ក្រសួងអប់រ ំ យុវជន និងរីឡា

វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេរវិទ្យារម្ពជា
ុ

ច្េប៉ាតឺម្៉ាង់ ច្ទ្យពច្ោសល្យ អគ្គិសនី និងថាម្ពល្

គ្ច្ក្ោងសញ្ញ
ា បក្តវិសរ
វ រ

ោរសិរាច្ល្ើខ្សែបណ្ដ
ា ញបញ្ជូ នតង់សយង់សពស១
់ ១៥គ្ីឡវ៉ា
ូ ុល្ពីអូច្ក្តេះច្ៅោន់
អនុស្ថានីយក្៍ ពេះសីហនុទ្យី២

និសែ ិត : ស្ថយ ដាសុន

ី
ឯរច្ទ្យស : អគ្គិសនី និងថាម្ពល្
ស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយទ្យទ្យួល្បនទរ
ុ : បណ្ឌិត វវ៉ា វណ្ណៈ
ឆ្ន ំសិរា : ២០១៩ – ២០២០

MINISTERE DE L’EDUCATION,
DE LA JEUNESSE ET DES SPORTS

INSTITUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE

DEPARTEMENT DE GENIE ELECTRIQUE ET ENERGETIQUE

MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDES INGENIEUR

Étude sur la Ligne de Transmission 115kV d’OTres à GIS2

Etudiant : SAY Dasin
Spécialité : Electrique et Energétique
Maître de stage : Dr. VAI Vannak
Année scolaire : 2019 – 2020
 ក្រសួងអប់រ ំ យុវជន និងរីឡា

វិទ្យាស្ថានបច្ចេរវិទ្យារម្ពជា
ុ

ច្េប៉ាតឺម្៉ាង់ ច្ទ្យពច្ោសល្យ អគ្គិសនី និងថាម្ពល្

គ្ច្ក្ោងសញ្ញ
ា បក្តវិសរ
វ រ

របស់និសែិ ត ស្ថយ ដាសុន

ី

ោល្បរ ិច្ចេទ្យោរពារនិច្រេបបទ្យ : ០៦ ខ្ស ររកដា ឆ្ន ំ ២០២០

អនុញ្ញ
ា តឲ្យោរពារគ្ច្ក្ោង

នាយរវិទ្យាស្ថាន: _________________

វងៃទ្យី ខ្ស ឆ្ន ំ ២០២០

ោរសិរាច្ល្ើខ្សែបណ្ដ
ា ញបញ្ជូ នតង់សយង់សពស១
់ ១៥គ្ីឡវ៉ា
ូ ុល្ពីអូច្ក្តេះច្ៅោន់អនុ
ស្ថានីយក្៍ ពេះសីហនុទ្យី២

សហក្ាស : ច្សនច្ងរច្ៅច្វើ សូអិល្ធីឌី

ក្បធានច្េប៉ាតឺម្៉ាង់ : បណ្ឌិត ក្ជិន ផុរ ___________

ស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយទ្យទ្យួល្បនទរ
ុ : បណ្ឌិត វវ៉ា វណ្ណៈ ___________

អនរទ្យទ្យួល្សុសក្តូវរនងសហក្ាស
ុ : ច្ោរ ឆុំ ច្ឆ្ម្វឌឍនា______

រាជធានីភ្នំច្ពញ ឆ្ន ំ២០២០

 MINISTERE DE L’EDUCATION,

DE LA JEUNESSE ET DES SPORTS

INSTITUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE

DEPARTEMENT DE GENIE ELECTRIQUE ET ENERGETIQUE

MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDES INGENIEUR

DE Mlle. SAY Dasin

Date de soutenance : le 06 juillet 2020

« Autorise la soutenance du mémoire »

Directeur de l’Institut : __________________

Phnom Penh, le …….………..…… 2020

Étude sur la Ligne de Transmission 115kV d’OTres à GIS2

Etablissement du stage : SCHNEITEC POWER CO.,LTD

Chef du département : Dr. CHRIN Phok ________________

Maître de stage : Dr. VAI Vannak ________________

Tuteur de stage : M. CHHOM CHHOUM Vathana ___

PHNOM PENH, 2020

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis can be done successfully with the effort of everyone whom spent their time
to give extremely valuable advice and recommendation.

First, I would like to thank my parents whom always support me financially on my

education and daily life expense. As the good parents, they push me to go to school for being
a useful person in the nation, and they always motivate me when I feel down and advise me
when I did something wrong. Furthermore, they give me advices and the support whatever I
need to overcome all of obstacles. Without them, I cannot have this day and this outcome.

In addition, I would like thank to Dr. OM Romny, the president of Institute of

Technology of Cambodia (ITC), who gives me a chance to study in his institute. Under his
management, ITC has been recognized by other universities both National and International
such as; education, management and specially engineering.

Moreover, I would like thank to Dr. CHRIN Phok, head of Department of Electrical
and Energy Engineering of ITC. Beneath his control, Department of Electrical and Energy
Engineering improves the quality of studying to the good position in the society that be
recognized by our nation and other nation in the globe.

Additionally, I would like thank to Dr. VAI Vannak, my thesis advisor. Below his
advices, my research can be finished on time in high quality and responsibility. During writing
thesis, he always gave me good ideas for considering and analyzing.

Furthermore, I would like thank to Mr. CHHOM CHHOUM Vathana, the Project
Manager of SCHNEITEC POWER CO., Ltd whom gave me the opportunity to intern in this
company. He spent his free time to discuss and consult me about my thesis and also trained me
the way of practical knowledge that are related to my topic of the thesis.

Finally, I would like to thank to all my lecturers and seniors of Electrical and Energy
Engineering Department of ITC who gave me the vital knowledge of method and concept for
considering.

i
 សេចក្តេ
ី សខេប

បណ្ដ
ា ញបញ្ជន
ូ ថាមពលអគ្គិ សនីគ្ឺមានសារៈសំ ខាន់ ណ្ដស់ សម្រមាប់ ជីវត
ិ រស់ នៅម្របចំថ្ងៃក្នុងការ

បញ្ជ ូនថាមពលពីក្ន្នែងមួ យនៅក្ន្នែងមួ យនម្រកាមរូបភាពជាបណ្ដ

ា ញម្របនេទនម្រកាមដី និងម្របនេទនលើអា

កាស។ ជាក្់ ន្សា ង បណ្ដ

ា ញបញ្ជ ូននលើអាកាសតង់សយុងខ្ព ស់មានការនម្របើម្រាស់ សម្រមាប់ បញ្ជ ូនថាមពល

អគ្គិ សនីពីម្របេពបនងកើតថាមពលនៅកាន់ អនុសាានីយ៍ ឬពីអនុសាានីយ៍នៅកាន់ អនុសាានីយ៍ន្ដលមានចមាៃយ

ឆ្ងៃយៗ។

នៅក្ន ុងនិនក្េ បបទននេះម្រតូវានចងម្រក្ងន ើងពីការសិ ក្ាន្ខ្ែបណ្ដ

ា ញបញ្ជ ូនតង់សយុងខ្ព ស់ ១១៥

គ្ី ូវល
ុ ន្ដលអូ សនចញមក្ពីអនុសាានីយ៍អូ នម្រតេះនៅកាន់ អនុសាានីយ៍ម្រពេះសី ហនុទីពីរ។ ជាមួ យគ្ននននេះផង

ន្ដរ នៅក្ន ុងការសិ ក្ាគ្នម្រមាងននេះ នាងខ្្ំ ា

ុ នសិ ក្ានៅនលើការងារសំ ខាន់ ៗចំនួនបី ន្ដលក្ន ុងននាេះរួមមាន

ការនម្រជើសនរើសមុ ខ្កាត់ ន្ខ្ែ ការនម្រជើសនរើសឌីហែុងទ័រ និងការសិ ក្ាពីផលបេះពាល់ ថ្នបរិសាាន និងសងគម

ន្ដលបងកន ង
ើ នោយសារន្តវតត មានរបស់ គ្នម្រមាងមួ យននេះ។

ii
 ABSTRACT

The transmission line is very essential for human lives to transmit power from one place
to other. In fact, for HV transmission line, it is used to deliver power electricity from the
generated source to GS to GS for long distance.

In this thesis, I focus on HV transmission line 115kV where is from OTres substation to
GIS2 in Sihanouk Ville. Additionally, there are three scopes of work in this thesis such as;
choosing the overhead conductor, choosing circuit breaker and studying on impact of
environment and society which are caused by this project.

iii
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

AAC All Aluminum Conductor

AAAC All Aluminum Alloy Conductor

ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced

AC Alternating Current

CB Circuit Breaker

DC Direct Current

EDS Every Day Stress

F.O.S Factor of Safety

GIS Gas Insulated Substation

GMD Geometric Mean Distance

GMR Geometric Mean Radius

HV High Voltage

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

MWT Maximum Working Tension

OH Overhead

SS Substation

UG Underground

UTS Ultimate Tensile Strength

iv
 CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... i

សេចក្តីេសខេប ...................................................................................................................... ii

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iii

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .................................................................................... iv
CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. v
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Presentation of Internship .......................................................................................... 1
1.2. Presentation of Company ........................................................................................... 1
1.3. Objective .................................................................................................................... 2
1.4. Scope of Work ........................................................................................................... 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Introduction to Transmission Line............................................................................. 3
2.2. The Decision Process to Build a Transmission Line ................................................. 4
2.3. Factor Affecting Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines .......................................... 5
2.4. Process of Selecting Proper Sizing of Conductor ...................................................... 5
2.5. Determine Load Current ............................................................................................ 5
2.6. Determine Current Carrying Capacity ....................................................................... 6
2.6.1. Determine AC Resistance at Operation Temperature ....................................... 6
2.6.2. Determine Heat Loss by Convection ................................................................ 7
2.6.3. Determine Heat Loss by Radiation ................................................................... 7
2.6.4. Determine Heat Gained by Solar Radiation ...................................................... 7
2.7. Determine Impedance of Conductor .......................................................................... 8
2.7.1. Calculate Impedance of Conductor ................................................................... 8
2.7.2. Calculate Impedance of HV Supply .................................................................. 9
2.7.3. Calculate Impedance of Transformer ................................................................ 9
2.8. Determine Voltage Drop of Conductor ..................................................................... 10
2.9. Determine Fault Current in the System ..................................................................... 10
2.10. Determine Cable Fault Rating ................................................................................... 11

v
 2.11. Determine Tension of Conductor .............................................................................. 11
2.12. Determine Sag of Conductor ..................................................................................... 14
2.12.1. Determine Sag at Equal Level ....................................................................... 14
2.12.2. Determine Sag at Unequal Level ................................................................... 15
2.12.3. Clearance........................................................................................................ 15
2.13. Protective Device ....................................................................................................... 17
2.13.1. Arcing Horn ................................................................................................... 17
2.13.2. Amor Rod....................................................................................................... 18
2.13.3. Circuit Breaker ............................................................................................... 19
3. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 23
3.1. Flow Chart ................................................................................................................. 23
3.2. Data Gatheredtor ........................................................................................................ 25
3.3. Calculate Load Current .............................................................................................. 25
3.4. Calculate Current Carrying Capacity......................................................................... 25
3.4.1. Calculate AC Resistance at Operation Temperature ......................................... 26
3.4.2. Calculate Heat Loss by Convection .................................................................. 27
3.4.3. Calculate Heat Loss by Radiation ..................................................................... 28
3.4.4. Calculate Heat Gained by Solar Radiation........................................................ 28
3.5. Calculate Impedance .................................................................................................. 28
3.5.1. Calculate Impedance of Transmission Line ...................................................... 28
3.5.2. Calculate Impedance of HV Supply .................................................................. 31
3.6. Calculate Voltage Drop of Conductor ....................................................................... 32
3.7. Calculate Fault Current in System ............................................................................. 32
3.8. Calculate Cable Fault Rating ..................................................................................... 33
3.9. Calculate Tension and Sag of Conductor .................................................................. 34
3.10. Choosing Protective Device ...................................................................................... 36
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................... 37
4.1. Result ......................................................................................................................... 37
4.2. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 40
5. STUDYING ON IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY ................................. 42
5.1. Condition of Construction of Transmission Line ...................................................... 42
5.2. Affection of Building Transmission Line on the Environment and Society ............. 42
5.3. The Solution of Solving the Problem ........................................................................ 43
6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 44

vi
REFERENCE
APPENDICE

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1: Logo of Company................................................................................................. 1

Figure 1.2: Address of Company ............................................................................................ 2
Figure 2.1: Overhead Transmission Line ............................................................................... 3
Figure 2.2: At Worst Condition .............................................................................................. 12
Figure 2.3: Sag at Equal Level................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2.4: Support at Equal Level ......................................................................................... 15
Figure 2.5: Lowest Height in Urban Area .............................................................................. 16
Figure 2.6: Area Where Third Person is Difficult Enter......................................................... 16
Figure 2.7: At the Road or Railway Station............................................................................ 17
Figure 2.8: Arcing Horn.......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 2.9: Amor Rod ............................................................................................................. 19
Figure 2.10: Classification of Circuit Breaker ........................................................................ 20
Figure 2.12: Cross Sectional View of Type HLR MOCB ...................................................... 21
Figure 2.13: Cross Section of Vacuum Interrupter ................................................................. 22
Figure 3.1: Process of Whole Work........................................................................................ 23
Figure 3.2: Process of Selecting Cross-sectional Area ........................................................... 24
Figure 3.3: Single Line of Project........................................................................................... 32

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Clearance for Urban Area ...................................................................................... 16

Table 2.2: Clearance for Area where Third Person Difficult to Enter ................................... 16
Table 2.3: At the Road or Railway Station ............................................................................. 17
Table 3.1: Data Gathered ........................................................................................................ 25
Table 3.2: Utility Factor of Material ....................................................................................... 26
Table 3.3: Skin Effect Factor .................................................................................................. 27
Table 4.1: Specification of Conductor .................................................................................... 37
Table 4.2: Specification of Circuit Breaker ............................................................................ 37
Table 4.3: Tension Sag and Clearance of Conductor.............................................................. 38
Table 4.4: Tension Sag and Clearance of Conductor at Strong Wind Condition ................... 39

ix
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Presentation of Internship

I started training at SchneiTec Power CO., LTD since 17, February, 2020 until 23,
May, 2020. During training, I really worked hard at there for writing this thesis and learning
something new more and more for expanding my knowledge. Actually, It made realize
better that otherwise technical knowledge, I have many things to learn more and more,
especially soft skill and communication. Being a good engineer must have both soft and
hard skill because all of developments or technologies always give both to humanity
positive and negative impact. So, we should try to find many ways to create something new
to complete the need of human and reduce the negative impact as much as our possible.

1.2. Presentation of Company

SchneiTec Co., Ltd is an integrated electric power technology group company

principally engages in the provision of comprehensive power system engineering and
technical solutions for the construction of electric power assets, notably Engineering,
Procurement, and Construction (EPC). It offers the customers with wide ranges of
encompass the design, engineering, manufacturing, installation, testing and
commissioning of electric power transmission lines, substations, and smart and proven
technology for power and renewable energy solutions and development of utility scale
solar power plant.

Figure 1.1: Logo of Company

1
 SchneiTec Co., Ltd is at #36, Street 352, Sangkat Boeng Keng Kang Ti Muoy,
Khan Chamkar Mon, Phnom Penh Capital, Cambodia.

Figure 1.2: Address of Company

1.3. Objective

The objective of this thesis, we study on the high voltage transmission line 115 kV
where is transferred from OTres to GIS 2 in Sihanouk Ville. Additionally, we will focus
on the process of designing transmission line and study on negative impact what will be
happened because of this building with giving proper solution.

1.4. Scope of Work

In this thesis, we will focus on three points work as below:

➢ Choose sizing of conductor

➢ Choosing protective device
➢ Study on negative impact on social and environment because of this building

2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction to Transmission Line

An Overhead Transmission Line is a structure used in electric power transmission

and distribution to transmit electrical energy across large distance. It consists of one or
more conductors (commonly multiplies of three suspended by towers or poles. Since most
of the insulation is provided by air, overhead power line are generally the lowest-cost
method of power transmission for large quantities of electric energy.

Figure 2.1: Overhead Transmission Line

a. Construction

Towers for support of the lines are mad by wood either grown or laminated, steel or
aluminum (either lattice structures or tubular poles), concrete, and occasionally reinforced
plastics. The bare wire conductors on the line are generally made of aluminum (either plain
or reinforced with steel or composite materials such as carbon and glass fiber), though
some copper wires are used in medium distribution and low voltage connections to
customer premises. A major goal of overhead power line design to maintain adequate
clearance between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent dangerous contact
with the line, and to provide reliable support for the conductors, resilience to storm, ice
loads, earthquakes and other potential damage causes.

3
b. Classification

Overhead power transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by
the range of voltage [1]:
➢ Low Voltage (LV): It is less than 1000V, used for connection between a residential or
small commercial customer and the utility.
➢ Medium Voltage (MV): It is between 1000V (1kV) and 69kV, used for distribution in
urban and rural areas.
➢ High Voltage: It is used sub-transmission and transmission of bulk quantities of electric
power and connection to very large consumers.
➢ Extra High Voltage (EHV; Transmission): It is from 345kV, up to about 800kV,
used for long distance, very high power transmission.
➢ Ultra High Voltage (UHV): It is higher than 800 kV, it enables the transmission of
five times more power, over six times the distance.

2.2. The Decision Process to Build a Transmission Line

The decision to build a transmission line results from system planning studies to
determine how best to meet the system requirements. At this stage, the following factors
need to be considered and established [2]:

➢ Voltage level
➢ Conductor type and size
➢ Line regulation and voltage control
➢ Corona and losses
➢ Proper load flow and system stability
➢ Grounding
➢ Insulation coordination
➢ Mechanical design
• Sag and stress calculation
• Conductor composition
• Conductor spacing
➢ Structural design
• Structure types

4
 • Stress calculation

2.3. Factor Affecting Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines

In general, the factors affecting a mechanical design of the overhead lines are [2]:

➢ Character of line route

➢ Right-of-way
➢ Mechanical loading
➢ Required clearance
➢ Type of supporting structures
➢ Grade of construction
➢ Conductor
➢ Type of insulator
➢ Joint use by other utilities

2.4. Process of Selecting Proper Sizing of Conductor

To choose the proper cross-sectional area (mm2), we should think of these first below
firstly [2].
➢ The maximum amount of allowed current in the conductor
➢ The maximum amount of power loss allowed in line
➢ The maximum amount of allowed short-circuit current of conductor
➢ Required span and sag between spans
➢ Tension of conductor and clearance
➢ Short-circuit current of conductor
➢ Climate condition at line location (the possibility of wind and ice loading)
➢ The possibility of having corrosive conductor

2.5. Determine Load Current

The formula of load current conductor is expressed [3]:

𝑆
𝐼𝐵 = (Eq. 2.1)
√3×𝑉𝐿

Where

5
 𝐼𝐵 : Load Current (𝐴)

𝑆 : Apparent power at receiving end (𝑀𝑉𝐴)

𝑉𝐿 : Line voltage (𝑘𝑉)

2.6. Determine Current Carrying Capacity

The formula of current carrying capacity is expressed [4]:

𝐼𝑍2 𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝐻𝐶 + 𝐻𝑅 − 𝐻𝑆 (Eq. 2.2)

Where
𝐼𝑍 : Current carrying capacity of conductor (𝐴)
𝑅𝐴𝐶 : AC resistance at operation temperature (Ω/𝑘𝑚)
𝐻𝐶 : Heat loss by convection (𝑊/𝑘𝑚)
𝐻𝑅 : Heat loss by radiation (𝑊/𝑘𝑚)
𝐻𝑆 : Heat gained by solar radiation (𝑊/𝑘𝑚)

2.6.1. Determine AC Resistance at Operation Temperature

The formula of AC resistance is expressed [4]:

𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝑘𝑅1 (1 + 𝛼(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )) (Eq. 2.3)
Where
𝑅1 : DC resistance at 20 ℃ (Ω/𝑘𝑚)
𝛼 : 0.00403, Temperature coefficient of resistance at 20℃ per ℃
𝑡1 : Temperature of conductor at 20 ℃ (℃)
𝑡2 : Operation temperature (℃)
❖ Find Skin Effect Factor

To find 𝑘, we must find 𝑋 first where 𝑋 is determined as below [5] :

𝜇.𝑓
𝑋 = 0.063598√ (Eq. 2.4)
𝑅1 (1+𝛼(𝑡2 −𝑡1 ))

Where 𝜇 ∶ Utility factor of material

𝑓 ∶ Frequency of system (𝐻𝑧)

6
2.6.2. Determine Heat Loss by Convection

The formula of heat loss by convection is expressed [4]:

𝐻𝐶 = 387(𝑣𝑑)0.448 𝜃 (Eq. 2.5)

Where

𝑣 : 0.6 𝑚/𝑠, Wind velocity on conductor

𝑑 : Diameter of conductor (𝑚𝑚)

𝜃 : 𝑡𝑂𝑝 − 𝑡𝐴𝑚𝑏 , temperature rise (℃)

2.6.3. Determine Heat Loss by Radiation

The formula of heat loss by radiation is expressed [4]:

𝐻𝑅 = 𝜋𝐸𝐶 𝑠𝑑{(𝑡 + 𝜃 + 273)4 − (𝑡 + 273)4 } (Eq. 2.6)
Where
𝐸𝐶 : Emissivity of conductor
𝑠 : 5.7 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 , Stefan-boltzmann’s contant
𝑑 : Diameter of conductor (𝑚𝑚)

𝜃 : Temperature rise (℃)

𝑡 : Ambient temperature (℃)

2.6.4. Determine Heat Gained by Solar Radiation

The formula of heat gained by solar radiation is expressed [4]:

𝐻𝑆 = 𝛼𝑆 𝑆𝑑 (Eq. 2.7)

Where

𝛼𝑆 : Solar absorption coefficient

𝑆 : Intensity of solar radiation (𝑊/𝑚2 )

𝑑 : Diameter of conductor (𝑚𝑚)

7
2.7. Determine Impedance of Conductor

2.7.1. Calculate Impedance of Conductor

The formula of impedance of conductor is expressed [3]:

𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑅𝐴𝐶 + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿 (Eq. 2.8)

Where

𝑅𝐴𝐶 : AC resistance at operation temperature (Ω/𝑘𝑚)

𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝐿 ∶ 0.2𝑙𝑛 ( ), Inductance of conductor (H/𝑘𝑚) (Eq. 2.9)
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿

❖ Find 𝑮𝑴𝑫 of Double Circuit Transpose Line

The formula of 𝐺𝑀𝐷 is expressed by [3]:
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 3√𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐴𝐶 (Eq. 2.10)

Where

𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4√𝐷𝑎1 𝑏1 𝐷𝑎1 𝑏2 𝐷𝑎2 𝑏1 𝐷𝑎2 𝑏2 (Eq. 2.11)

𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 4√𝐷𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐷𝑏1 𝑐2 𝐷𝑏2 𝑐1 𝐷𝑏2 𝑐2 (Eq. 2.12)

𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 4√𝐷𝑎1 𝑐1 𝐷𝑎1𝑐2 𝐷𝑎2𝑐1 𝐷𝑎2 𝑐2 (Eq. 2.13)

❖ Find 𝑮𝑴𝑹𝑳 of Double Circuit Transpose Line
The formula of 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿 is expressed by [3]:
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿 = 3√𝐷𝑆𝐴 𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝐷𝑆𝐶 (Eq. 2.14)

Where

𝐷𝑆𝐴 = √𝐷𝑆𝑏 𝐷𝑎1 𝑎2 (Eq. 2.15)

𝐷𝑆𝐵 = √𝐷𝑆𝑏 𝐷𝑏1 𝑏2 (Eq. 2.16)

𝐷𝑆𝐶 = √𝐷𝑆𝑏 𝐷𝑐1𝑐2 (Eq. 2.17)

8
 1⁄
𝐷𝑠𝑏 = 𝑟𝑒 − 4 (Eq. 2.18)

2.7.2. Calculate Impedance of HV Supply

The formula of impedance of HV supply is expressed by [6]:

𝑐×𝑈𝑛2
𝑍𝑄 = (Eq. 2.19)
𝑆𝑘𝑄

Where
𝑐 : No-load factor

𝑈𝑛 : Nominal phase-to-phase voltage (𝑘𝑉)

𝑆𝑘𝑄 : Short-circuit Power of transformer (%)

❖ Find Short-circuit Power of Transformer
The formula of short-circuit of power transformer is expressed by [6]:
𝑆𝑘𝑄 = √3𝑉𝐿−𝐿,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 (Eq. 2.20)

Where 𝑆𝑘𝑄 : Short-circuit of power transformer (𝑀𝑉𝐴)

𝑉𝐿−𝐿,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 : Line voltage of primary side of transformer (𝑘𝑉)

𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 : Short-circuit current of primary side of transformer (𝑘𝐴)

2.7.3. Calculate Impedance of Transformer

The formula of impedance of transformer is expressed by [6]:

𝑈𝑟𝑇 2 𝑈𝑘𝑟
𝑍𝑇 = × (Eq. 2.21)
𝑆𝑟𝑇 100

Where
𝑍𝑇 : Impedance of transformer (Ω)
𝑈𝑟𝑇 : Nominal voltage of transformer at secondary side (𝑘𝑉)
𝑈𝑘𝑟 : Short-circuit impedance of transformer (%)
𝑆𝑇𝑟 : Rated apparent power of transformer (𝑀𝑉𝐴)
❖ Find Short-circuit Impedance of Transformer
The formula of short-circuit impedance of transformer is expressed by [6]:
𝐼𝑛 ×100
𝑈𝑘𝑟 = (Eq. 2.22)
𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Where

9
 𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 : Short-circuit current at transformer (𝑘𝐴)
𝐼𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 ∶ Rated current of transformer at secondary (𝑘𝐴)
❖ Find Load Current at Secondary Side of Transformer
The formula of load current at secondary side of transformer is expressed by [6]:
𝑆𝑟𝑇
𝐼𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = (Eq. 2.23)
√3𝑈𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Where
𝑆𝑟𝑇 : Rated operating power of transformer (𝑀𝑉𝐴)
𝑈𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 : Rated voltage of transformer at secondary side (𝑘𝑉)

2.8. Determine Voltage Drop of Conductor

The formula of voltage drop is expressed by [7]:

√3×|𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 |×𝐼𝐵
%𝑉𝑑 = (Eq. 2.24)
𝑉𝐿

Where

|𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 | : Impedance of conductor (Ω)

𝐼𝐵 : Load current (𝐴)

𝑉𝐿 : Voltage line-to-line (𝑘𝑉)

2.9. Determine Fault Current in the System

The formula of fault current in the system is expressed by [6]:

𝑐×𝑈𝑛
𝐼𝑓 = (Eq. 2.25)
√3×∑ 𝑍

Where

𝐼𝑓 : Fault current in system (𝑘𝐴)

𝑐 : Voltage factor

𝑈𝑛 : Nominal voltage (𝑘𝑉)

10
2.10. Determine Cable Fault Rating

When selecting a cable, the performance of the cable under fault conditions is an
important consideration. It is important that calculations be carried out to ensure that any
cable is able to withstand the effects of any potential fault or short-circuit.

The formula of short-circuit of conductor is expressed by [8]:

1
𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑐𝑜𝑛 = 𝐴𝑘√ (𝑘𝐴) (Eq. 2.26)
𝑡

Where
𝐴 : Cross-sectional area of conductor (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝜃𝑓 −𝜃𝑖
𝑘 : 148√𝑙𝑛 (1 + ), for aluminum conductor Factor depends on cable
228+𝜃𝑖

type (Eq. 2.27)

𝑡 : Duration of fault current (𝑠)
𝜃𝑖 : Initial temperature (℃)
𝜃𝑓 : Final temperature (℃)

Noted: For Aluminum conductor 𝜃𝑖 = 75 ℃ and 𝜃𝑓 = 200 ℃

2.11. Determine Tension of Conductor

The formula of tension of conductor is expressed by [9]:

𝑈𝑇𝑆
Working Tension (T) = (Eq. 2.28)
𝐹.𝑂.𝑆

Where

UTS is the ultimate tensile strength (𝑁)

F.O.S is the factor of safety

a. At Worst Condition

The maximum working tension means the maximum value of horizontal tension in
case of the worst condition which means a condition under strong wind.

11
 The real maximum tension loaded on the conductor is the maximum tension TS,Max
on high-side supporting point and is larger than the maximum working tension TMax.

Figure 2.2: At Worst Condition

Therefore, safety factor of conductor needs some margin when the maximum tension is
calculated.

TUTS / safety factor (2.5) ≥ Tension of conductor (under the severest condition)

Note: TUTS is the Ultimate Tensile Strength of Conductor

b. At Windless

Because of fatigue of conductors by Aeolian vibration has close relationship to EDS,

the windless tension should be not more than EDS (Every Day Stress). The windless
tension can be calculated by the maximum working tension mentioned above content (a).
In case the calculated windless tension is over EDS, the windless tension should be
decreased under EDS and the maximum working tension should be recalculated by the
windless tension.
TUTS × 24% ≥ Windless tension
• Using the parabolic approximation the tension for any equivalent span is then given by
[4]:
𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐸𝐴𝛼(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) + (𝑊12 . 𝐿2 . ) − 𝑇1 = (𝑊22 . 𝐿2 . ) − 𝑇2 (Eq. 2.29)
24𝑇12 24𝑇22

Where

𝐸 = Modulus of elasticity (N/m2)

12
𝐴 = Conductor cross-sectional area (m2)

𝛼 = Coefficient of linear expansion per ℃

𝑡1 = Initial temperature ℃

𝑡2 = Final temperature ℃

𝑊= Weight of conductor and may include wind and/or ice loading (𝑁/𝑚)

𝑊1 = Initial conductor unit effective weight (𝑁/𝑚)

𝑊2 = Final conductor unit effective weight (𝑁/𝑚)

𝐿 = Span length (𝑚)

𝑇 = Conductor tension (𝑁)

𝑇1 = Initial conductor tension (𝑁)

𝑇2 = Final conductor tension (𝑁)

𝑆 = Sag (m)

𝑥 = Conductor diameter (𝑚𝑚)

𝑝 = Wind pressure N/m2

• 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑝𝑥 (𝑁/𝑚)

• W = √[(𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)2 + (𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)2 ] (𝑁/𝑚)
Note: If T2 is smaller or equal with TEDS , it is acceptable to install. If T2 is bigger than
TEDS , we will decrease the value TMWT until the result of T2 is smaller or equal the TEDS.
Note: The maximum conductor tension at minimum temperature and ensure this is within
the capability of the ACSR lynx conductor. In addition, we need to calculate the maximum
sag, at maximum temperature, to ensure correct tower height. Parabolic equations are used
to simplify the arithmetic in this hand calculation example. The error compared to catenary
calculation is less than 0.5% for spans less than 300m and sag less than 5%.

13
2.12. Determine Sag of Conductor

To ensure adequate vertical and horizontal clearance under all weather and electrical
loadings, and to ensure that the breaking strength of the conductor is not exceeded, the
behavior of the conductor catenary under all conditions must be known before the line is
designed. The future behavior of the conductor is determined through calculations
commonly referred to as sag-tension calculation. And the result of calculation of sag
depends on both when supports are at equal level and when supports are at unequal level.

❖ Factors affecting sag

The various factors which effects sag are:
➢ Weight of conductor
➢ Location of the conductor
➢ Length of span
➢ Temperature
➢ Tensile strength
➢ Tension

2.12.1. Determine Sag at Equal Level

The formula of sag at equal level is expressed by [4]:

𝑊𝐿2
𝑆𝑎𝑔 = (𝑚) (Eq. 2.30)
8𝑇

Where
𝑊 : Weight of conductor (𝑁/𝑚)
𝐿 : Length span between two support (𝑚)
𝑇 : Tension of conductor (𝑁)

Figure 2.3: Sag at Equal Level

14
2.12.2. Determine Sag at Unequal Level

The formula of sag at unequal level is expressed by [4]:

𝐿
Sag = 𝑐 (cosh ( ) − 1) . √{1 + ℎ2 /(4𝑐 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝐿/2𝑐)} (Eq. 2.31)
2𝑐

Where
𝑇
𝑐 : , The ratio between tension of conductor
𝑊

𝐿 : Length span between two support

ℎ : ℎ1𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 − ℎ2𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 (𝑚)

Figure 2.4: Support at Equal Level

2.12.3. Clearance

In general, the following clearances need to be considered: ground, tracks,

buildings, trees, conductors and structures of another line, other conductors on the same
structure, the structure itself, guy wires and other equipment on the structure, and the
edge of the right-of-way
The formula of clearance is expressed as below:

𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝑆𝑎𝑔 (Eq. 2.32)

To choose proper conductor, unless the clearance of conductor can be accepted

as the determined clearance of EDC.

15
❖ Urban Area

Figure 2.5: Lowest Height in Urban Area

Table 2.1: Clearance for Urban Area

Rated Voltage Minimum Clearance

115KV Clearance ≥ 7𝑚

❖ Area Where Third Person is Difficult to Enter

Figure 2.6: Area Where Third Person is Difficult Enter

Table 2.2: Clearance for Area where Third Person Difficult to Enter

Rated Voltage Minimum Clearance

115KV Clearance ≥ 6𝑚

16
 ❖ At the Road or Railway Station

Figure 2.7: At the Road or Railway Station

Table 2.3: At the Road or Railway Station

Rated Voltage Minimum Clearance

115KV Clearance ≥ 13.5𝑚

Note: when the clearance of conductor of any between supports, we can adjust the sag
and tension of the conductor again until it reaches the Everyday Stress condition (𝑇𝐸𝐷𝑆 ).
And if the clearance still cannot be accepted after adjusting at that condition, we must
revise of the sizing of conductor again.

2.13. Protective Device

2.13.1. Arcing Horn

Arcing horns is basically projected conductors used to protect the insulators

in High Voltage Transmission Line from damage during flashover. Over voltage on
the transmission line may occur due to various reasons like lightning strike, sudden
load variation, fault etc. Due to this high voltage a flash over may take place which
will shatter the insulator. To prevent insulator from such an occurrence, it is very
important that flashover do not take place through the insulator. Arcing Horn serves

17
this purpose by providing a bypass flashover the high voltage across the insulator
using air as a conductive medium.

Figure 2.8: Arcing Horn

Arcing Horns bypasses the high voltage across the insulator using air as a
conductive medium between horns. The small gap between the horns ensures that
the air between them breaks down resulting in a flashover and conduct the voltage
surge rather than cause damage to the insulator.
Arcing Horn basically form a Spark Gap across the insulator with a lower
breakdown voltage than the air path along the insulator surface, so an overvoltage
will cause the air to break down and the arc to form between arcing horns, diverting
it away from surface of the insulator. An arc between the horns is more tolerable for
the equipment because it provides more time for the fault to be detected and the arc
to be safely cleared by remote circuit breaker.

2.13.2. Amor Rod

The main function of the armor rods is to protect conductors/strand against

bending, compression, abrasion and damage and to provide restorative repair. They
are usually installed in the suspension points.

18
 Figure 2.9: Amor Rod

2.13.3. Circuit Breaker

High voltage circuit breaker technology has changed radically in the last 15
years. Most utility systems utilize a combination of bulk oil, minimum oil, vacuum,
air blast, SF6 two-pressure, and SF6 single-pressure circuit breakers. The SF6
single-pressure system circuit breaker has become the current ‘state of the art’
technology at transmission voltages. Further improvements of this single-pressure
version are being introduced with thermal assisted arc quenching, in order to
facilitate reduction in operating energy requirements leading to cost reduction and
reliability improvement.

It is important that for the maintenance of SF6 gas equipment like circuit
breakers, the technical personnel involved should have a complete understanding of
the system. They should not only know how to perform maintenance tasks, but also
why and when these tasks should be performed. Condition-based maintenance
(CBM) and Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) are being proposed to replace
periodic maintenance of EHV circuit breakers, in order to minimize the maintenance
costs.

❖ Classification of Circuit Breaker

Circuit breaker can be arbitrarily classified using criteria such as; intended
voltage application, location of installation (i.e. outdoor, indoor), their external

19
 design characteristics, or perhaps the most important, method and medium used for
the current interruption.

Figure 2.10: Classification of Circuit Breaker

❖ Type of Circuit Breaker

The type of HV circuit breaker is divided four as below:

a. Air Blast Circuit Breaker

In the design of air blast circuit breakers, the interrupting process is initiated by
establishing an arc between two parting contacts and by simultaneously opening a
pneumatic valve. A blast of high pressure air is blown over the arc column, thereby
subjecting it to the intense cooling, and quenching the arc between the contacts when the
arc column ionization is least at current zero. Whenever current at higher voltages need
to be interrupted, more breaking units are used, in series. Dry and clean air supply is one
of the essential requirements for the operation of ABCBs.

20
b. Oil Circuit Breaker

Oil circuit breakers can be further classified with reference to the quantity of oil
used as; Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCBs) and Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers
(MOCBs).

In BOCBs, the interrupting unit is placed in a tank of oil at earth potential and the
incoming and outgoing conductors are connected through insulator bushings. In MOCBs
on the other hand, the oil requirement can be minimized by placing the interrupting units,
in insulating chambers at the live potential, on an insulator column.

Figure 2.11: Cross Sectional View of Type HLR MOCB

c. Vacuum Circuit Breakers

The vacuum circuit breaker takes the advantage of non-sustainability of electric

arc in vacuum, and employs the principle of contact separation under vacuum where there
is no ionization due to medium. The initial arc caused by field and thermionic emission
during contact separation, will die away soon, as there is no further ionization because of
vacuum. The contact design in vacuum breaker is such that the arc become elongated
during contact separation process. Vacuum breaker is cost effective in the medium voltage
range. Vacuum interrupters are sealed units and maintenance-free for 10, 000 normal load
operation.

21
 Figure 2.12: Cross Section of Vacuum Interrupter

d. SF6 Gas Circuit Breakers

SF6 gas circuit breaker, are widely used for EHV applications today, as Sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas is an electronegative such as compactness and less maintenance
of EHV circuit breakers.

The excellent insulating properties of SF6 gas make it possible to design circuit
breakers with smaller overall dimensions, shorter contact gaps, which help in the
construction of outdoor breaker with fewer interrupters, and evolution of metal enclosed
SF6 gas insulated switchgear (GIS).

❖ Method of Selecting Circuit Breaker

The condition of selecting circuit breaker is detailed below:

𝑈𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 ≤ 𝑈𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑,𝐶𝐵 ≤ 𝑈𝑀𝑎𝑥

𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝐶𝐵 > 𝐼𝑓,𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝐼𝐵,𝐶𝐵 > 𝐼𝐵,𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

22
3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Flow Chart

Here are the progress of work in this thesis:

Figure 3.1: Process of Whole Work

23
Figure 3.2: Process of Selecting Cross-sectional Area

24
3.2. Data Gatheredtor

We study on overhead HV transmission line (Type Double Circuit, single conductor)

from substation OTres to GIS2 in Seihaknouk Ville where has distance from each other
6.4km and we have a transformer (𝑆 = 240𝑀𝑉𝐴, 𝑉 = 230/115 𝑘𝑉) in OTres substation.
In this project, we choose conductor type ACSR (APPENDIX A). And the data of this
project is shown as below:

Table 3.1: Data Gathered

S (𝑀𝑉𝐴) Voltage rated (𝑘𝑉) Frequency (𝐻𝑧) Distance (𝑚)

75 115 50 6400

The current rating of conductor based on the following operational condition in the
real place install that effected by environment surround it.

➢ Ambient air temperature 35 ℃

➢ Operating temperature 75 ℃
➢ Solar radiation 1000 W/m2
➢ Wind velocity 32 m/s
➢ Stefan-Boltzann’s constant 5.7 × 10−8 W/m2

3.3. Calculate Load Current

According to (Eq.2.1),
𝑆
𝐼𝐵 =
√3𝑉𝐿

We have 𝑆 = 75𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 75000 𝑉𝐴, 𝑉𝐿 = 115 𝑘𝑉

75000
Thus, 𝐼𝐵 = = 376.352 𝐴
√3×115

3.4. Calculate Current Carrying Capacity

According to (Eq. 2.2),

𝐼𝑍2 𝑅𝐴𝐶,75℃ = 𝐻𝐶 + 𝐻𝑅 − 𝐻𝑆

25
3.4.1. Calculate AC Resistance at Operation Temperature

According to (Eq. 2.3),

𝑅𝐴𝐶,75℃ = 𝑘𝑅1 (1 + 𝛼(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ))

We have 𝑅1 = 0.0757 Ω/km (APPENDIX A)

𝛼 = 0.00403

𝑡1 = 20 ℃

𝑡2 = 75 ℃

We obtain 𝑅𝐴𝐶,75℃ = 𝑘 × 0.0757(1 + 0.00403(75 − 20))

= 0.0924𝑘

= 0.0924𝑘

❖ Find Skin Effect Correction

According to (Eq. 2.4),
𝜇.𝑓
𝑋 = 0.063598√
𝑅1 (1+𝛼(𝑡2 −𝑡1 ))

We have 𝜇 = 1, for Al conductor

𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧

𝑅1 (1 + 𝛼(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )) = 0.0924 Ω/km (Result above)

1×50
We obtain, 𝑋 = 0.063598√ = 1.479
0.0924

Table 3.2: Utility Factor of Material

Material Utility Factor 𝝁

Copper 1
Aluminum 1

26
 Table 3.3: Skin Effect Factor

By the interpolation formula, we obtain 𝑘 = 1.02

Thus, 𝑅𝐴𝐶,75℃ = 1.02 × 0.0924 = 0.0942 Ω/km

3.4.2. Calculate Heat Loss by Convection

According to (Eq. 2.5),

𝐻𝐶 = 387(𝑉𝑑)0.448 𝜃

We have 𝑣 = 0.6 m/s

𝑑 = 27 mm

𝜃 = 75℃ − 35℃ = 40℃

We obtain, 𝐻𝐶 = 387(0.6 × 27)0.448 × 35

= 47167 W/km

27
 3.4.3. Calculate Heat Loss by Radiation

According to (Eq. 2.6),

𝐻𝑅 = 𝜋𝐸𝐶 𝑠𝑑{(𝑡 + 𝜃 + 273)4 − (𝑡 + 273)4 }

We have 𝐸𝐶 = 0.9 ,for ACSR

𝑠 = 5.7 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2

𝑑 = 27 𝑚𝑚

𝜃 = 40 ℃
𝑡 = 35 ℃

We obtain, 𝐻𝑅 = 𝜋 × 0.9 × 5.7 × 10−8 × 27{(35 + 40 + 273)4 − (35 + 273)4 }

= 22054 𝑊/km

3.4.4. Calculate Heat Gained by Solar Radiation

According to (Eq. 2.7),

𝐻𝑆 = 𝛼𝑆 𝑆𝑑

We have 𝛼𝑆 = 0.8, Average value

𝑆 = 1000 𝑊/𝑚2

𝑑 = 27 𝑚𝑚

We obtain, 𝐻𝑆 = 0.8 × 1000 × 27 = 21600 𝑊/𝑘𝑚

𝐼𝑍2 0.0942 = 47167 + 22054 − 21600

Thus, 𝐼𝑍 = 711𝐴

3.5. Calculate Impedance

3.5.1. Calculate Impedance of Transmission Line

According to (Eq. 2.8),

𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 = (𝑅𝐴𝐶,75℃ + 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿)𝑙

28
 We have 𝑅𝐴𝐶,75℃ = 0.0942 Ω/𝑘𝑚

𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧

𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝐿 = 0.2𝑙𝑛 ( ) (Eq. 2.9)
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿

𝑙 = 6.4 𝑘𝑚

❖ Find 𝑮𝑴𝑫 of Double Circuit Transpose Line

According to (Eq. 2.10),
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 3√𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐴𝐶

Where

𝐷𝐴𝐵 = 4√𝐷𝑎1 𝑏1 𝐷𝑎1 𝑏2 𝐷𝑎2 𝑏1 𝐷𝑎2 𝑏2 (Eq. 2.11)

𝐷𝐵𝐶 = 4√𝐷𝑏1 𝑐1 𝐷𝑏1 𝑐2 𝐷𝑏2 𝑐1 𝐷𝑏2 𝑐2 (Eq. 2.12)

𝐷𝐴𝐶 = 4√𝐷𝑎1 𝑐1 𝐷𝑎1𝑐2 𝐷𝑎2𝑐1 𝐷𝑎2 𝑐2 (Eq. 2.13)

We have 𝐷𝑎1 𝑏2 = 3850.7309 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑎1 𝑏2 = 8743.8907 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑎2𝑏1 = 8853.0229 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑎2𝑏2 = 3835.2784 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑏1 𝑐1 = 3833.015 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑏1 𝑐2 = 8705.1837 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑏2 𝑐1 = 8869.2838 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑏2 𝑐2 = 3850.5963 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑎1𝑐1 = 7615.71 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑎1𝑐2 = 7209 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑎2 𝑐1 = 7503 𝑚𝑚, 𝐷𝑎2𝑐2 = 7615.71 𝑚𝑚

4
We obtain, 𝐷𝐴𝐵 = √3850.7309 × 8743.8907 × 8853.0229 × 3835.2784

= 5814.8 𝑚𝑚

4
𝐷𝐵𝐶 = √3833.015 × 8705.1837 × 8869.2838 × 3850.5963

= 5810.1 𝑚𝑚

4
𝐷𝐴𝐶 = √7615.71 × 7209 × 7503 × 7615.71

= 7484 𝑚𝑚

29
 3
Thus, 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = √5814.8 × 5810.1 × 7484 = 6317.9 𝑚𝑚

❖ Find 𝑮𝑴𝑹𝑳 of Double Circuit Transpose Line

According to (Eq. 2.14),
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿 = 3√𝐷𝑆𝐴 𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝐷𝑆𝐶

Where

𝐷𝑆𝐴 = √𝐷𝑆𝑏 𝐷𝑎1 𝑎2 (Eq. 2.15)

𝐷𝑆𝐵 = √𝐷𝑆𝑏 𝐷𝑏1 𝑏2 (Eq. 2.16)

𝐷𝑆𝐶 = √𝐷𝑆𝑏 𝐷𝑐1𝑐2 (Eq. 2.17)

We have 𝐷𝑎1 𝑎2 = 10594.9952 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑏1 𝑏2 = 8498 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑐1𝑐2 = 10600.5707 𝑚𝑚

1⁄
𝐷𝑠𝑏 = 𝑟𝑒 − 4 = 10.514 𝑚𝑚 , (𝑟 = 13.5 𝑚𝑚) (Eq. 2.18)

We obtain, 𝐷𝑆𝐴 = √10.514 × 10594.9952 = 333.757 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑆𝐵 = √10.514 × 8498 = 298.908 𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑆𝐶 = √10.514 × 10600.5707 = 333.845 𝑚𝑚

3
Thus, 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿 = √333.757 × 298.908 × 333.845 = 321.554 𝑚𝑚

6317.9
 𝐿 = 0.2𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 0.596 × 10−3 𝐻/𝑘𝑚
321.554

 𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒,115𝑘𝑉 = (0.0942 + 𝑗2𝜋 × 50 × 0.596 × 10−3 )6.4

= (0.0942 + 𝑗0.187 )6.4
= 0.602 + 𝑗1.197 Ω

30
3.5.2. Calculate Impedance of HV Supply

According to (Eq. 2.19),

𝑐×𝑈 2
𝑍𝑄 =
𝑆𝑘𝑄

We have 𝑐 = 1.1, no-load factor for HV

𝑈𝑛 = 115 𝑘𝑉, the nominal phase-to-phase voltage
❖ Find Short-circuit Power of Network

According to (Eq. 2.20),

𝑆𝑘𝑄 = √3 × 𝑉𝐿,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 × 𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚
We have 𝑉𝐿,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 230 𝑘𝑉 (APPENDIX B)
𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚 = 40 𝑘𝐴 (APPENDIX B)
We obtain,
𝑆𝑘𝑄 = √3 × 230 × 40 = 15936 𝑀𝑉𝐴
1.1×1152
Thus, 𝑍𝑄 = = 0.913 Ω
15936

❖ Calculate Impedance of Transformer

According to (Eq. 2.21),
𝑈𝑟𝑇 2 𝑈𝑘𝑟
𝑍𝑇 = ×
𝑆𝑟𝑇 100

We have 𝑐 = 1.1, no-load factor for HV

𝑈𝑟𝑇 = 115 𝑘𝑉 (from specification of transformer)
𝑆𝑟𝑇 = 240 𝑀𝑉𝐴 (from specification of transformer)
❖ Find Short-circuit Impedance of Transformer 𝑼𝒌𝒓
According to (Eq. 2.22),

𝐼𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 ×100
𝑈𝑘𝑟 =
𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

We have 𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 40 𝑘𝐴 (APPENDIX B)

❖ Find Rated Current of Transformer at Secondary Side 𝑰𝒏

According to (Eq. 2.23),

𝑆𝑟𝑇
𝐼𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =
√3𝑈𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

31
 We have 𝑆𝑟𝑇 = 240 𝑀𝑉𝐴 (APPENDIX B)

𝑈𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 115 𝑘𝑉 (APPENDIX B)

240000
We obtain, 𝐼𝑛,𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = = 1204.9 𝐴
√3×115

1204.9×100
And 𝑈𝑘𝑟 = = 3.012 %
40000

1152 3.012
Thus, 𝑍𝑇 = × = 1.659 Ω
240 100

3.6. Calculate Voltage Drop of Conductor

According to (Eq. 2.24),

√3×|𝑍𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 |×𝐼𝐵
%𝑉𝑑 =
𝑉𝐿

We have 𝑉𝐿 = 115 𝑘𝑉, voltage line-to-line

𝐼𝐵 = 376.532 𝐴, load current
|𝑍𝐿 | = |0.602 + 𝑗1.197| = 1.339 Ω
√3×1.335×376.532
Thus, %𝑉𝑑 = = 0.76%
115

3.7. Calculate Fault Current in System

According to (Eq. 2.25),

𝑐×𝑈𝑛
𝐼𝑓 =
√3×∑ 𝑍

Figure 3.3: Single Line of Project

32
a. Calculate Fault Current at 𝒅𝟏
𝑐×𝑈𝑛
𝐼𝑓,𝑑1 =
√3×∑ 𝑍

We have 𝑐 = 1.1, load voltage factor for HV

𝑈𝑛 = 115 𝑘𝑉
∑ 𝑍 = 𝑍𝑄 + 𝑍𝑇

= 0.913 + 1.659 = 2.572Ω

1.1×115
Thus, 𝐼𝑓,𝑑1 = = 28.396 𝑘𝐴
√3×2.572

b. Calculate Fault Current at 𝒅𝟐

𝑐 × 𝑈𝑛
𝐼𝑓,𝑑2 =
√3 × ∑ 𝑍

We have 𝑐 = 1.1, load voltage factor for HV

𝑈𝑛 = 115 𝑘𝑉
∑ 𝑍 = 𝑍𝑄 + 𝑍𝑇 + 𝑍𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
= 2.572 + 1.339 = 3.911 Ω

1.1×115
Thus, 𝐼𝑓,𝑑2 = = 18.674 𝑘𝐴
√3×3.911

3.8. Calculate Cable Fault Rating

The sizing of conductor can be accepted unless 𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝐴𝐶𝑆𝑅 > 𝐼𝑓

According to (Eq. 2.26),

1
𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝐴𝐶𝑆𝑅 = 𝐴𝑘√
𝑡

We have 𝐴 = 572.555 𝑚𝑚2

𝑡 =1𝑠
𝜃𝑓 −𝜃𝑖
𝑘 = 148√𝑙𝑛 (1 + ) (Eq. 2.27)
228+𝜃𝑖

𝜃𝑖 = 75 ℃
𝜃𝑓 = 200 ℃

33
 200−75
We obtain, 𝑘 = 148√𝑙𝑛 (1 + ) = 86.979 (Eq. 2.27)
228+75

Thus, 𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝐴𝐶𝑆𝑅 = 572.555 × 86.979 = 49.8 𝑘𝐴

Due to 𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝐴𝐶𝑆𝑅 > 𝐼𝑓,𝑑1

Thus, this sizing of conductor can be accepted.

3.9. Calculate Tension and Sag of Conductor

Let we calculate first and second support as the example as below:

𝑇𝑈𝑇𝑆
At 𝑡1 = 13 ℃, 𝑇𝑀𝑊𝑇 = = 48364 𝑁 (𝑇𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 120910 𝑁)
2.5

At 𝑡2 = 27 ℃, 𝑇𝐸𝐷𝑆 = 0.24𝑇𝑈𝑇𝑆 = 29018.4 𝑁

We have:

𝐸 = 67100 × 106 𝑁/𝑚2 (APPENDIX A)

α = 19.3 × 10−6 /℃ (APPENDIX A)

𝐴 = 572.555 𝑚𝑚2 = 572.555 × 10−6 𝑚2

𝑊2 = 1.448 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 = 14.205 𝑁/𝑚 (APPENDIX A)

𝑝 = 680 𝑁/𝑚2

𝑑 = 27 𝑚𝑚 = 0.027 𝑚

𝐿 = 129 𝑚

𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑝𝑑 = 18.36 𝑁/𝑚

𝑊1 = √𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2 + 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑2 = 23.213 𝑁/𝑚

According to (Eq. 2.29),

𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
𝐸𝐴𝛼(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 ) + (𝑊12 . 𝐿2 . 2 2
2 ) − 𝑇1 = (𝑊2 . 𝐿 . ) − 𝑇2
24𝑇1 24𝑇22

67100 × 106 × 572.555 × 10−6 × 19.3 × 10−6 (27 − 13)

34
 2
67100 × 106 × 572.555 × 10−6
2
+ (23.213 × 129 × ) − 48364
24 × 483642

67100 × 106 × 572.555 × 10−6

= 14.2052 × 1292 − 𝑇2
24𝑇22

By Newton Raphson method, we obtain 𝑇2 = 35955 𝑁 > 𝑇𝐸𝐷𝑆 (we must calculate it
again)

❖ Find 𝑻𝟐,𝑵𝒆𝒘
We assume 𝑡1 = 27 ℃
𝑡2 = 13 ℃
𝑇𝐸𝐷𝑆 = 48364 𝑁
𝑊1 = 14.205 𝑁/𝑚
𝑊2 = 23.213 𝑁/𝑚
We obtain, 𝑇2,𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 41393 𝑁
Due to 𝑇2,𝑁𝑒𝑤 < 𝑇𝐸𝐷𝑆 , thus the tension of conductor can be accepted.
❖ Calculate Sag of Conductor
According to (Eq. 2.31),

𝐿 ℎ2
𝑆𝑎𝑔 = 𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ( ) − 1) √{1 + 𝐿 }
2𝑐 4𝑐 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (2𝑐)

We have 𝐿 = 129 𝑚

ℎ = 0.5 𝑚

𝑇0 = 41393 𝑁

𝑊 = 14.205 𝑁/𝑚

𝑇0
𝑐= = 2913.973 𝑚
𝑊

129 0.52
Thus, 𝑆𝑎𝑔 = 2913.973 (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ ( ) − 1) √{1 + 129 }
2×2913.973 4×2913.9732 ×𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 (2×2913.973)

= 0.714 𝑚

35
❖ Calculate Clearance between First and Second Support

According to (Eq. 2.32),

𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 − 𝑆𝑎𝑔

We have 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 17 𝑚, 𝑆𝑎𝑔 = 0.714 𝑚

We obtain, 𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 17 − 0.714 = 16.286 𝑚 > 6 𝑚

Thus, this sizing of conductor can be accepted.

3.10. Choosing Protective Device

We have 𝐼𝐵 = 376.532 𝐴

𝑈𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 115 𝑘𝑉

𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑑1 = 28.396 𝑘𝐴

𝐼𝑆𝐶,𝑑2 = 18.693 𝑘𝐴

Thus, we choose the CB which has 𝐼𝐵 = 3150 𝐴 , 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 40 𝑘𝐴 and rated voltage 115 𝑘𝑉
& maximum voltage 126 𝑘𝑉.

36
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Result

Table 4.1: Specification of Conductor

Specification
Type of Conductor ACSR
Cross-section Area (𝑚𝑚2 ) 572.555
Current Carrying Capacity of Conductor (𝐴) 718
Voltage Drop (%) 0.76
Fault Current in System 𝐼𝑓,3𝑝ℎ (𝑘𝐴) 28.396
Short-circuit Current of Cable (𝑘𝐴) 49.8

Table 4.2: Specification of Circuit Breaker

Specification
Type SF6 Indoor
Rated Voltage (𝑘𝑉) 115
Maximum Voltage (𝑘𝑉) 126
Rated Frequency (𝐻𝑧) 50
Rated Normal Current (𝐴) 3150
Breaking Capacity (𝑘𝐴 𝑟𝑚𝑠) 40

37
 Table 4.3: Tension Sag and Clearance of Conductor

Support L (𝑚) h (𝑚) T (𝑘𝑁) Sag (𝑚) C (𝑚) Crossing

1-2 132 0.5 41.459 0.746 16.286
2-3 154 1.25 41.935 1.004 16.496
3-4 235 2.25 43.449 2.257 17.743
4-5 159 4.75 42.04 1.067 18.933
5-6 127 2.5 41.349 0.692 18.308
6-7 164 0 42.144 1.133 19.367
7-8 230 4 43.368 2.166 17.334
8-9 164 3 42.144 1.133 18.367
9-10 235 4.5 43.449 2.257 17.743
10-11 119 1 41.172 0.611 16.639
11-12 178 1 42.428 1.326 15.924
12-13 219 0.25 43.185 1.972 16.028
13-14 149 0.75 42.447 1.34 16.91
14-15 219 0 43.185 1.971 16.029
15-16 178 0 42.428 1.326 17.674
16-17 218 4.25 43.168 1.955 16.545
17-18 87 7.5 40.48 0.332 20.668
18-19 181 1.5 42.487 1.369 21.631 MV Line
19-20 219 10 43.185 1.972 18.528
20-21 169 1.25 42.247 1.2 17.3
21-22 180 0.25 42.467 1.355 15.645
22-23 176 0.75 42.388 1.298 16.702
23-24 125 0.25 41.305 0.672 15.828
24-25 155 3 41.956 1.02 16.98
25-26 206 0.75 41.957 1.754 17.246
26-27 106 1.25 40.886 0.5 17.75
27-28 180 0 42.467 1.355 16.645
28-29 169 1 42.247 1.2 17.3
29-30 120 1.25 41.194 0.621 16.379

38
Support L (𝑚) h (𝑚) T (𝑘𝑁) Sag (𝑚) C (𝑚) Crossing
30-31 181 3.75 42.487 1.37 16.88 MV Line
31-32 113 2.5 41.04 0.552 17.448
32-33 210 3.5 43.028 1.82 17.18
33-34 133 0.25 41.481 0.757 18.243
34-35 159 1.5 42.04 1.068 18.932 MV Line
35-36 180 2.5 42.467 1.355 17.645
36-37 199 0 42.83 1.642 16.858
37-38 199 0 42.83 1.642 16.858
38-39 94 1.5 40.627 0.386 16.614

Table 4.4: Tension Sag and Clearance of Conductor at Strong Wind Condition

Support L (𝑚) h (𝑚) T (𝑘𝑁) Sag (𝑚) C (𝑚) Crossing

1-2 132 0.5 48.364 0.64 16.36
2-3 154 1.25 48.364 0.87 16.63
3-4 235 2.25 48.364 2.028 17.972
4-5 159 4.75 48.364 0.93 19.07
5-6 127 2.5 48.364 0.592 18.408
6-7 164 0 48.364 0.987 19.513
7-8 230 4 48.364 1.942 17.558
8-9 164 3 48.364 0.987 18.513
9-10 235 4.5 48.364 2.027 17.973
10-11 119 1 48.364 0.512 16.738
11-12 178 1 48.364 1.163 16.087
12-13 219 0.25 48.364 1.761 16.239
13-14 149 0.75 48.364 1.176 17.074
14-15 219 0 48.364 1.761 16.239
15-16 178 0 48.364 1.163 17.837

39
16-17 218 4.25 48.364 1.745 16.755
17-18 87 7.5 48.364 0.278 20.722
18-19 181 1.5 48.364 1.201 21.8 MV Line
19-20 219 10 48.364 1.761 18.739
20-21 169 1.25 48.364 1.05 17.45
21-22 180 0.25 48.364 1.2 15.8
22-23 176 0.75 48.364 1.137 16.863
23-24 125 0.25 48.364 0.574 16
24-25 155 3 48.364 0.882 17.118
25-26 206 0.75 48.364 1.558 17.442
26-27 106 1.25 48.364 0.413 17.837
27-28 180 0 48.364 1.189 16.811
28-29 169 1 48.364 1.048 17.452
29-30 120 1.25 48.364 0.53 16.47
30-31 181 3.75 48.364 1.02 17.23 MV Line
31-32 113 2.5 48.364 0.47 17.53
32-33 210 3.5 48.364 1.62 17.38
33-34 133 0.25 48.364 0.65 18.35
34-35 159 1.5 48.364 0.93 19.. 07 MV Line
35-36 180 2.5 48.364 1.2 17.8
36-37 199 0 48.364 1.454 17.046
37-38 199 0 48.364 1.454 16.546
38-39 94 1.5 48.364 0.324 16.676

4.2. Discussion

Tension, sag and clearance are played important to determine the proper size of
conductor. While the sag of conductor is dipped over, we can increase the tension of
conductor to reduce the sag to get the acceptable clearance. But if we increase the tension
of conductor too much, it can cause to damage of conductor or damage the support
structure. And if we decrease the tension of conductor, it causes the conductor can swing
and causes dangerous to humanity or animal life whom are in its clearance.

40
 The short-circuit of conductor is also important to determine the proper conductor.
And generally we should choose any conductor which has short-circuit value is greater
than or equal to short-circuit of breaker. To choose this, we can prevent the conductor from
damage when there is fault in system randomly (i.e. sometimes when there is fault in
system, the conductor can be broke before circuit breaker trip).

41
5. STUDYING ON IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY

Due to the needing of electricity is increased day by day in Preah Sihanouk Vill and this
becomes a big concern that we are facing and should try to solve this problem on the time and
efficiently. So, EDC decided to develop this region by building of the transmission line more.

Although the transmission line can lead Cambodia to the modern life and development but
anyway it still gives many disadvantages to us also. Actually, there is no development without
affecting. Especially, for building transmission line. Because its line route cannot be changed
as what we want. So, it can effect on the properties of people, natural area, environment, etc.
Therefore, we always study on the impact of the environment and society firstly before building
this.

5.1. Condition of Construction of Transmission Line

Due to the conductor of overhead transmission line has no the insulation, so we can
be shocked while we enter its field. Generally, its field is determined as below:
• Adequacy of clearance of trees, shrubs, bushes, etc. from the line conductor is checked.
All trees, shrubs, bushes etc. which infringe on the clearances are to be cut.
• Small bush growth, shrubs, trees and buildings whose height is grew than 3m, these
must be trimmed or not allow to build.
• Trees or bushes growing inside or very close to the legs of tower should be cut or
removed.
• The horizontal clearance of HV transmission 115kV is 7.5m for each side. So in this
field, we are not allowed to build or do anything.

5.2. Affection of Building Transmission Line on the Environment and Society

Although building of the transmission line can bring Cambodia to the modern life and
development, but it also gives many disadvantage to us.
• People’s house can be moved to another place because of building transmission line.
• People’s farm or any properties can be damaged.
• The building of transmission line can destroy natural, fauna or bird’s home.
• The soil must be damaged.
• The water can be polluted.

42
• This building can affect the economic of people and their living.
• There can be argument between people and owner…etc.

5.3. The Solution of Solving the Problem

The solutions of solving this problem are detailed as below:

• Collect the data of natural environment and society which can be affected by this
project.
• Prepare the plan of management the risk, pollution, affection on the properties of
people, etc. And try to solve this concern properly as much as possible.
• Prepare to manage the environment efficiently.
• Company must pay money to the environment ministry every years.
• Give compensation to people’s property sufficiently.
• Give work for them.

43
6. CONCLUSION

Based on the result above, we can realize that to determine the proper sizing of conductor,
we should think of many factors firstly before starting design such as; the electrical and
mechanical design. For electrical, beyond the current carrying capacity of conductor and power
loss, the short-circuit current of conductor is the main role to select the right conductor. And
for mechanical, the environment (weather, vibration, etc.), the character of line route, right-of-
way and required clearance are also important to selection the cross-sectional.

Additionally, the studying on the affection to the environment and society should be done
firstly before building the transmission line. Because it can cause many problems to the
humanity and natural life although it can produce enough electricity power to us. Actually,
there is no development without broking. But anyways, as an being engineer, we should be
both inner and outer engineering whom always bring the society to the modern life and try to
decrease the risk or damaged as much as possible.

44
 REFERENCE

[1] Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_power_line.

[2] T. Gonen, Electric Power Transmission System Engineering Analysis and Design, France,
2009.

[3] H. Saadat, Power System and Analysis, New York: Kevin Kane, 1999.

[4] B. J. H. A. C. F. Dr C. R. Bayliss CEng, Transmission and Distribution Electrical

Engineering Third edition, USA: Elsevier Ltd, 2007.

[5] D. Mitiku. [Online]. Available: https://www.slideshare.net/demsew123/ehv-line-design.

[Accessed 31st July 2017].

[6] I. kasikci, Short Circuits in Power Systems, Germany, 2002.

[7] S. Electric, Electrical Installation Guide, 2006.

[8] S. McFadyen, "Calculate Cable Fault Rating," [Online]. Available:

https://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/242/calculating-cable-fault-ratings. [Accessed 06th
January 2014].

[9] EDC, Electric Power Technical Standards of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Cambodia: EAC,
July 2004.
APPENDICE
 APPENDIX A: Specification of ACSR

Specification
Type ACSR
Diameter (𝑚𝑚) 27
Weight (𝑘𝑔/km) 1448
𝑅𝐷𝐶,20℃ (Ω/km) 0.0757
Rated Strength (𝑘𝑁) 120.91
Modulus of Elasticity (𝑀𝑃𝑎) 67100
Coefficient of Linear Expansion per ℃ 19.3 × 10−6
APPENDIX B: Specification of Transformer
APPENDIX C: Type of Steel Pole
APPENDIX D: Method of Calculate Tension
Case A

%% Determine Tension

clear all;
clc;
t1 = 13; % Initial temperature (oC)
t2 = 27; % Final temperature (oC)
t = t2 - t1; % Temperature rise (oC)
% g = 9.81; % Gravitational constant (m/s2)
Ec =67100e6; % Modulus of elasticity (N/m2)
Alpha = 19.3e-6; % Coefficient of linear expansion (/oC) or (/k)
A = 572.55e-6; % Cross-sectional area (mm2)
d = 0.027; % Overall diameter of cable (m)
T = 120910; % Ultimate strength (N)
k1= 2.5;
T_MWT = T/k1; % Maximum Working Tension (N)
T_EDS = T*0.24 % Everyday stress (N)
L = input('Span length(m)= '); % Span length (m)
T1 = T_MWT;
p = 680; % Wind pressure (N/m2)
WL = p*d; % Wind load (N/m)
W2 = 1.448*9.81; % Final conductor unit effective weight (N/m)
W1 = sqrt(W2^2 + (WL^2)); % Initial conductor unit effective weight (N/m)
M = Ec*A*Alpha*t + ((W1*L)^2*Ec*A/(24*T1^2))-T1;
N = ((W2*L)^2*Ec*A/24);
%% Solve equation by Newton Raphson method
syms x
f = x^3+M*x^2-N; % Function f(x)
g = diff(f); % Derivative of funtion g=f'(x)
n = input('Enter the number of decimal places:');
epsilon = 5*10^-(n+1)
x0 = input('Enter the initial approximation:');
for i=1:100
f0=vpa(subs(f,x,x0)); % Calculate value f at x0
f0_der=vpa(subs(g,x,x0)); % Calculate value g at x0
y=x0-f0/f0_der; % Formula
err = abs(y-x0);
if err<epsilon % Checking amount of error at each iteration
break
end
x0=y;
end
T2 = x0
%% Determine T_min
T_min = min(T2,T_EDS)
Case B
%% Determine Tension
clear all;
clc;
t1_new = 27; % Initial temperature (oC)
t2_new = 13; % Final temperature (oC)
t_new= t2_new - t1_new; % Temperature rise (oC)
% g = 9.81; % Gravitational constant (m/s2)
Ec = 67100e6; % Modulus of elasticity (N/m2)
Alpha = 19.3e-6; % Coefficient of linear expansion (/oC)
A = 572.55e-6; % Cross-sectional area (mm2)
W1_new = 1.448*9.81; % Final conductor unit effective weight (N/m)
W2_new = 23.2135; % W2 new (N/m)
T1_new = 29018.4; % Ultimate strength (N)
L = input('Span length(m)= '); % Span length (m)
T2_new = 48364;
M = Ec*A*Alpha*t_new + ((W1_new*L)^2*Ec*A/(24*T1_new^2))-T1_new
N = ((W2_new*L)^2*Ec*A/24)
%
syms x
f = x^3+M*x^2-N; % Function f(x)
g = diff(f); % Derivative of funtion g=f'(x)
n = input('Enter the number of decimal places:');
epsilon = 5*10^-(n+1)
x0 = input('Enter the initial approximation:');
for i=1:100
f0=vpa(subs(f,x,x0)); % Calculate value f at x0
f0_der=vpa(subs(g,x,x0)); % Calculate value g at x0
y=x0-f0/f0_der; % Formula
err = abs(y-x0);
if err<epsilon % Checking amount of error at each iteration
break
end
x0=y;
end
T2 = x0
%% Determine T_min
T_min = min(T2,T2_new)
APPENDIX E: Detail Each Sag of Conductor