TYPES OF NUTRITIONS “Autotrophic nutrition is a process where an organism prepares its own food from a simple inorganic material like water, mineral salts and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight.” The term “autotrophic” is formed by the combination of two terms, “auto” meaning self, and “trophic” meaning nutrition. Nutrition in Plants Heterotrophic nutrition is a mode of nutrition in which organisms depend upon other organisms for food to survive. They can'tmake their own food like Green plants. Heterotrophic organisms have to take in all the organic substances they need to survive. TYPES OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION tt Saprotrophic Nutrition Parasitic Nutrition Holozoic Nutrition Dead plants, dead & feeds on another Ingestion organic decaying animal bodies living organism food materials Example Example Example * Yeast %* Tapeworm % Human Beings + Mushrooms * Lice * AmeobaThe digestive system of the human body comprises a group of organs working together to convert food into energy for the body. Anatomically, the digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract, along with accessory organs such as the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The hollow organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract (Gl tract) include the mouth, stomach, oesophagus, small intestine and large intestine that contains the rectum and anus. Human Digestive System and Nutrition involve the intake of food by an organism and its utilization for energy. This is a vital process which helps living beings to obtain their energy from various sources. The food which we eat undergoes much processing before the nutrients present in them are utilized to generate energy. This processing is known as digestion. Humans and other animals have specialized organs and systems for this process. The digestion process involves the alimentary canal along with various accessory organs and organ systems. In humans, the process is quite simple due to our monogastric nature. This means that we have a one-chambered stomach, unlike other animals such as cows, which have four chambers.append Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating waste to be eliminated. The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in the breakdown of food. Along the way are other ‘accessory’ organs that are needed for digestion: liver and the pancreas.The human respiratory system is a system of organs responsible for inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide in humans. The important respiratory organs in humans include- lungs, gills, trachea, and skin. The important functions of the respiratory system include- inhalation and exhalation of gases, exchange of gases between bloodstream and lungs, the gaseous exchange between bloodstream and body tissues, olfaction and vibration of vocal cords.The human circulatory system consists of a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, with the heart pumping blood through it. Its primary role is to provide essential nutrients, minerals, and hormones to various parts of the body. Alternatively, the circulatory system is also responsible for collecting metabolic waste and toxins from the cells and tissues to be purified or expelled from the body. HUMAN HEART Pulmonary veins Loft atrium Vena Cava, from lower body Right ventricle Septum (aividing wat)Human excretory system includes organs that facilitate the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body. The main excretory organs include kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. Kidneys filter the blood and urine is the filtrate obtained. ‘Adrenal gland Renal artery OA rena Kidney Inferior Cortex” Dorsa Ureter Urinary bladder — Urethra The kidneys are bean-shaped organs. These are located on each side of the vertebral column. It performs the filtration blood to produce excretory fluid or urine. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is nephron. A nephron consists of: Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus, proximal tubule, Henle’s loop, distal tubule and collecting duct. -Renal arteries carry blood (to be filtered) to the kidneys from heart and renal veins carry filtered blood from kidneys to the inferior vena cava. .- The kidneys open into the ureters at renal hilum. Ureters are tubes, each of which attach to a kidney and carries urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder.-. Ureters open into the urinary bladder which is a muscular sac. These urine is stored temporarily. When filled, it contracts and passes the urine to the urethra. -A thin, fibro-muscular tube called urethra carries the urine from urethra to the exterior.Aneuron has three main parts: dendrites, an axon, and a cell body or soma (see image below), which can be represented as the branches, roots and trunk of a tree, respectively. Dendrites- They are responsible for the receiving of the signal. Cell Body- It is the part where the signal from dendrites integrate, it contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. It is the metabolic centre of the cell. Axon- It is the long-tailed structure of neurons, it is myelinated by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS. It carries the electrical impulse out from the cell body. Axon Terminals- They are the knob like structure present at the end of the axon, they contain various neurotransmitters and VGIC (voltage-gated ion channels. They are responsible for transmitting the electrical signal into a chemical signal in the synapse.Synapse - It is the space between two neurons. It is responsible for the unidirectional movement of the signal. The brain is one of the important, largest and central organ of the human nervous system. It is the control unit of the nervous system, which helps us in discovering new things, remembering and understanding, making decisions, and a lot more. Anatomically, the brain consists of the following parts: Forebrain. Cerebrum. Hypothalamus. Thalamus. Midbrain. Tectum. Tegmentum. Hindbrain. Cerebellum. Medulla. Pons. Partai coe >. corp eatlooum Hypotalarase craicttt Budding in hydra:- Budding in hydra involves a small bud which is developed from its parent hydra through the repeated mitotic division of its cells. The small bud then receives its nutrition from the parent hydra and grows healthy. Growth starts by developing small tentacles and the mouth. Budding in yeast:- In yeast, budding usually occurs during the abundant supply of nutrition. In this process of reproduction, a small bud arises as an outgrowth of the parent body. Later the nucleus of the parent yeast is separated into two parts and one of the nuclei shifts into the bud. -¢ 34-6What are sexual reproduction in flowering plants? In flowering plants, male and female reproductive structures can be found in the same individual plant. The organ of sexual reproduction is the flower. Male gametes are found in pollen grains and produced in the anthers of the flower. Female gametes are found in ovules and produced in the ovary of the flower. In the parent plant, both the male and the female sex cells known as gametes must be present. When these gametes of both male and female sex cells combine, then offspring produces. This process is known as fertilisation. Through fertilisation, seeds are produced and it contains genetic material from both the parents. Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower, while pistil is the female reproductive part of a flower. The stamen is surrounded by anther and filament. The anthers produce pollen grains. petal stigma ile _anther filamentAll human beings undergo a sexual mode of reproduction. In this process, two parents are involved in producing a new individual. Offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes (sex cells) from each parent. Hence, the newly formed individual will be different from parents, both genetically and physically. The testes in males and the ovaries in females are responsible for the production of sperm in males and eggs in females. The sperm fuses with the egg during fertilization, which results in the formation of a zygote and gets implanted in the wall of the uterus. Male reproductive system The male reproductive system includes the testes, scrotum, spermatic ducts, male accessory glands, and penis. All these organs work together to produce sperms, the male gamete, male sex hormones and other components of semen. Penis and Urethra are a part of both the reproductive and urinary systems.Oviduet or Fallopian tube ovary Cervix | J Female reproductive system The primary sex organs in females are a pair of ovaries, which produce ova or egg and they also secrete female sex hormones like progesterone and estrogen. The other accessory sex organs include the uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix and vagina. The external genitalia comprises the labia minora, labia majora and clitoris.-All children will inherit an X chromosome from their mother, despite whether they are a boy or girl. Thus, the sex of the children will be determined by the type of chromosome inherited from their father. A child who inherits Y chromosome will be a boy and who inherits X chromosome will be a girl. -The sex of the baby is determined by the type of male gamete that fuses with the female gamete. If the fertilizing sperm contains X chromosome, then the baby produced will be a girl and if the fertilizing sperm contains Y chromosome, then the baby produced will be a boy. Father Meter Xxx 4 ‘ z yy Dewhcr Son Daher SoA food web is a network of food chains which are interconnected to each other. In a food chain, each member is eaten by the other ina particular sequence. The producers, consumers and the decomposers of the various food chains are considered as the part of the food web. PS foe CU