.ed in soap, detergent, glass, paper and clog 1. Acids- NaOH is us 1 English word Acid is derived from Latin word Acidus industry. = Sour. © Lime (CaO) is used to.remove the acidity of soil 2. Acids are sour in taste. They convert blue litmus to red white washing, 3. Acitic acid in vinegar, Tartric acid in Temarind, citric © Mg(QH), is used to remove acid in lemon, ascorbic acid in orange, Maleic acid in 4, Acid-Base Indicators or simply Indi apple, formic (methanoic acid) in the sting of ant and honey bee and hydrochloric acid in gastric jouce is present. the acidity of stomach itors are of types = (i) Natu indicators—For example- Litmt umeric, spe (ii) Synthetic indicators—For example-Metbyl 1 English word Alkali is derived from Latin word Alkali ange, phenolphthalein. qj = Ash of trees which is also known as base. These are S. Olfactory indieators—Those substances whose sm or odour change in acidic or basic solutions are cal bitter in taste. 2. They convert red litmus to blue and on touch appears olfactory indecators. For example — Onion, clove Smooth like soap. vanilla extract, ‘ 3.+ They react with acid to get neutralized and forms salt 6. Acid gives H’(aq.) ions in its aqueous solution and water. This is called neutralisation reaction. base gives OH (aq) ions in its aqueous solution. 3. Salts 7. Acid reacts with active metals to form hydrogen g 1 These are prepared by the action of acid and base and respective salt 8. Base reacts with few metals to form hydroget may be acidic, basic or neutral 2. They have high M.P. and B.P. and generally found-in respective salt : crystalline form. 9, Acid reacts with metal carbonate and metal bicar 4. The confirm number of water molecules attached with to form coresponding salt, CO, gas and water. the unit formula ofa salt, is known as crystalline water. 10. Meal oxides are basic in nature, which react with af For ex. - Washing soda’ Na,CO,.10H,0. to form corrosponding salts and water. 11. Non-metal oxides are acidic in nature, which re Uses ¢ HCl is used in industries, for cleaning of boiler, sink bases to form corrosponding salts and water, and sanitary. 12. Aqueous solution of acids, bases and salt are g conductor because they contain free ions. © HNO, is used for manufacturing fertilizers. ©” HLS, is used in petrochemicals, in lead acid battery 13. _Stength of acids and bases is detected on pH-scale. and so many other works. H,SO, is known as king of scale is marked from O to 14 : 14, Acids are of two types == acids. © Vinegar or acetic acid is used as a preservative for pickles (a) Strong acids (b) Weak acids and food materials, for cleaning of wooden furniture Bases are of two types (a) Strong bases (b) Weak bases. Q 1. Name the scale used for determining hydrogen 4159 write the chemical equation for the rea ion concentration. Write the reasons and two harmful effects etween plaster of paris and water. ‘Ans, Chemical formula of plaster of paris is ‘Ans. pH scale is used for determining-hydrogen 10n 44,0, The chemical equation for the feaction between ple concentration. 4 of paris and water is a follows: ~ { If the pH value of rain water is 5.6 or less, than it is CaSO. 41,0 + 1)4H,0 > CaS0,. 2H,0 talled acid rain. Two harmful effects of acid rain are as Plaster of Paris water © Gypsum 3. Match column A with column B ollows:— () Acid rain decreases the pH value of river water making acidic which is very hazardous for aquatic flora and fauna. Caan Column B (ii) Acid rain causes skin diseases, if one comes in contact (@ Strong acid @inemera th the acid rain water, Gi) Weak acid (b) NHCL Q2. Wrie the chemic: of acid rain. -al formula of plaster of paris and(ii) Antacid (iv) Strong base (y) Weak base (vi) Neutral salt (vi) Acidic salt (iit) Basic salt (ix) Natural Indicator (x) Synthetic Indicator ns, Column A (i) Strong acid (ii) Weak acid (ii) Antacid (iv) Strong base (v) Weak base (vi) Neutral salt (vil) Acidie-salt (viii) Basie salt (ix) Natural Indicator (x) Synthetic Indicator Q4. Name the ac (©) NaxCO, (a) Methyl Orange (©) CH\COOH (W380, () NHOH (h) Milk of magnesia (i) NaOH (j) NaCl Column B (1) H»SOq (c) CH,COOH (h) Milk of magnesia (i) NaOH (9) NH,OH G) NaCl (b) NH,Cl (c) Na;CO; (a) Turmeric (a) Methyl Orange secreted by ant’s sting. ‘Ans. Methanoic acid (formic acid) is secreted by ant's m8 QS. What should be the value of pH for neutral lution? ‘Ans. The pH value is 7 for a neutral solution Q6. Reaction of sodium hydroxide with zine metal reduces a gas. Name the gas. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. 2NaOH! + Zn —y NayZnOy+ Hy * (8) Sodium | Zine Hydrogen aan Sodium. Q7. Name the chemical used in each of the following ses: (i) To make drinking water free from bacteria To make soft Snackes. To remove permanent hardness of water. (iv) To make toys and decorative items. Ans. (i)Bleaching powder is used to make drinking water, from bacteria (ii) Baking soda is used to make soft snacks. pl) Washing soa isused to remove permament hardness water. (iv) Plaster of paris is used to make toys and decorative ams, Q8. Zine reacts with sulphuric acid to produce “X” 15. Name gas “X” a ‘I Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction. ) How can gas “X” be identified? Ans. (i) Name of gas “X” is hydrogen (H)), Gi) «Chemical equation is as follows :- Zn + H:S0, —> ZnSO, + Hy (iii) Identification of gas *X”—When the gas filled test ube is brought near a burning candle, the gas burns with a popping sound. Thus, the gas is hydrogen Q 9, Whose pl value is more :~ {a) Blood or Distilled water (b) Gastric juice or lemon juice (RapwsirazOrs) ‘Ans. (a) Between blood and distilled waer, pH value of blood is more, |b). Between gastric juice and lemon juice, pH value of lesion juice is more Q10, Name two synth -(Rafour 2015) Ans, Two synthetic indicators are as followes = (i) Methyl Orange (ii) Phenolphthalein. Q.11. What is the pH scale ? Explain that the change pH of mouth is the reason of tooth decay ? Ans. pH scale is a measure which show the numerical value of acidity or basicity, It is used to calculate the ‘concentration of ions present in the solution ‘Toothdecay due to pH change - The enemal of teeth is made by calcium phosphate, which is the hardest substance of ‘our body. It is not dissolved in water but when pH of mouth becomes less than 5,5, it starts decay, The sugar and food particles remains in mouth after lunch and dinner. These are degraded by bacterias present in mouth to produce acid, Due to acid pH of mouth becomes low which cause tooth decay. The tooth decay can be prevented by cleaning the teeth after eating with tooth paste or powder. Q.12, Write the two major components of Baking, powder? ‘ ‘Ans. Baking powder is a mixture carbonate and tartaric acid. : Q.13, In the following strong acid and strong base are- (A) Acetic acid and hydrochloric acid, j (B) Sodium hydroxide and ealcium. hydroxide. ‘Ans, (A) Strong acid ~ ce gh bon) (B) Strong base - Sodium hydroxide. . Q.14. Write the name of acidic oxides which cau: acid rain? Ans. SO, =Sulphure dioxide, NO, = Nitrogen dioxide Q.15. Write the number of crystalline water in Gyp: and plaster of Paris. Ans. Number of molecules in water of crystallisatic of gypsum = 2 jumber of molecules in water of crystallisation plaster of paris = 1/2 Q.16, Which one has higher pH value? 1M NaOH i) 1 M HCI fium hydrogen Ans. pH of 1MNaOH would be more. * QAT, (a) What is Chlor-alkali process? (b) Write the name of gaseous products A and B electrolysis of solution of sodium chloride, (c) Write the chemical reaction between gase products A and B, ‘Ans. (a) On passing electricity through the aqueous solution of sodium chloride it decomposes to produce sodiym hydroxide. This process is called chlor-alkali process.__——— ————— lowly with conti ‘on dilution we add acid in water very sl aq (6) 2NaCl(aq.)+ 2H,0() > 2NaOH String Ife add watrin aid then du to Mehl ext : (aq.) +Cl,(g)+H3(8) reaction the mixture can pea the glass utensil may 4 The gaseous products obtained on electrolysis ofaqueous breakdown and we may but solution of sodium chloride ar’ chlorine gas (Cl,pand hydrogen (C)_ Orange = Ascorbic acid gas (Hy) Temarind = Tartaric acid. hy db ig (D) Caustic soda (NaOH) is prepared by th 10 Sl His HC electrolysis of saturated aquous NaCl solution. Cl, gas Hydrochloric Acid, curs on anode, H, gas on cathode and aquous solution .18. (A)-What is the effect of hydrogen ion[H1*] °C titensil This reaction is known as chlore-al ‘concentration on the nature of solution? SO process. is added in acid, Give reason, NaCl == Na’ + Cl (C) Write the name of acids found in orange and 1,0 =H’ +0H ae at cathode 2H? + 26 > 2Ht 2 (D) Explain the chlore-alkali ae anedaacl» ety Chita aT inutensil Na’ + OH» -» NaOH(aq,) Ans. (A) “We know that ph log, [}H'], So as the “Q.19. (A) Write the differences between soap ay concentration of Hons in solution increases, the value of pH detergents decreases and the acidic nature of solution increases, (B) Why the pure acetic acid is called glacial ac (B) The dilution of an acid is an exothermic reaction, acid ? i Be ‘Ans. (A) Soap Detergent 1 [These are sodium or potassium salt of long chain Fatty acids These are sodium alkyl sulphate or sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate They do not work in hard water. 2|They work both in hard and soft water. ‘These are biodegradable and spread ‘These are non-biodegradable and spread less polation Imore polution, (B) The freezing point of pure acetic acid is very low The dirt on clothes are due to oil or grease bound 278K). So in winter it becomes to freeze so itis, dust particles. When clothes are deeped in soap solution, t called glacial acetic ac hydrocarbon tail cover the oil droplets from each side ai = Q.20.(a) Explain acid and base.with example on the ionic head remain out side : basis of Arrhnius Concept. 4, (b) Explain Micelle formation with Ans. (A) According to Arrheneous theory- Acids are the substance which gives H” ion in aquous solution. The H’ ion is reactive so remains as H,O* HCl,,,, —>H;, Hi, +H,0—>H,0,,, Opposite to it- Bases are the substance which gives OH" on dissociation in aquous solution. KOH,,,,+—>K,;, +Cl,.) Figure: Structure of Micelle j f in) The structure is called micelle, when we rinse the cloth (B) Formation of micelles- A soap molecule hare two with water, the micelles moves upwards with foam and parts- hydrocarbon tail and ionic head, from which hydrocarbon particle goes downward, Thus clothes becomes clean + OH, tail is oil loving and ionic head is water loving, © Q.21.(a) Write formula of bleaching powder. E ieee Ne its) bleaching process. ene (b) Draw labelled diagram of chemical reaction III/IV Metal with dilute H,SO, Hydrocarbon tail Tonic head ‘Ans.(a) The formula of bleaching powder is CaOCl (Gil loving) (water loving)Bleaching Action-Bleachnig powder gives Cl; gas pon exposed:to open air. This Cl; gas react with water to ;eatomic oxygen 0]. This oxygen performs bleaching action disappear the colour of moist vegetable substances like +, cotton, silk, Wool, tusk, hairs ete Cl; +H,0 ~ 2HCI+ [0] atomic oxygen Coloured substance + [0] -> Colourless substance (b) Zine metal react with dil, H,SO, to give H; gas. Zn+H,S0, ~ ZnSO, +H Detivery tube et Combustion of hydrogen gn oc seimerocaing Soona tet ube Cane aire HO. ne foun pace Dubos en soap solo Q.22. Give reasons of the following statements : i) Milk of magnesia is used for treatment of acidity jn stomach, (ii) Industrial development of any country is asured on the basis of consumptions of sulphuric acid. Ans. (i) Mg(OH), is milk of magnesia which is a weak se. Inacidity, Me(OH), is used because it neutralizes excess cid present in our stomach and gives the relief from acidity, 0 milk of magnesia is used as antacid. (i) Sulphuric acid (H.SO,) is the king of acids which in Most of industries like textile industry, paper industry, lastc industry, Pharma industries, petro-industry etc. If any ty isindustrialy developed, there will be high consumption, fH.SO, so sulphuric acid is parameter to measure the lustrial' development of any country. Q.23.(a) Give reasons of the following statements = =(i) Baking soda is used to make cakes soft and pongy. (ii) Feeling of burning sensation on skin by bite of fed ants. Ans. (a) (i)Baking soda releases CO, reacting with acid ike tartaric acid. This CO, comes out from bread and cakes ing them porus and these pores are filled with air so bread cakes become spongy. % NaHCO, +H CO, +H,0 (ii) Formic acid (HCOOH) is found in Red ant. when it ites, it introduces formic acid inthe skin and makes the feeling, fuming sensation (b) labelled diagram of oil drop crowded by soap— Soup molecule Oil drop GA Hydrophilic head ope Q.24, Which substance does not have water of crystallisation, (Raj. Board 2022) (a) Washing soda (b) Gypsum (c) Baking soda (d) Plaster of Paris Ans, (¢) Baking soda ; 4.25, Draw a labelled diagram of conduction of electricity by an aquous solution of acidi(Raje BOrd/2022) Ans. ae be Beaker ‘Nail 4 pitute Het solution Rubber cork Fig: Acid solution in water conducts electricity =Q. 26. Match of following— (P) Gypsum (i) NaHCO, (Q) Bleaching powder (ii) CaSO,.4H,0 (R) Baking soda ca0Cl, (S) Plaster of Paris (iv) CaSO,.2H,0 (Raj Boar 2022) Ans. P-(iv),, Q-(iii), R-G), S-Gi) = 0.27. When electricity is passed through the solution ‘of common salt then two gases 'X' and 'Y! are liberated along with sodium hydroxide. Gas "X' burns. pop up sound and gas’!Y' is useful for disinfecting water. What will be the gases 'X' and 'Y', write their names, Ans. It is a chlor-alkali process. When we pass current in aquous solution of salt two gases are formed Cl, and H.. Gas X’ is H, which burns with pop-sound. Gas "Y" is Ci, which is used to make water germfree. 2NaCl + 2H,0 2NaOH +H, + 2Cl, Q. 28. State two difference between acid and base. Ans. The two differences between acid and base are as follows —f Ad Base following order (Weis sour in taste, Teis bitter in taste Gastric juice > Lemon juice > Vi = — (ii) Ietums blue litmus red._| It tums red litmus blue. Q.30, When a sodium compound (X" reacts io. ime of substances pH value dilute HCI then salt, water and gas oe Lemon Juice 2 Compounds 'X' is used to make bread soft and Vinegar 76 Gas "¥" turns lime water milky (white precipitate), Gastric Juice 1.2 the names of compounds 'X' and gas 'Y". i Tomato Juice 44 ; descending order of hydrogen ion Ans. The sodium compounds "X’ is used to make concentration of substances on the basis of above table. bread soft and spongy, so the compound is sodium carbonate, It react with dilute HCI to give salt NaCl, Ans. As the concentration of H" ions decreases in solution, and CO, gas, Thus gas Y"is CO, which tums lime water the pH of solution increases, So if we arrange the substances ‘NaHCO, + HCI —> NaCl + H,0 + CO, of table in their decreasing H* ions concentration. We get 0) @) —> NH} +. Ol — wea (a) Ins ii jis theory of acids and (c) Semiconductor (4) No effect cae eee 2 pHs the negative log of which ions— ‘Ans. According to Lewis theory~ "Acids (a) [H,0) (b) [OH] substance which gain electron pair and bases are the sul (c) fH’) (d) [Na’} which loss electron pair. Example 3 The digestion in our stomuch takes place in the medium— — (a) Acidic (b) Basic BF, +NH, —> BF, NH, (©) Neutral (4) Aquous In this reaction BF, is an acid which gain an 4 Which material is used in fire extinguisher. pair and NH, is a base which loss their electron pair. (a) Na,CO, (b) NaOH ‘combined by’a coordination bond, (c) NaCl (d) NaHCO, Lewis acids are electron deficient compounds in 5 a ae coctate is incomplete. eg. BF, AICI, FeCl,, Mg’, Na’ (a) NaHCO, (b) NaOH Lewis bases are electron rich compounds which (©) Na,CO,10H,0 (d) CaSOq 3H,0 enna ise aot eg. NHy,H,0:, OH Ic. Q.4.How the acids react with metallic oxides? equation. Ans. Acids react with melallic oxides to give salt CUR water thus the metalic oxides are basie in nature + 2HCL L+H, -Q.1.Write the defination of acids and bases Q.s iow ue bases react with non metal ox according to arrehenius ? Grasmuton: 5 ‘Ans.According to arrehenius~ "Acids are the substances "Ans, Bascs react with non-metal oxides to give salt 1. (b) 2. (©) _3.(@) 4.) 5. (©) a which given H’ ions on decomposition in aquous solution”. water thus the non-metal oxides are acidic in nature. HCI, > Hie, + Cl CO, + 2NaOH ~» Na,CO, + H,0 ‘These H’ ions temains ‘as H,O" ons (Hydronium ions) ~ Q.6, What is plaster of Paris ?” How can it pr HY +H,0 + H,0* Write the uses of it. ‘While "Bases are the substances which gives OH” ions Ans. Plaster of Paris (POP) is a white, smooth on decomposition in aquous solution. which change into a rigid solid mass on add with water. It} NaOH,,,->Na‘,.. + OH’, 1 ~ Q.2.Explaln the acids and"bases according to jemihydrate of calcium sulphate (caso, 3,0), bronsted-Lowry concept. se 2 Ans.According to Bronsted Lowry conogpt "Acids are Itis prepared by gypsum on heating it on 393K. the substance. Which are proton donar and bases are proton 1. ae acceptor, so they give the concept of conjugate acid-base pair. CaSO, 2H,0—"* +CaS0, tors Cypsian ton Boe oes un cone Uses of POP : It is uscd for ~ Acid Base Conjugate base” Conjugate acidaaa f () Plaster on breaking bone, nd metal and other reaction between i), Building construction (ii) Manufacutring of sculpture and ornamental thing ('v) Manufacutring heater plate as a heat resist material. AQ.T.Soap does not work in hard water. Why? ‘Ans.Calcium and magnesium jons (Ca? and Mg") are tin hard water. These ions displace Na’ ions from soap forms calcium and magnesium soap. These salts arc zuble in water so remove as scum, Thus, the cleaning action xs not perform. Q.8.Which compounds are added in detergents to grove their quality 2 Ans.Some compounds like inorganic phasphate, sodium, soxiborate and fluoroscent compounds are added in nts. Q.9.H" ion concentration in a solution is 1 x 10% gm a per liter. Calculate the pH of solution? The solution 4 be acidic or basic? We know that ~ Jog, (4°) y ooo Ct * 10°) Pp log,,1 + log, 10° pH=0+5 a ‘The pH of solution is S which is less than 7, so solution A be acidic. 'AQ.10. Give one example each with equation of reaction scid and base with metal ? Ans.H.SO, react with magnesium to give magnesium phate (salt) and hydrogen gas. Maj) +HS0 (44) —> MgSO) +H (8) * ) aa) NaOH react with zinc to give sodium zincate (salt) and sas. Zany) + 2NaOH,,,) —>NazZn0,,,) +Hy(g) ? Q.11. What is neutralisation reaction. Give an example. ‘Ans.When acid and base react with cach other they get wtralise to each other and forms salt and water, it is called sralisation reaction, e.g. — NaOH, +HCI.,, > NaCl,,,. +H,0,, Q.12. Which compound is used to prepare transparent ‘Ans.Giycerine or glycerol. Q.13. Write the name of substance which react with lorine to form bleaching powder? Ans.Dry slaked lime [Ca(OH),] Q.14. Which gas is dissolved in soda water and cold inks? Ans.CO. gas is dissolved at high pressure. ~Q.15. What is Soda ash? Ans.Dry or anhydrous sodium carbonate is known as fa-ash Na3CO;.10H;0 — > Na,CO, +10H,0 7, Soda ash @ Q 16. What is litmus? Ans. Litmus is a natural indicator, obtained from lichen, s used as an acid-base indicator. Q 17. Give one chemical equation for the reaction between acid base and metal, ‘Ans. Sulphuric acid reacts with magnesium to form ‘magnesium sulphate (salt) and hydrogen gas, Mg(s). + 1,8O4(aq)—> MgSO, +1y(a)? Magnenn Sulphuric Magreniom {drogen . wid phate Sodium hydroxide reacts with zinc to form sodium zincate (salt) and hydrogen gas Zn(s)+2NaOH (aq. —» NagZnOy + 4() 1 Zine Sodom ‘Soxtwm Hydrogen Ivdrode Aincate 018. Write word equation for the following reaction and then write balanced chemical equation ‘ ~{i) Reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate, ge (ii) Reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate, yee Reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and xide. Reaction between calcium hydroxide and carbon Sodium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid — Sodium chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide Na, CO;(s)+2HCI (aq.)—H,0(1) + CO,(g) NaCl(aq) (ii). Sodium hydrogen ‘carbonate P Hydrochiloric acid > Sodium chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide Nay COs(s)+2HCI (aq.)rNaCI(aq.) + H20(1) , * COx(a) (ii) Copper oxide + Hydrochloric acid +> Copper (II) Chloride + Water CuO(s) + 2HCI(aq.) > CuCl aq.) + Hz0(1) (iv) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide > Calcium carbonate + Water Y. Ca(OH), (aq,)+CO,(2) ¥ CaCO, (8+ H,0(1) ~Q19.The aqueous solution of HCI, HNO; etc. exhibit acidic character whereas the aqueous solution of CHjOH, CsHy20¢ ete. donot exhibit acidic character. Give reason, <» SAV Ans. HCl, HNO; etc. get ionised ih aqueous solution to produce H ions: Thus, these exhibit acidic character, whereas, CH,OH, CgH)20¢ do not get ionised in their aquedus solution to produce H’Jons, due to co-ordinate bond, so these donot exhibit acidic propert Q20. Which acid is secreted by our stomach? Ans, Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by our stomach. Q21. What is the nature of our blood? Ans. The pH of blood is 7.4 and so blood is alkaline in nature — Q22. What is universal ii -ator? Ans. Universal indicator is a mixture of many different indicators, which gives different colours at different pH values of the entire pH. scale, Since the pH of a solution depends on the hydrogen jon concentration, so’ we can also say that the universal indicator shows different colours at different concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, The colour produced on adding acid or base is compared with the colourstl ‘on pH colour chart, to known the strength of acid oF base Q23, What is dlitutio Ans, Addition of water to an acid or base reduces the ‘number of ions per unit volume. This process in called dilution Q24.On the basis of the strength, how many types of acids and bases are there? Explain with examples. Ans. On the basis of the amount of H” ions produced, the acids are of two types = {() Strong Acid—The acid which fumishes more H” fons in its aqueous solution is called strong acid, For example Hydrochloric acid (HCD, sulphuric acid (H,80,) and hitric acid (HNO,). (i) Weak Acid—The acid which furnishes less H ious in its aqueous solution is called weak actd. For example Acctic acid (CH\COON), formic acid (HCOOH), Carbonic acid (HCO) On the basis of the amount of OW ions produced, bases are of two types = {) Strong Base—The base which completely jonises in ater and thus produces a lange amount of hyttroxide ions is called strong base, For Exampl—Sodiumt hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) (ii) Weak base—The base which is partially ionised in Water and produces a small amount of hydroxide ions is called ‘weak base. For example=Ammonim hydroxide (NH,OH), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH),] ete ~Q2S. Why salts have different value of pH? Explain with example, Ans. Salts are formed when acids react with bases. Though the aquoous solutions of many salts are neutral with PH equal to 7 but some salts produce acidic or basic solutions, ‘when dissolved in water. The acidic and basic nature of some salt solutions can be explained on the basis of hydrolysis of ‘trong acids and strong bases give neutral ‘Thus, such salts are neutral in nature, with pH value solution. of for example— NaCl, K,S0, etc. (a) The salts of strong acids and weak bases give acidic solution. Thus such salts are acidic in nature, with pH value of less then 7 for example— ZnSO,, CuSO, ete. {Gi The salts of weak acids and strong bases give basic solution. Thus such salts are alkaline in nature, with pH value of more than 7. For example— CHsCOONa, NaHCO; etc. Q26.Give four names of salts, each belonging from chloride family, nitrate family and sulphate family. Ans.The salts having the same positive ions or same negative ions are said to belong to a family of salts. Salts of chloride family =~ @) NaCl (Sodium Chloride) (ji) KCI ( Potassium Chloride) (Gil) MgCl (Magnesium Chloride) (iv) NH,Cl (Ammonium Chloride) Salts of nitrate family : (i) KNO, (Potassium nitrate) (ul) NaNO, (Sodium nitrate) (it) Ca (NOs)> (Caleium nitrate) (iv) NH.NO; (Ammonium nitrate) f sulphate family ORSO, (Potassium sulphate) (i) Na,S0 (Sodium sulphate) i) MaSOu( Sages spa ‘9 ‘i 3 What a ter af ryt 5? Expig example, What i the effec of heat on such compoung ‘Ans, The water molecules whic form part ofthe ti ‘ofa crystal or ofa salt are called water of crystallisation, salts which contain water of crystallisation Be fe led salts, Every hydrated salt has fed un a ta eS, 'SH,0, Na,CO3, 10H0 etc. ‘When hydrated salts are heated strongly, they loge watet of crystallisation and becomes anhydrous salt, example CuSO, 31,0—*» CuSO, +5H,0 Waler Iydroted copper Andrus Site he) cert ni Q28.Write the method of preparation of follow compounds, giving two uses of ench (i) Bleaching powder. (ii) Baking soda ii) Washing soda. Ane. WO Bletching powder—Bleaching powdal prepared by passing chlorine gas over dry slaked lime, Ca(OH), + Ch —> CoOC — +Hy Calsiom bydoxide Chlorine Cakium Orychlride Wa ‘Slakelime) (Gheaching power) Uses := (a) Bleaching powder is used for bleaching clo bleaching action of bleaching powder is due to the chig released by it (b) itis used for disinfecting drinking water. ) Baking Soda :~Baking soda is produced on’ scale by reacting a cold and concentrated solution of sod chloride with ammonia and carbon dioxide. 5 NaCl + NH3 +H,0+ CO, —+NaHCO,+ Sg, Armonia Water Caton Sim show mors Uses = : () Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an ant ‘medicine to remove acidiy of the stomach. (b) Sodium hydrogencarbonate is used in powder used in making cakes, bread etc. (iii) Washing soda:-Washing soda is pr sodium chloride in the following three steps (@) A cold and concentrated solution of sodium is reacted with ammonia and carbon dioxide to form hydrogen carbonate, ae (b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is slightly insohible separated by filteration and heated to produce sodiutn cit 2NaHCO;—*-» NayCO;+ CO, +H,0 Sodium Sodium" Carkon Wotor Carbonate dose (Sida ash)(c) The anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in get and recrystallised to get washing soda crystals. aining 10 molecules of water of crystallisation, NaCO; +1010 Na,CO, Ania Sedum Wate Sodum carbone one Secunia (Saas) ‘rahi vss) Uses :~ (i) Sodium carbonate is used'as a cleansing agent for ,nestie purposes like washing clothes. (ii) Sodium carbonate is used for removing permanent ess of water Q29. The mark of gravy on white cloth turns red own on applying soap. Why? Ans. The mark of gravy on white cloth turns reddish own on applying soap because turmeric of gravy reacts with isline soap to prduce reddish brown colour, because turmeric }s0 acts as a natural acid-base indicator like litmus 7930. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in ‘absence of water? ‘Ans. Theacidic behaviour of acids is due to the presence {rbydrogen ions, Haq.) ions, in them. The acids produce xérogen ions only in the preence of water. So, in the absence fwater, a substance will not form hydrogen ions and hence, ill not show its acidie behaviour. / O31. Make a list of 5 acids, obtained from natural List of 5 acids obtained from natural sources are ven as below :— Natural source Acid obtained 1. Vinegar Acetic acid 2. Orange Citric acid 3. Tamarind Tartaric acid 4, Tomato Oxalic acid 3. Curd Lactic acid (Q32. You are provided with two solutions A and B. he pH values of solution A is 5 and that of solution B 10. Which solution has more H” ions concentration? ate the acidic and basis nature of the solutions. Ans. The pH value of solution A is 5, which is less than so solution A isacidic in nature. The pH value of solution B 10, which is more than 7, so solution B is alkaline, The more pH value, the less is the hydrogen ion concentration and ce versa. Thus solution A with less pH value will have higher ydrogen ion concentration Q33. Do the alkaline solution have H'(aq.) ions? Ans. Yes, the alkaline solutions have H’ (aq) ions but solutions have more OH'(aq.) ions, which suppresses (aq) ions and makes the solution alkaline. Q 34. If 8 ml HCI Solution is required for the jeutralisation of 10 ml NaOH solution, then find the Imount of same HCI solution, which will be required ir the complete neutralisation of same 20 ml NaOH lution? Ans, If 10 ml NaOH requires 8ml HCL 8 io MNCL Then | ml NaOH will requires : 8 20m! NaOH will require [5 *20 ml HCL = 16 ml HCL Q35, You have been provided with three test tubes. ‘One of them contains distilled water and the other two contains an acidic solution and a basie solution respectively. Ifyou are given only blue litmus paper how will you identify the countents of ench test- tube? ‘Ans. First ofall we will put the blue litmus in all the solutions, The solution which will turn blue litmus red will be aacidic solution, Now we will put this red litmus in rest two tubes and the tube which will turn the red litmus blue, will be basic solution and the third tube which has no offect on any litmus paper will be neutral and hence it willbe distilled water. Q36. Why sour food items and curd should not be kept in brass and bronze utensiles? ‘Ans, Sout food items and curd are acidic in nature and they react with brass and bronze to produce salts, which are very harmful for our body, So, we should not keep sour food items and curd in these utensils, ‘37. On reaction of a metal with acid, which gas is produced? Explain with example How will you identify the nature of gas produced? ‘Ans. Metal reacts with acid to prodcue hydrogen gas. For example — Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid to produce zine sulphate and hydrogen gas, + HySO, —>ZnSOj+ Hy (2) Suhre Zine * Hydrogen ad sulphate ‘Test for identification of gas :—When the gas filled test tube is brought near a burning candle,the gas bums with a popping sound, suggesting that the gas is hydrogen. Q38. A compound “A” reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce calcium chloride and a gas, which extinguishes a burning candle, Identify compound A and the gas produced. Also write balanced chemical equation for the reaction. ‘Ans, According to the question, A¥HCI > CaCl, + gas Since the product is calcium chloride containing calcium so the reactant “A” will also be calcuim containing compound, The gas produced extinguishes the burning candle, so the gas will be carbon dioxide and thus the compound “A” will be calcium carbonate Balanced chemical equation for the reaction is a CaCO; + 2HCKag) -> CaCl, (ag) H,0(0)+ COn(2) CColenm. Hicrochonc—Caleum Water Carbon Carbonate acd horde inde Q39, Aqueous solutins of acids are good conductor of electricity. Explain. Ans. Aqueous solutions of acids produce hydrogen ions and so these solutions are good conductor of electric