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    8 views7 pages

    Religion Conflict and Dissent, 1625-88

    Uploaded by

    tomas.ulloa.caballero

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    RES PY ee de ee Charles and the Puritans Meanwhile. John Smyth adopted Baptist ideas ~ rebaptisng his congregation asa symbol oftheir free choice in joining him —and later established the General Baptist movement hich rejected both infant baptism, were the sprinkling of water onto a chills head was supposed to intate them into the Church, and predestination, Inthe 1620s there were atleast ve such churches in England, ‘witha total membership of 150. Under Chaes, then, there was already a small but well-established tration of Puritanism. Archbishop Laud placed restitions on preaching and imposed the use of catechism Catechism to teach the laity set prayers and Church doctrines, which were tobe leaned by heart. | bk thot contans questions Fistoans have disagreed on thet impact tasers that can be 20 + Whig historians detected widespread oppostion to Lauds focus on Catechism suggesting that Sylar noc itcontributed tothe conflicts between king and parkament Sraments. + The Whig claims were later challenge by revisionist historians who believed that ordinary Whig historian ‘members of the Church generally welcomed the reform, Ahstoan who presents 3 progressive model ofthe past. Undoubtedly the pattern varied indifferent areas according tothe sength of Protestant and Purtan fc cn'sacene berl support. Cletiel ejections inereased, said the numberof dissenters wo met outside the Church. | darowy as te dea form tutti impossble to provide exact numbers for ether There were certainly more minstesaffecied of rere, xpos than the 90 who had abject to James religious pole in 1604~ a east 100 emigrated to Purtan of osouterula en flows Nev England (in North America) to avoid jection ~bt there were nowhere near he 1800 ejections Ws tasien st by re ogra that took place after the Act of Uniformity in 1662, Revisionist Charles and Laua's fear of the Puritans is evident in the extensive use of Prerogative Courts to punish Syetssu nhopractises dissent. As well as John Bastwick. who had written anti-Arminian texts, Henry Burton and Willams fustoreaivevsonam the Prynne were presented tothe Star Chamber and punished in 1637, Burton was a minister whose process ofrentespreting the frTrodox vew of events based sermons deviated from the set texts and often resulted in his attacking the bishops. Prynne was a : ‘on changing social or political lawyer and author who had written his Hisriomastixin the early 1630s, denouncing stage plays and acess as ungodly Al ee eased by the Long Pahamer adhe sentences decreases Nerul iis mo eonidence that he leading member ofthe oppostion in he Long Paar were placesneethe 18608 Puritans John Pym had been keeping a dossier on Chaties' mismanagement of govetrent between 1629 and 1640, and John Hampden, who earned notoriety inthe Ship Money case, vas part of the same Puntan cre. The historian JP Kenyon has asserted that thse who resisted Ship Money before the taxpayers’ sirike of 1639, such as Hampden, the Ear of Warwick and Lord Saye and Sele, ‘would have opposed Charles regardless of his financial policies, simply because they were Puntan and thetefore natural opponents of Charies and Laud Presbyterians and religious radicalism By 1616, Hey Jacob had returned to England and established a Congregational Church in London By 1610, this had multiplied ino eight such churches in part Beease of oppston tothe Lautan forms. The excitement caused by the Long Patient encouraged further development that included the practice of allowing laymen to preach but, on the ewe of the Cl Warin 1642 there were only ebout 1.000 active separa in ay of around 350,000 supposed hobed of radials “The course ofthe war saw futher grow, rising rom various actors. The breakdown of normal restansallowed exiting separatist groups and their preachers to become more activ. atacting nev members and strengthening te old A number ofthe more racial ministers were able o tke Cnparish esponsbaliesor preach as lecturers in towns and boroughs that were sympathetic o parliament. They also established separate groups wh attended meetings and debated the Bie {andthe events ofthis providental war). gradual bling up a separate identity although not necessary any formalised separation (f parcular importance was the relative freedom ofthe press, where new ideas were propgated and pic debate simulated more radical thinkin, The wrk ofthe Independent preaehets and the ole ofthe New Model Army has been explored above By 1647 when the quarrel berween parlament and ary intensified, the arguments fo rlgousfeedom and racial socal change were eady wel pubicged and vaabe to those who were intrested tough bth the press and the Pulp. The radical poltical ideas associated withthe sects are discussed fuer in Chapter 3 51 at | Stan, 1625-1701: con elton and settlement a sedf the eis 5608 tog Confession of Faith {formal statement of bee, often taken by al members of 82 Source § was written by a Presbyterian minster who disapprow warn of the danger that they posed jouer From Thomas Hal, Presbyterian minister, A Looking | Glass for Anabaptists (1645). that nove must be Doptsed tithe Yani baptism came fom the pepe aptem isa chidsh, needs ting, a “hoist tenets that fant baptemis a chidsh, neediest. 2 ystordration eed not use trat petition, ForveUS Ou sing lite, re pure, without spot and That the Saints, nth te themselves fom 6 They are gd separatists They separ 9 They hol free wallby nature al pinta ings 10 Thata man may have rove wives than one, reformed Churches. 11 Tratcothesdecover sn therefore they, being a perfect and pure a Adam his nocency they ougnt to gorsked 12 That Chit ced intentional fora. 13 That a Chistian cannat wth a safe conscier agetate [ie armanarchor er tke an oath, nor by oath promise Fidelity toa 26 afterrebaptisation, we carrot sin. 27 we may dssemble ous reign for ow Onn pr ‘ux blood. 28 Thot Scrptuteisnomore than allegories 29 That Heaven and Hell are nowhere but wthn @ man. cotection if we keep it safe in our hearts. God detightsnett al Non-confermity during personal rule and Civil War ‘Usng what you have read about the sects to guide you, decide the folowing 1 Why do you think nar-canflormity survived the persecutions of Charles and sud? 2 Read Source 5 Which ofthe statements about the Baptists and tht beliefs do youbeteve tobe ‘accurate? Which are designed to shock? Does Thomas Hall approve of ary ofthe beliefs he iss? EE EE By September 1688, when Cromwell led, his efforts to balance freedom in religion and stabil im society had achieved mixed rests, Mos of the more dangerous sects had disappeared, bute Quakers posed atneat (and had become a refuge for a number of earlier radicals such as Libure the Leveler and Winstanley the Digges both of whom were converted inthe 1650s). The freedom given to the Independents (now increasingly known as Congregational) and the diferent or of Baptists had allowed them to become organised and established, setting up national organisatil® and specific Confessions of Faith to apply to all ofthe members The importance ofthis wal be chow after 1660 in heping both movements to survive renewed persecution The Presbyteti had ako gained fom the opporunty o workin the Church and set p wlarary orp as regional associations of ministers At the same ime, far and suspicion of religious radicals! notated asthe Nye cas cemonsrate, nists wih te amy nen the neo Inpar cas ol hese Kas. the fc of hereon was aginst he sec, en foram ‘reasons their significance was seriously exaggerated by contemporaries and historians ‘The # nature of ther belies, especialy as portrayed by the Hes of Tho : ture i el pci by Thomas Hal created a reaction oF ‘The core of separatism before 1660 layin three groups ~ the ion of dissenters under Capen hehe ticouie ay THe persecution of dss impossble tobe precise about numbers, their sum total was tit Charles il and James dwarfed by the Presbyterians, whose aim remained a ref it atonal Church Hal ase and ober Preaytenan cee The development of non-conformity, Le ow experience if anything, even more disturbed by the activities ofthe sects than TH Persecution of the 1660s was not an ent ly ata ‘he nation at large, and madeno secret oftheir desire to see the the Englsh Puntan. The efforts of Bancroft return of authority in both Church and state. In 1660, it was two enforce uniformity in the Church would have Prov yr otherwise) Presbyterian ministers, John Shaw of Hull and Edward Bowles of _ °*Petlences for those who Tet the Chasey che ters. York who nse between Sir Thomas Fifax and General Monck 24 they would have received similar suppor fom spon to range the seizure of York and cer the way for Moncks TEC ting however made the Clarendon Code Gora march to London. The 1,200 deserters who left John Lambert's {because it was promoted under the ministry of Edwar - regiment of the army and backed Fairfax are testament to both _ °F Clarendory/1660-67) a diferent experience. the respect in which the Presbyterian Fairfax wasstilheld and to + One wasits scale and the numbers affected their own desire for stability «Another was the bitterness and desire for revenge with which it ‘As part of their intervention, Shaw and Bowles travelled to Breda was enforced in man (but not all) places tomeet King Chatles Il, and Shavr was appointed as a royal es drected primary at hose chaplain When the king andedin nga in 168, anther THEA was teat hat twas rected primary as Presbyterian minister in Yorkshire, Oliver Heywood of Coley, vidio seegted ta remain with the ‘wrote of his excitement in his dary. comparing the dark and ‘establish separate congregations omy winter ofthe Inerregrum wih he hesewvngsping__ Four Act made w the Caendon Code Restoration. Heywood wast lve throughout the reigns of resect ‘Charles I] and James II, and his diary is an important source of ae! corpaton Act say) was ma Eas spossibl information about the development of Puranism in those years. __FRor-conformiss hold municipal office Uniortnatey it was to record more clearly than anything else _>This was followed by the Ac of Uniformity (1662). which the painful and protracted process in whic the Putasm of ts ~ excluded them fom Church ofces abhor wes transformed info non-conformily + Assoon asit became apparent that meetings of some kind ‘would continue, this was followed by the Conventicle Act of 1664, intended to widen the targets to include the laity who attended meetings and to isolate the ministers Oliver Heywood and non-conformity + This was followed by zhe Five Mile Act (1665). which sought Gerreplol econ omer ans andegdtors Set ney he i Mla (8) [Gtangrorcovemiysteresnvenesteetwetswen ©dMeamncorirmat ava om er fends and les 1630 ae enrolled at Tnty College, Cambrcge.in 1648 Hisparents| had rased himin a Purtan household and in 1650be became a iAiluadgh tie Acs were aus ver air yoni tog ere rencovormstmnstr Therelgousfeedomassooatedmth the Smdousedy put ofc eohrent eostegy swt rac ofthe High eer cnebied hime Goueh for are. ‘Church party to create uniformity of worship across the kingdom He was forced to movein 1665 under the tems ofthe Fve ile Act, and silence dissent of any kind. By 1663, it was clea that the | when he was unable to obey te Ac of Unformty He eventual sot Strategy had failed | upa moderate Preshyteran church in West Yorshre, this beance topreach was voked in 2675. For mary, the impact of Restoration was fle ong before the Act 11685, he wasbanned from preaching again henit wasciscovered of Uniformity was passed in 1662 Shaw was employed in Hull Rewashoidngnoreanfonis mectresgtishorse tuleer he asapreacher at Holy Tinity Church and as master of a nearby ‘oleraton Act of 1689 he was ble toestabish another curch He _almshouse. Nevertheless, inthe wake of the Corporation Actin dedinHalifacin 1702. 1661, the Corporation received a letter ordering the dismissal of tee aldermen and of Shaw from Holy Trinity. Shaw appealed to the kang. who he served as chaplain, and was given permission to retain his post atthe almshouse and continued with hs preaching Reports indicated that much ofthe congregation had followed 'Non-confority and Prosbyterianism him, leaving the church half empty. The result was a campaign of How would youdescrbe the relationship betwoen the Presbyterians persecution by the garrison. probably on Sheldon's orders, including and ner-conformsts between 1649 and 16607 ‘one occasion when they closed the town gates early and forced 300 ATA — prople to sleep in the almshouse for protection, By une 1662. Shaw had been banned fiom entering Hull and, aware of the imminence of ejection (being removed from his post) under the ‘Act of Uniformity, he returned to his native Rotherham. There he assisted the vicar Luke Clayton, until both were ejected. Thereafter they preached to those who would atend their private meetings. 53 Shaw experience, which wa replicated many times across the country. illustrates the com r mahodr sed to na oerge ne miets baich espeiences ere na cored tothe ce Ove Heyood eee the and tribulations of a neighbour, Captain John dion, who had ered under Mont wos kom he of Independent preachers Tomas Jy an Henry Root Noten ih pst male him unable, ution wa Prvocaon al yas who wane in hat ey mu revenge n October 1, ea ese one rss and was forced take the oath of allegiance othe Cown at Church of England etre beng imprned fo seve weeks 0 ‘wai al He was every auld but under Sinla experiences four more ies wit the et 18 noah ‘The worst suffering of all was endured by the Quakers, who \were already experiencing problems in the wake of the Quaker Scare in 1659. The Scare led to several of their number being ‘executed by the fearful authorities. The Quakers were particularly vulnerable because they refused to meer in secret, and because their peculiar methods of worship ~ meeting in silence until one (of those present was moved to speak by God roused suspicions that they met for other secret purposes. By early 1662, the Quaker ‘Act was in force, allowing them to be arrested and tendered the Cath of Allegiance, inthe full knowledge that their beliefs didnot allow them to swear an oath of any kind. Mos offered to make a

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