ENHANCING E-BIKE TRIPS THROUGH PRECISE

DURATION AND BATTERY CONSUMPTION

PREDICITION USING MACHINE LEARNING

Rajasekhar Chandana Venkateswara Rao Bathina Rajini Gudipudi

Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada, India
rajj.studies@gmail.com
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada, India
drbvrao@vrsiddhartha.ac.in
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada, India
rajinigudipudi1674@gmail.com

Akshith Roy Kopuri Sri Jayanth Javvaji

Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada, India
akshithroy007@gmail.com
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
V.R.Siddhartha Engineering College
Vijayawada, India
jsrijayanth@gmail.com

Abstract - In today's transportation systems, it is
essential to effectively control trip time and battery
usage, especially for electric modes such as e-bikes. The
foundation of this research is the enhancement of the
dataset with trip details, ambient conditions, and
battery-specific information via strategic feature
engineering. Using data mining techniques on a large
dataset, the goal is to properly estimate trip time and
battery usage in a rental e-bike sharing system. Journey
time and energy consumption are estimated using
machine learning models, such as Random Forest,
Gradient Boosting Machines, and Linear Regression;
model efficacy is measured by performance metrics.
Through Predictive Mobility Insights, Power BI's
visualizations further improve data interpretation for
stakeholders, bringing in a new age of intelligent,
responsive, and environmentally friendly urban
mobility.
Keywords - Power-BI, E-bikes, Data mining, Data
visualization
I. INTRODUCTION
In the dynamic landscape of contemporary urban
transportation, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable
and eco-friendly mobility solutions. Electric bikes, or e-bikes,
have emerged as a promising remedy for challenges such as
urban congestion, air pollution, and limited parking space. E-
bikes provide a convenient and environmentally friendly
transportation option, appealing to both commuters and
leisure riders. However, to achieve precise predictions, it's
crucial to consider various factors influencing trip duration
and battery usage. Variables like traffic, terrain, weather
conditions, and rider behavior play significant roles.
By enriching the dataset with real-time ambient
conditions and battery specifics, we can improve the
accuracy of predictions. This allows for better fleet
management and ensures a more satisfying user experience.
Efficient management of e-bike fleets and optimizing the
user experience hinges on two critical factors: trip duration
prediction and battery consumption management. The ability
to accurately predict how long a trip will take and how much
battery power will be consumed during that journey can
significantly enhance the usability and sustainability of E-
bike sharing systems. This project, titled "Enhancing E-Bike
Trips Through Precise Duration and Battery Consumption
Prediction Through Machine Learning & Power BI," aims to
tackle these essential challenges.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The research emphasizes the importance of trip duration
and battery management in modern transportation, especially
within the context of electric modes of transport. By
integrating weather parameters and battery-specific data into
the dataset, the study aims to enhance predictive accuracy.
The machine learning models mentioned are employed to
estimate both journey time and energy usage, indicating a
quantitative approach to solving the problem. The abstract
mentions the use of performance indicators to evaluate the
models, but specific metrics are not detailed. Furthermore,
the abstract highlights the use of Power BI for data
visualization, emphasizing its role in conveying complex
data to stakeholders effectively.
Portigliotti, F., Rizzo, A.: ‘A network model for an urban
bikesharing system’, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 2017, 50, (1), pp.
15633–15638 [1].
E-bikes, like other forms of active transportation, can
improve individual and community health. This theme of the
literature review considers the effects of e-bikes on both
physical and mental health and well-being.
Bourne, J., Sauchelli, S., Perry, R., Page, A., Leary, S.,
England, & C., Cooper, A. (2018).Health benefits of
electrically-assisted cycling: a systematic review.
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical
Activity[2].

979-8-3503-1502-8/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE

 III. FEATURE SELECTION
A. FEATURE DESCRIPTION:
a) Date: The date of the day, during 365 days from
01/12/2017 to 30/11/2018, formatting in DD/MM/YYYY,
we need to convert into date-time format.
b) Rented Bike Count: Number of rented bikes per hour
which our dependent variable and we need to predict that.
c) Hour: The hour of the day, starting from 0- 23 it's in a
digital time format.
d) Temperature (°C): Temperature of the weather in
Celsius and it varies from -17°C to 39.4°C.
e) Humidity (%): Availability of Humidity in the air during
the booking and ranges from 0 to 98%.
f) Wind speed (m/s): Speed of the wind while booking and
ranges from 0 to 7.4m/s.
g) Visibility (10m): Visibility to the eyes during driving in
“m” and ranges from 27m to 2000m.
h) Dew point temperature (°C): Temperature At the
beginning of the day, it ranges from - 30.6°C to 27.2°C.
i) Solar Radiation (MJ/m2): Sun contribution or solar
radiation during ride booking which varies from 0 to 3.5
MJ/m2.
j) Rainfall (mm): The amount of rainfall during bike
booking which ranges from 0 to 35mm.
k) Snowfall (cm): Amount of snowing in cm during the
booking in cm and ranges from 0 to 8.8 cm.
l) Seasons: Seasons of the year and total there are 4 distinct
seasons I.e., summer, autumn, spring and winter.
m)Holiday: If the day is holiday period or not and there
are2 types of data that is holiday and no holiday.
n) N Functioning Day: If the day is a Functioning Day or
not and it contains object data type yes and no.
B. MISSING VALUES:
One of the ways to handle missing values is to simply
remove them from our dataset. We have known that we can
use the null() and not null() functions from the pandas library
to determine null values. Since there are no missing values in
this data set.
C. DATA DUPLICATION:
It is very likely that your dataset contains duplicate rows.
Removing them is essential to enhance the quality of the
dataset. Since there is no duplicate value in these datasets.
D. EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS:
After loading the dataset, we performed this method by
comparing our target variable that is bike_count with other
independent variables. This process helped us figuring out
various aspects and relationships among the target and the
independent variables. It gave us a better idea of which
feature behaves in which manner compared to the target
variable.
E. FEATURE TRANSFORMATION:
Transformation of the skewed variables may also help
correct the distribution of the variables. These could be
logarithmic, square root, or square transformations. In our
dataset Dependent variable i.e. bike count having a moderate
right skewed, to apply linear regression dependent features
have to follow the normal distribution. Therefore, we use
square root transformation on top of it.
IV. CLEANING AND MANIPULATING THE
DATASET
A. DATA PREPROCESSING:
It is the process of transforming raw data into a useful,
understandable format. Realworld or raw data usually has
inconsistent formatting, human errors, and can also be
incomplete. Data pre-processing resolves such issues and
makes datasets more complete and efficient to perform data
analysis.
B. DATA CLEANING:
Cleansing is the process of cleaning datasets by
accounting for missing values, removing outliers, correcting
inconsistent data points, and smoothing noisy data. In
essence, the motive behind data cleaning is to offer complete
and accurate samples for machine learning models.
C. NOISY DATA:
A large amount of meaningless data is called noise. More
precisely, it’s the random variance in a measured variable or
data having incorrect attribute values. Noise includes
duplicate or semi-duplicates of data points, data segments of
no value for a specific research process, or unwanted
information fields.
DETECTING MULTICOLLINEARITY BY
VARIANCE INFLATION FACTOR (VIF):
Variance inflation factor (VIF) is a measure of the
amount of multicollinearity in a set of multiple regression
variables. Mathematically, the VIF for a regression model
variable is equal to the ratio of the overall model variance to
the variance of a model that includes only that single
independent variable. This ratio is calculated for each
independent variable. Where R^2 is the coefficient of
determination in linear regression. A higher R-squared value
denotes a stronger collinearity. Generally, a VIF above 5
indicates a high multicollinearity. Here we have taken the
VIF for consideration v alue is 8 for having some important
features to accord with the model which we will be using in
this dataset.
V. MODEL BUILDING & BLOCK DIAGRAM
A. FEATURE SCALING:
Scaling data is the process of increasing or decreasing the
magnitude according to a fixed ratio, in simpler words you
change the size but not the shape of the data. There different
three types of feature scaling:
● Centring: The intercept represents the estimate of the
target when all predictors are at their mean value, means
when x=0, the predictor value will be equal to the intercept.
In this method we centralize the data, then we divide by the
standard deviation to enforce that the standard deviation of
the variable is one.
● Normalization: Normalization most often refers to the VIII. BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
process of “normalizing” a variable to be between 0 and 1.
Think of this as squishing the variable to be constrained to a A. Input Data:
specific range. This is also called min-max scaling
The dataset is sourced from Kaggle. Visualization of the
workplace setting and predictive analytics development is
presented. The Machine Learning phase includes data pre-
processing, entropy-based feature engineering, and
classification modeling, yielding accurate outcomes. Iterative
feature selection and modeling occur for various attribute
combinations, with continuous tracking of ML approach and
VI. METHODOLOGY performance.
B. Data Preprocessing
Algorithm Data pre-processing is done after acquiring a large
number of records. The dataset includes 8759 customer data
Data that will be utilized in pre-processing. For the attributes of
the provided dataset, the sub categorization parameter and
classification methods are described. The multi-class variable
Trained is used to assess the presence or absence data.
Input
Model
CUSTMOR
DATA

Predicted
output

Fig 1. Block diagram of input data analysis

VII. PREDICTION Fig 3. Virtual IP data

• This Dataset contain 8760 rows and 14 columns.

Input data Data preprocessing • Three categorical features Seasons, Holiday& Functioning
Day.
• One Date time column ‘Date’.
Split data
C. Split Data:
Train data Test data
Splitting a dataset involves dividing it into two types:
training and testing data. In this study, the split approach is
Algorithms employed for training and assessment.
D. Train Data
LR DT RF Utilizing the information of users to train a ML concept
is known as training data in ML. Analysing or processing
training dataset learning requires some human input.
Depending on the machine learning algorithms used and the
Selecting the
best result kind of issue they're supposed to solve can vary how much
participation there is from people.
E. Test Data
Prediction
An unknown data must be needed to test the machine
learning model after it has been constructed (using the
Fig 2. Block diagram of training data & test data available training data). Further, this data can be used,
which is referred to as testing data, to assess the
effectiveness and development of the training of algorithms
and to modify or improve them for better outcomes.
 IX. EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS D. CHECKING LINEARITY IN DATA:

A. VISUALIZING DISTRIBUTIONS
Data Collecting and Traffic Sensing Unit:
This unit is responsible for storing and managing the
collected data. It might include memory storage or USB
services to hold the data, which can be valuable for various
purposes, including analysis and archiving.

Fig 4. Graphical representation of visualizing distributions Fig 6. Graphical representation of checking linearity

B. CHECKING OUTLIER: X. ALGORITHMS

A. LINEAR REGRESSION

Fig 5. Graphical representation of checking outliner

• We see outliers in some columns like Sunlight, Wind,
Rain and Snow but let’s not treat them because they may
not be outliers as snowfall, rainfall etc. themselves are
rare event in some countries.
• We treated the outliers in the target variable by capping
with IQR limits.
C. MANIPULATING THE DATASET:
Fig 7. Graphical representation of Linear Regression
algorithm
• We plotted the absolute values of the beta coefficients
which can be seen parallel to the feature importance of
tree-based algorithms.
• Since the performance of simple linear model is not so
good. We experimented with some complex models
B. DECISION TREE

• Added new feature named weekend that shows whether

it’s a weekend or not. Here Saturdays and Sundays means
1 else 0.
• Added one newer feature named time shift based on time
intervals. It has three values Night, Day and Evening.
• Dropped the date column because we already extracted
some useful features from that column.
• Created dummy features from the season column named
summer, autumn, spring and winter with one hot
encoding.
Fig 8. Graphical representation of Decision Tree Algorithm
• DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=10,min_samples_
leaf=40, min_samples_split=50, random_state=1)
• Decision tree performs well better than the linear reg
witha test r2 score more than 70%.
C. RANDOM FOREST REGRESSOR
XII. CONCLUSION
• Functioning day is the most influencing feature and
temperature is at the second place for LinearRegressor.
• Temperature is the most important feature for
DecisionTree.
• Functioning day is the most important feature and Winter
is the second most for Linear Regressor.
• RMSE Comparisons:
1) Liner regressorRMSE : 370.46
2) Decision Tree RegressorRMSE : 302.53
3) Random Forest MethodRMSE : 290.20
• The feature temperature is on the top list for all the
regressors.
• So It can be considered as the best model for given
problem.

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