to Goulomb’s law, ae er & us nF ce oC eee Nm (@) Electrostatic field lines donot form any closed loops. (a) Gauss’ law is valid for any closed surface. (@) The electric field lines start from change A and on charge B. So A is +ve and B is -ve. (@), In air, the force of attraction between two charges in given by 1 4 Paw Gre, 2 In dielectric medium, the force of attraction between two charges is given by Electric Charges and Fields | 1920 2 rs 10. 17. (@) When a point positive charge is brought near an isolated conciueting sphere, then duc to incuction there develops some negative charge on the leftside of the sphere and an equal positive change on the right side of the sphere. The electric field lines emanating from the point positive charge end normally on the left side of the sphere. Due to accumulation of positive charge on the right side of the sphere, the field lines emerge outward normally, So, option (a) is correct As clectric field lines are not perpendicular to the surface of sphere, 30 (fii) and (f) are rejected, (@) According to Gauss law, the electric fhux (6) through the closed surface depends only on the: amount of change enclosed inside the surface. It coes not depend on size and shape of the surface, Here, change enclosed inside all the figures are same. So, electric fay (& (@) As the diameter of hemisphere is plane surface, and whole hemisphere is uniformally changed positively 1 the elecuie field lines emerging outward will be perpendicular to the surface (©) The density of electric field lines decreases from left to right, so electric field (E) on +¢ charge willbe smaller than q charge. F = ¢E , therefore force on +q will be smaller than 7. ion offorce +q change is along the direction of electric Bild, s0 the force on - will be towards left, Hence net force on dipole will be towards left (@) When a point change +9 is placed at a distance d from an isolated -o conducting plane, duc to induction by +4 charge, the other side eee (RHS) of the plane acquire positive charge, so, field ines will || | emerge perpendicular to the plane and away frow the plane. ¢—d—+] | Pe (@) Let us assume that the mass of one cup of water is 250 g ltt The molecular mass of water is 18 g, - LJj-— Number of molecules in 18 g of water = 6.02 10% Number of molecules in one cup of wate Each molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, i, 1 electrons and 10 protons. Hence, the total positive and total negative chage has the same magnitude and is 20 6.02108 x10% 10x10 etsb () tsi a Tn material, w(2) Physics-Xll: Term-1viding equation (1) and (2) ae C Felors 19, (a) For net force ong tobe zero k(agy kQ@ a , KOO _ 5 e ay a x sing! 4kQg = 20, (a) Force experienced by a charged particle in an electric field, F = gk ASF = ma mo = gk > a= of [As electron and proton both fall from same height at rest, then 6. om = att hat! (ou =o) Wsing ()] = tox dw asf is same for electron and proton. Electron has smaller mass so it will cake smaller time, 21, (@) Unit of charge is coulomb, statcoulomb and abcoulomb. 22. (©) A body can be charged negatively or positively by giv respectively: Positive charge indicates that some clectrons are taken out and the boely has 1g or taking out the electrons deficiency of electrons. 23. (©) Aschange is invariant 2. @) 4 & Om 9x 10° N= m 3K 10°C, qo =5 x 10°C, As we know that x10” x 3x10 x5 x10! (oly 5X LON = 19.5 x 10N _ x45 x10 O1XO Smallest charge = ¢ = 1.6 x 10 25. @ As charge is small force is minimum, _ bkexe ww? 26. (@) Asglass rod is rubbed with silk, so relative motion a 1_ hh jon comes to play 27. dF, Electric Charges and Fields | 21According to question Fis = Funeivan a trey 28. (¢) Aswe know that —__. Ay Enec = VEL +E? + 2E,.E cos te |As due to point charge E = hgla? 298. @) As Fa Ti unit NIG 30. (a) A negatively charged body has more electrons than | body and these excess electrons results in an Ye newt 31. @) Quantisston mean integral mulipl ofany smallest hing 32. i) Avcleri Fld duct dipole pee 1 Doth cases Bee Jy 383.) Electric field fines initiate from positive charge and terminate on negative charge 34. A) (it) 37. (a) Force herween two changes, F 22 | Physics-Xll: Term-1When dielectric slab is introduced , Heres > 6 gay 38, (a) P= alee ) When 1 = 1/2 gy - a4 oi) Divide equation (?) and (@) 0.08 Fr=0.16N 39. (@) Electrons from glass rod to silk cloth 40. @) 4. 2. 0 43, 44, 2 x10 NIC, E sin 0 = gL si = 4 (0.02) x 2 x 10° Z 4 1 02x 2x10 = = 0.002 G = mc 45. @) O= ES aoe -Xx« 6 X sin 30" Electric Charges and Fields | 2346. 47. 48, 49. 50, BI. 32. 33. 54. 55. 24 (2) @ = Electiic field. Area = (MELT? A) (14) (Mi Tat} (6) Gauss’s law is based on the inverse square dependence on distance contained in the Coulomb's law. (©) Gaussian surface encloses the charge. (a) Blectic field inside a conductor is zero, (©) According to Gauss's law electric flux is 2 times the charge enclosed by the surface and is independent of the shape and size of the surface. @ sd by electric dipole L & Electric flax through one surface = 2 (@) Electric flux through whole eub (d) Aswe know ee cot at 6) Posto whole sahe= 4 _ gxio* through one surfoee = B= I fd) As we know that one face 4 cor ee Ge, ~ Be, F Fhnce (@) Foran infinite sheet to charge, {independent of di Be, (@) The electvic flux entering and leaving the cylindrical surface is same = FRR? — FRR” E x (Normal surface area) = E x aR? = nR°E (@) The direction of dipole moment from ~4 to + 4. @ rye Fora diclectric of dielectric constant K between the charges, the effective separation in air aris given by Physics-Xll: Term-168. 69. 70. mM 72. 73. 74. @ @ @ 6) @ @) ) ) ) ) ) ) ‘The smallest charge is change on electron = 1.6 x 10 Qane 16x 10 25 x 10! Bere, | Fae |= [Fis + Fa] wo KG 2K On Wear at YS 2 = 2 = 29 (where Qand q is opposite in sign) Charges given plus changes induced on outer surfaces of the spheres are Qy, Qi + Qoand Q + Qo + Qs As surface change densities on outer surfaces of the spheres are equal. ie, Q Ato ae? anny +2 _ +240, a QtQt+Q any = Q:0:Q,= 18:5 * clectric field is in negative y-axis and is given by Sa sin 8 aq : Sirs j =L,agut, Budo = Lrao=La0 F - [428 ino j OS 6 ane =a sino aj @ (oie = j= ae? As we know that electric field due to point change KQ L ie, Boe Given: F = 1.2N: hy? = 0, 1m, 41m, 8m, 10m... Now, F So, met force that iy sun of forces by other changes is given av: Electric Cha 2526 1. 16. 78. 80. = WC = 10nG {@) no net charge is enclosed by the surface. (©) always a force and a torque (@) Blectie flux = Q4euctorea = 1 C @) Clune distribution ou the spheres is uot Qe (a) Flux = Net change enclosed and permittivity of medium. Physics-Xll: Term-1