Professional Documents
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ACTIVITIES SUBSYSTEMS
Organizational activities
Activity subsystem Some typical uses
Transaction Processing of orders, shipments, and receipts.
processing
Operational control Scheduling of activities and performance reports.
Management Formulation of budgets and resource allocation.
control
Strategic planning Formulation of objectives and strategic plans.
CONTEMPORARY
APPROACHES TO MIS
Multiple perspectives on management
information systems show that the
study of MIS is a multidisciplinary
field. No singe theory or perspective
dominates.
Computer
Science
Operations
Psychology
Research
MIS
Management
Sociology
Science
Economics
Cont..
illustrates the major disciplines that
contribute problems, issues, and
solutions to the study of management
information systems.
Cont..
In general, the field can be divided
into technical and behavioral
approaches. Information systems are
socio-technical systems.
Technical Approach
The technical approach to MIS
emphasizes mathematically based
models to study information systems as
well as the physical technology and
formal capabilities of these systems.
The disciplines that contribute to the
technical approach are computer
science, management science, and
operations research.
Behavioral Approach
Behavioral Approach. An important part of the
information systems field is concerned with
behavioral issues that arise in the development
and long-term maintenance of information
systems.
Issues such as strategic business integration,
design, implementation, utilization, and
management cannot be explored usefully with
the models used in the technical approach.
Sociotechnical Systems.
Sociotechnical Systems. Adopting a
sociotechnical systems perspective helps
to avoid a purely technological approach
to information systems.
For instance, the fact that information
technology is rapidly declining in cost
and growing in power does not
necessarily or easily translate into
productivity enhancement or bottom-
line profits.
Sociotechnical Systems
Socio-technical theory has at its core the idea that the
design and performance of any organisational system
can only be understood and improved if both 'social' and
'technical' aspects are brought together and treated as
interdependent parts of a complex system.
One that considers requirements spanning hardware,
software, personal, and community aspects. It applies an
understanding of the social structures, roles and rights
(the social sciences) to inform the design of systems that
involve communities of people and technology.
Introduction To Information
Systems
Contents of presentation
o Information systems and the
managerial End user
o Fundamental Information system
concepts
Introduction To Information
Systems…Cont’d
o Information systems and the
managerial End user
Basic definitions
Information systems and society
Information systems and organizations
What Managerial end users need to know
Information systems and the
managerial end user...Cont’d
I. Basic Definitions
Information
Is data that has been processed into a form
that is meaningful to the recipent and is of
real perceived value in current or prospective
decisions.
This definition stresses the fact that data must
be processed in some way to produce
information.
It also shows the distinction between data and
information.
Basic Definition…Cont’d
Data is defined as raw facts or
observations, typically about physical
phenomena or business transactions.
Information is data that has been put into a
menaningful and useful context for specific
end users. This gives the information value
for specific persons and meets their
particular information needs.
Basic Definition…Cont’d
Example
$ 35,000 35 units
$ 12,000 J. Jones sales person : J. Jones
Western Region Data Processing Sales Teritory: Western Region
$ 100,000 100 units Current sales:
12 units 147 units=$147,000
Data Information
Basic Definitions…Cont’d
Information System
An information system is a set of
people, procedures, and resources
that collects, transorms, and
disseminates information in an
organization.
Today's organizations rely on many
types of information systems. They
include:
Basic Definitions…Cont’d
Simple manual (Paper- and-
pencil) information systems
informal information systems
(Word- of - mouth)
Computer-based information
systems that use hardware,
software, and people resources to
transform data resources into
information products for end
users.
Basic Definitions…Cont’d
Management Information System
No consensus on the definition of the term
MIS.
MIS is an integrated, user machine system
for providing information to support
operations, management, and decision
making functions in an organazation. The
system utilizes computer hardware and
software, manual procedures, models for
analysis, planning, control and decision
making, and a database.
Importance of MIS
Overall cost of information systems is
growing overtime and should be spent
wisely. Well managed IS can bring
about
Improves process;
Improves products and services;
Improves quality;
Cuts costs;
Improves management, problem solving
and decision making.
Basic Definitions…Cont’d
End user
An end user is any one who uses an
information system or the information it
produces.
This usually applies to most people in an
organization as distinguished from the
smaller number of people who are
information specialists, such as system
analysts or programmers.
Basic Definitions…Cont’d
Managerial End User
A managerial end user is a manager,
entrepreneur, or managerial-level
professional who personally uses
information systems.
Information systems and the
managerial end user...Cont’d
II. Information Systems and Society
Information is a basic resource that individuals
and organizations must have to survive and
succeed in today's society.
We are living in an information society whose
economy is heavily dependent on the creation,
management, and distribution of information
resources. We no longer live in:
An agricultural society composed primarily of
farmers or
Industrial society where majority of the work
force consists factory workers.
Information Systems and
Society…Cont’d
The workforce today consists mainly of
workers in service occupations or
knowledge workers, that is, people who
spend most of their workday creating,
using, and distributing information.
The category of knowledge workers
includes:
executives, managers, and supervisors;
professionals such as accountants, engineers,
scientists, stockbrokers, and teachers, and
staff personnel such as secretaries and clerical
office personnel.
Information Systems and
Society…Cont’d
Feedback
Signals
Signals
Control
Signals
Control
signals
Control
Other Systems
What is a system?...Cont’d
Feedback is frequently included as
part of the concept of the control
function because of the essential role
feedback plays in control.
Positive feedback- A system performing
properly generates positive feedback.
Negative feedback- A system whose
performance is deteriorating or deviating
from the attainment of its goal.
Fundamental Information
system concepts…Cont’d
Other system characteristics
The figure above points out several other
characteristics important to understanding
information systems.
A system does not exist in a vacuum; rather, it
exists and functions in an environment
containing other systems.
If a system is one of the components of a larger
system, it is called a subsystem, and the
larger system is its environment.
Also, a system is separated from its
environment and other systems by its system
boundary.
Other system
characteristics…Cont’d
The interconnections and interactions
between the subsystems are termed
interfaces. Interfaces occur at the
boundary and take the form of inputs and
outputs.
The figure also illustrates the concept of an
open system, which is a system that
exchanges information, material, energy
etc. with its environment.
If a system has the ability to change itself
or its environment in order to survive, it is
known as an adaptive system.
Fundamental Information
system concepts…Cont’d
A business as a system
A business firm is an open, adaptive
organizational system operating in a
business environment.
A business consists of the following
interrelated system components:
A business as a
system…Cont’d
Input: Economic resources such as people, money,
material, machines, land, facilities, energy, and
information are acquired by a business from its
environment and used in its system activities.
Processing: Organizational Processes such as
marketing, manufacturing, and finance transform
input into output.
Output: goods and services, payments to employees
and suppliers, dividends, taxes, and information are
all outputs produced by a business and exchanged
with or transferred to its environment
A business as a
system…Cont’d
Feedback: A primary role of information systems is
serving as the feedback component of an
organizational system. They provide information to
management concerning the performance of the
organization.
Control: management is the control component of an
organizational system.
Managers control the operations of a business so that
its performance meets organizational goals such as
profitability, market share, and social responsibility.
Feedback about organizational performance is
compared to standards of performance established by
management. Management then makes decisions to
adjust performance to meet organizational goals.
Fundamental Information
system concepts…Cont’d
Information system concepts
In section 1, we said that an information system
is a set of people, procedures, and resources
that collects, transforms, and disseminates
information in an organization.
In this section, we said that an information
system is a system that accepts data resources
as input, and processes them into information as
output.
How does an information system accomplish
this? What system components and activities
are involved?
Information system
concepts…Cont’d
An Information system model
An information system uses:
the resources of hardware (machines and
media), software (programs and
procedures), and people (specialists and
end users)
to perform input, processing, output,
storage, and control activities that
convert data resources into information
products.
Information system
concepts…Cont’d
An Information System Model