FC Fuji Electric Innovating Energy Technology WHAT IS STS? STS(Static Transfer Switch), is an automatic static switching equipment designed to transfer critical loads between two independent AC power sources without interruption or with a transfer time of less than a cycle (20ms). The STS consists of Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's), control & sensing circuits to monitor the incoming sources and transfer the critical loads connected to the secondary source when the primary source fails. The schematic of an STS is shown below (figure 1) STATIC TRANSFER SWITCH (STS)SEARED FR Fuji Electric DIAGRAM OF STS Innovating Energy Technology The availability of the STS is based on the major components which are used like static switch, its driver, power supply and the common circuits, which include sensing circuit, microcontroller/DSP, cooling system as shown in figure 2 The static switch, driver PCB's and the power supply are parallel components. The common circuits are series components. The overall availability of STS is shown in the below table. The table also shows the availability of an STS without any specific internal redundancy and with an assumption of natural cooling to achieve the highest availability. On the other hand, if the STS design requires @ forced air cooling the reliability con comes down as the fans are consumables and are subject to failure which can impact the performance of STS Figure 2 Reliability Block Diagram of STS Description MTBF MITR_ | Availabilty | MTBF MTTR | Availability Source Availability 2.49994 Hrs | 6Hrs | 99.9976% [249,994 Hrs | 6Hrs | 99.9976% Static Switch 805.946 Hrs | 2Hrs | 99.9996% [8.05.906Hrs | 2Hrs | 99.9998% ‘SCR Driver g9.998Hrs | 2Hrs | 99.9980% [99.008Hrs | 2Hrs_| 99.9980% ‘SCR Driver Power Supply 4ga98Hrs | 2Hrs | 99.9960% [49,008 Hrs | 2Hrs_| 99.9960% Measurement g9.998Hrs | 2Hrs | 99.9980% [99,008Hrs | 2Hrs | 99.9980% Reliabilty of STS 48.493Hrs | 4Hrs | 99.9918% [48,493Hts | 4Hrs | 99.9918% Common Path Desoription MTBF MITR | Availability ‘DSP 200,000 Hrs | 2Hrs | 99.9990% Description MTBF MiTR_| Availabilty Total Availabilty of STS: 5,99,592 Hrs | 6 Hrs | 99,9990% System Tablo 1 Availabilty of STS 11-2 © Copyrights ReservedIMPROVING RELIABILITY OF STS From the table refered in the previous page it is evident that the chances of the failure is low, which increases the overall availability of STS. It is also possible to build up an internal redundancy in the power supply with an criss-cross connection of the power supply (as shown in Fig.3)to improve the availability of power supply Figure 4 Criss-Cross Connection of Power Supply The static switch consists of an inbuilt manual bypass (as shown in fig 1) to ensure the availability of the power for the critical loads connected to the STS. The availability of STS can also be improved by reducing the MTTR, by using hot swappable STS modules instead of conventional monolithic construction. ‘© Copyrights Reserved FC Fuji Electric Innovating Energy TechnologyCOMPARISON OF FO Fuji Electric RELIABILITY OF POWER Innovating Energy Technology DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITH UPS & STS In an conventional UPS configuration with N+1 configuration, where N=2, we put in place @ parallel configuration with 3 UPSs in parallel and an common output from the parallel bus is taken and provided as a input to the critical loads. Although this configuration provides the redundancy at UPS level, there is still a possibility of a single point of failure, which is the common parallel bus (a rarest scenario). Disadvantages of this configuration includes * Concurrent maintenance is not possible * Critical parallel bus is not a fault tolerant design. Should there be a fault generated downstream, the same can be propagated to the critical bus impacting the availability for other critical loads * Single point of failure in parallel bus. ‘These above mentioned disadvantages can be overcome by optimising the system design using an STS and the common parallel bus is replaced with a three independent STS with a criss-cross connection as shown in the below table. UPS In N+1 Configuration with STS UPS In Net Main Power Supaly supa, Main Power ‘Schematic Sup Main Power Supaly Main Power supaly MTBF of UPS. Configuration 11,98,749 Hrs, 1,19,988 Hrs MTBF of STS 12.000 Hrs. 12.000 Hrs. Availablity 99.9990% 99,9900% ‘Annual Downtime 0.088 Hrs 0.876 Hrs Redundancy Level 67% 67% Table 2 Reliability Comparison of Ne UPS with and without STS 1-4 © Copyrights ReservedCOMPARISON OF FO Fuji Electric RELIABILITY OF POWER Innovating Energy Technology DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM WITH UPS & STS This configuration helps to have © Acconeurrent maintenance of the distribution system as the UPS can be removed without disturbing the load * Compartmentalisation of fault in the downstream distribution of the load is possible as the STS doesn't allow the fault to transfer(example a fault in load conected to static switch C, will impact only the loads connected to that specific static switch) * No single point of failure as we migrate to multiple N configuration instead of conventional N+1 configurations The above schematics can be used for any critical PDU PDUs PDUs PU Power quality and industrial parks ‘Automated manufacturing R&D labs Semiconductor industry There are various configurations of UPS which are possible as shown below in figures applications not limited to * Data Centre «Intensive Care Units in hospitals * Operation Theatres in hospital * Signalling & Communications for Metro Rails, ups Railways * Critical T operations * E-commerce businesses + Telecommunication centres * Network operations centres * Optic Fibre nerve centre * Process Control * Airport Security, Air Trafic Centre System © Commercial buildings © Power generation plants Pou =PDU PDU PDU PDU PDU Pou = PDUs PDU 115 © Copyrights Reservedmalas ing Fo Fuji Electric IMPROVEMENT Innovating Energy Technology WITH STS It is also evident from the table 2, that the implementation of an STS will improve the MTBF and the availability of the critical loads. In addition to the improved availability of power for the critical loads, the implementation of STS will also. provide additional advantages like * Fault Discrimination / Segregation > Compartmentalisation of fault, avoid propagation of fault * Improved utilisation factor * Optimise the capacity of UPS based on the load and improve the loading levels * Better Efficiency * Beller PUE * Lower Operational Cost * Flexibility of Installation > adapt the installation based on the load levels * Concurrent Maintenance > helps to maintain or repair the distribution system without impacting a downtime on the connected loads. ‘© Copyrights Reserved