COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN EXAN) oO 2, Diffeential eguation differential get ticienta or diffe rent als => Involves yin ede t ody =O —O ve tne =O —@ at* xt y M22, —O on y 4 Ordinayy Diflered od Equation (026) => All diflerentiod coctticients variable Have vetorence bo indepen dent > nam pls i O40 fartiol Jtlerestial epeation Fon mere ndeperderd arable of then, 5 There ave = & partial diflerestial gachlicient wrt ay > Euerple — © Order L Degree tf diflerestiad eget Order of Ay a gingle tien hest deri vative Order * pyre: Done t hyhet sdevivative ofler egutln d ina fave without vadieals tA expres 5© ov Avactivnd of devivatives , ‘Scanned wh Camscanet® ’ O edt ety 20 D> ent etdy 0 ae peel Se degree =| Se @ dix tne =0 at” Order 2 2 & degree a! eS Ot b/de > phe [ky + « ord 2 |, degree = 2 : = O f+ G)] /# dx. a = > [rei] - ey order = 2 L degre = a ‘iy© dv uy [do Te. ee =0 i Order = 3, degree zl L Imphet Arne bE Dtterentiod opr Explicit Imopliert. orn DE ee . t 4 t- - dy 22 famet—o "= £lyy) gi yl= dery* Hin of « DE Consider % DE ay core dx weg el, Integral _ ” * ya sinnt C—s Gerwal sohtion with an (with an arbile (with an arbiluyy constant c) fay of solitions E Foe dh wee vated ‘Scanned wth CamScanetJf ve asign perticwlar velve - &e exemple C= L Ther toletion Sec mey ye soe +! CS This 1s called a artical solet —> Pyrticular solution ches mot. contain oye arbitrary constants , Lnitial Vale fro bleon To obtain pertiee be used. gi lor godt, nied eondition gle) = . <— Savlial condthon aad te determine the yahee > Initial condition 14 ¢ content ¢ _5 Jn ODE , tyether with an pital cond lee, 73 a) Folve yrs be ay ldo B7 > dy = ae we % edz : »” Dategrating. vO 1, |y) Heme FFE ‘Scanned wh CamscanetJe 2 €° Be = Gre Generad _ 0 Gries) ylo)= F7 BP a7 co 2 Qa SF —@ ‘ pee paiticular dolvtivn 4 ys O7 e” —_ Fint Order ODEs ( Euler's Methed > Gopical_nethd * she dPlrentiel egeton oth Am y's Lien. fe tial condition, > Let JO) = no fy the shetice a tr Bi poos theo lu-%) ? xe oe Ateps_' O Auune 4& mel value a4 Ay wee A we Le the | aitlirn aa hap @ Tike fut pr O Arceriive values of % ate ath, 22h, 2 tH, az. ‘Scanned wh Camscanet@ fuccessive valves 4 yon cubated ac OF y= & th F(x, 4) Coker N | ‘d= y) wth DE ye yt bh tbr) ya th Cm re) politivs curve U4" pits Yn = ® Then draw be %), & 1), (2, nw), == Euhys Methd — draw plition cone Br &:) Using we, ye yte with spitial cond bin y ©) = 0 dp Let sep size, he 0-2 row initiod cenditivn, YE (&) = (0, o) 2 OF, 1st }0 A, %)= O8, Mem Oa, Xe Ob, He y,= %+ ht (x) = OF o.r« (0 #2) -0 r= byt h(n) 4 o +02 (ott) = Ont Yat bt Cost) = 004+ 0:2 = Oller woe (ot tony | ‘Scanned wh Camscaneteo Os29 4 02 (oet 0/26) he 2 02736 y, = O-t7364 0.2 (oat 273) 2 O4E3 pata in golution curve are a2 oF Coy , (or), (4, 008), bt oy, Oe 0.2736) L (Ok 0. 4963) tion cove oftaned & Lolers methed. fa— fle @ Va ria bh Hepa ra bh me thed . where it 7 protb le a & de on one side. on other wde > for those ODEs collect olf fanel iors px ad all dincbisr4 dy he dy ai Pay = lo) de ‘Scanned thAu Then pliten can # phtamed a oly = [Yow * © Arlee yl lty™ ds ity We de a a 4 2 de [ey™ Ay = J+ ai by * => x= Jap* —@ - | ee = tan a . OD x= teniy +o ye ta(a-d *o dA& soc O Ldy = | a iy i+ tan 7 reer ey gy Ale ye Gtde'y we He ber y Je- feree © Jt- £ -@ aa -| jet) ek : Integration by ports in a ford = a firde - fu (Jods) dx us rtl 4 we a NS Jo# aa = fan fern foffe#) de 1 § e-(tje t+ € +e é Ey) = — ft ~e* +0 —@®@ OO becones -yle- pty AS > ye Boece _— Gt E* = C ‘Scanned wh Camscanet| G:3) Sf the growth vate G the mmke J bate, at ay tineS t iy proportioned to the num bey present” at t and deublea Th Lweek, Aow May bacteria can be expetled attr 2 week, § a Mtr € weky @ let ye no: $}- bacteria at tim 7, Growth vate = at Given that 4 d 4 < by > Lk ke exnstent) He ky C > > J#- ‘pew 2 bajyl = ke+e FO ma ye hE ig kt line) + Lt y= (2) > we q, fo = ¢ t yr ne O yay, ohn & a=! ‘a week) Oday * 2 eke2-gn OD becomes € ye “we —— © VCD weeks = ye = 4y, y (4 weeks ) = we = Ibe ei —— Ale dy 2 fotyt lh, be! of A ty a Gtytl, #3 yo Ut tty thet Elen at 44h Ek a dy. stot mo gn he comes dé-¢t2t wx dat = |* — t Pt A flake te Go £ aa = a GJ - [Hained ee) EE, * atone Lf tching inbegre ‘Os Burlg) -rt< > eefssetie 169> brtyt/e Ba [2Gro) °F ~ When n=O, yal jel = 2 tan) 26] | > C= 4 tax(\) = a doledion is fat tle 2ter(2x+E) eS @ Homegenoud Equations dy 4(ny) OL the fom Oe 78 a Bled) where Loy) £ Play) ave. parggenout fosbin see depee in % & y Methed delving > ad ) fat ye ve, ther wee ut ae ale b) Aeporete. the variables and x, & aly @:) Adve (xy) de ly =O dy ep” |ht ye Ve ON D> verde _ rte Jeu de = = oat - of ve 2 fd [- du * let [-2v'= u 2 —4yde = de 5 ydv= Lad E Pap Jeo le > -Lhll= bhi +e > In (I-2v') = -4 bala) ~#€ eokr f (ie D+ let) = - #6 = tfi-2y)\e -#0 a x (i L) ate 6 H40 eé-2«2¢ D x Ot 2y') =te Cl ~ ys be) de wt enc) | He 4 2 eld? EE) Leb y= vm > a favs psec V) ous 'V | an sinos 4% de 2 kg w= — lyn FC 2 Bly tana + log re C > ytae = ou Ge otietiec iEe @ @ Linear Eguat inna >A dFhevent iad egn ig gard th be fear if the dependent variabh 8 ily diferestial coether occur only th Frat degree 4 ait multiphed Logether. dy +h €2Q (' pk @ are ae ad “Irnctions YX \ Handard dorm Lie called Lebeitet Method: ar egy — fe Mtiply both aides J >= 4 4ery (i p)e ae Jide - Fax. ” 4 Ge) = ae” “ Integrating mot aides, Side Pde ye * foc a te Cdn e! ia called Integrating Factor (£*) © polution | & the A Woe fa lop ht be | ——— | & ‘Scanned wth Camscaneta!) Ashe le _y@= eet)” | pe OGD | dr xt | Br Pe -7, k& @e e Gt) he = f I. fies dt = -4b) tee afte ove = aa ) xt] . golution is t= ary 1 de Fi xe! J: A vi = o ao 3 > ye (S71 9O?) a2) Ade the initial vale pm ben, yt y tare = sth2x, y@) =| Aw. it y tank = Dynear pe tam ke Qa Dimerx se” x bn [seex] e = = seck EB « é opp fo 6D Jt J to deta A jsee / @® DF = ol a pletion Vd Jiee = [emda abe M = dase Ft © D> Yo Swe Dees ® ye) = | 2 l= cM-2 > C= 7 jolition 14 y= Sas— bw me ——— i) fhdl th Polowng -L cirewt L phe The yemulbing ope for the current LUE) anges where tis time, Atsume Het the corer? contilna 4 battery § 47V, * pesinhr & alte & a pduder Le dl v, & thet the. carret v4 zero We inital.hb 4RV= ret Ldeé “Tt yorol se I a > If +il0L = FF0 dat peilo A a= 4% Stat Not é Foe Cv goletion 14 pot ~e Te ez Jen +¢ 2 4%0 alee HO > t= 4 4 4 ce a TW Applying inttiak condition, Lo) =o > of #F¥ pe tt BP ox2x -4F TH SB Ashetivn = 40 RMot TL = #5" -4F [et 7 —— ee‘@ Bernoallity apie OM = Of the torn fit he &y” Methed + . —Dinde Doth ardes 4 y 2 Sty = 0 —— 0 lt yi=2 2 (i-dy" 4 ~ dz 2 body hem dy cl de OY pe ~ En) de ; equctlen 4@ beanca i. de + Pe = @ per dx de 4 (enh = & Ci-n) & SS Ldecd t the Ang Leibnite's tver orl 2) & can de solved 4 earlier, explained &) he uy lity He = I dx _ De oie oe eee BE“ 5 de — ye = ye ay Divdig by ee de ye ¥ —O y Falling vlez 1 > rds lo bo dy ' Oo becomes 3 do +t Y? = +e P= y@ A aay” £ Lt frye e = . polation pe [rene vhy Tr yte. = Let yor > Bae re Iv dy tl-— © dt os yaya dt ‘Scanned wih CamScanetBev. . indegr a gelatin fs yee 1 becomes @® _ ft et ad fp dt - afta — fuce] Intgrebiod” by pote Ju ude = Soo foe AEA _ofet et] = get (1- t) o1d”* (i 22) ee z wv - & ay) c ZESA dPleenliod equation nly ») det Nbe x) by is eset iL LHS tu the eact ditlevetiod GZ ome Function ulyy). ie dus Mdxt Nd, eh ON ry > a hition ‘ fms + fly -@e (uth y os * content Ly) = terme JM vat a:)) Aolue [ye + n)de + (Bye? 3y Jay 5 dw. lee Me yente * N= dye” ~3y" Checking condition tor exactnes + aM. yey Tage 4 searEe BN = LyeV + 2 pr) @ a - vel) | i dye! + Lay em _—O OLO? 2m 2 2H oy ae dle gn ct \ paletion 15 [nw Jeo _@ec My) = - 3y" [oie bu3) ie + Jes24- c > eh at - Fy fa yooe a x or) Jokve {yl 3) + uy) de Leth —2uny)dy 20) Ay Check contin dav eractnes + am . f4+t—- sh yy ye —O ‘Sear thON ~i+b-w -@ & ——— Ox () & O > Afferentiod eguativn VA cach — oF _Ailetion * [nde + Pty = © [ve fens without % a n/ ty) = . folution 4 pretreat =C > ry ty lym troy 2 € Cc &+ deg x)y + rcouy = oy) Pole e* (2euy de = any dy) = Oo, y(o)=0 we Le cay dr ~ ean dy =O Checkin, Condition ter cuacthes + 2 - LEE FPG EE Oy De? amy N a = Himy el = on —o: | OL O02 diff. egn it erect A pol tion 4 Jind + Hide = € whexe ly) = [rere d: 2 2 ry eae ” e oy “ / aie dolation initial condiE/on Aphy ’ ” a cel a2 6 PE ler delat De is ey a! oo | ke porties D Equation op fot ade A ligler dyree fn of “ay i ef Lp st up aA Bo are neti nu of xdy lee f,4 ‘sear| : 7 (en RGR ENR it dp. pe 4 =p jneay Ads va 4 Then ght LYS fate ” CE fi é | | ! fp Abi fo-Aer] afr ACa=0 Eguatyg each Aactrr to Zero, pe 4 pe PDE > & Swat dopre a Ayst ord Equctions YT order . : nerd Arle these individeak equities to #9 polation ye Ay ae 2 BAe a:) Bol we 5 ae a pt ar > pope gt > pte (4-93) -! =O > p(ptt) -*(P +2) -0 2 Hort) -0 —O seares> 4 x Lo O> 4s 2 yyy atde Ingretiy, yeh tHe 2. or way = C1 —_—— @ Qa? Ath 20 a> te -# v Sutegre9 we bye — In) + tn (G) 2 = dn (&) Ce D TF ze awe © Conbratny @ @_ fined Bole tion i (9 - ) CF G) =O 7 ‘Scanned wh CamscanetWe it bop dx > pots de wae It xipt D2 {fr Ht) (1 + ny ptr -O qe © > “ie v \ r\-Jolegratig, hp thw che eo bles be) — (ee ae] DB paler be te Jak Ie a replacing this in orjgined epuction we get yo 2dGkx E tai'(x w ys 2)Ge + tana) oe behetion fee Second Order ODEs See Non-homegene4 Jnear Abhrentied eguat ion with _, of th & , 7 4 dy 4 L, de a hdy +. hye X | za ar fre att where AA ew? & are _enatentt 2B Xue function of onh ¢ 7 ( d+ Biter | wok” SY ‘Scanned wth CamScanet! Method of Abory_: >> ote A do de | | O Denote A tt4d, &. b BPO ak. : dy ta2dy _3 4 dx dx ~ z Aybhe Lin => f@)y=X @ Conplete_ahdin ee be woilten af ye CR +P? Cha Cooplementag Larction pre Particular htegredy © Te tnd Coplay Fee COP endfor am equation (Dr+4 thy = x sate Anil Egeetioa (26) at pik pth = O b) foctoviee fe AE and wile a3 =m, _ = my AM 47 G-n)lv-r) = 0 CS og) d 9 mm & im, are Lk dfhrest rots CR SG i ae fel kg! te Ga che Est are™ rea JA “+ Ge”| : od J mo, dm, are 18 inaty rests, @ poms Xt iP Am x-iP fhe, CF = € “Gs cosine FGI BH) @ To tnd Partiube btegrd (PR: “a fv a dibleretial eguetio, Py =X, T= x cher: asying) | PI = ip if dy Jy xe _ be™ ip Sl) 20 Pro= XM L oR , — yg be ih Plan0 & AG) #0 PL = ra OR , | wb, iL the t-0 FPA 40 Let Ty 7? P Fa or X cu [ax #4) py xe on ts) (0 Rested) pre Lge, Le anlentd), 44, ~ 4(2) ted) ‘Scanned wh Camscanetft ein (4 (ath), f(s) pre “a ainlat) , fb I'L) dy . sobs) with cos (2th) fo oll pr= * > Replec Cases when 7 ” “= bol Expen ad poy wing & & operate ond yi f FO)= a hota =e GeyrH 2k 4A2 @ 4) ye x eV, ale Vin a dinlion eb —_— pr- Le™v F(0) = a { V L019 ge y #Q = p-apt4, & X= eee, Pt = i ences D-21d+4 | = e ! Cost | Ory 20 ++ = el CofX% p42 ST he whed aa th case b) function of hen X an Ww ia any _!I_ x tQ) > hetohe 1 irte particd Siactrons | FOE) [are ere | I £09) Dom Dome Tha operate enh partial tractin on X, | Se Pre sears\s \ ~~ Sl- \ > . S 2 _ = pra A. LA 4 A. L6) Dom D-m, ES by general wk, 1x. Jxd ix. J A xe vues | D-a : PL = ae [xen a + Ae [xe el 2 @® One CF & PL are chtared complete dolution ig written 24, ops ae yo Ch + PT —Oe a) dy fol d‘ Bole ae 4 Sdu tbe =o ve xf)=0, oo ON at* dt fa) = 15. aE Hr, X im RUS =O a ib fs a homogenouf equation. fo_2 CF will be prewat mn the ahetion, (p*4 sp+dr =o | Auxiliary Equelton (ae) is gieen 4 py-sorh sO => p+aptrors =0 2 p Doty +2 (otrp=0 > br9(erd 20 [hal A bb forest reity > Pe -& -3 complete pol on is, -2t 3st x= CF = Ge the — 0 t at rl) =0 lGe"+ Ge => Colt Gera BOA -a wrt ust Ale, OP ae 2-208 -3 Ge dz (e)elF 2D ~2Ge -3Ge = 1S dt 210,436, =!5 (vg) | seared> el > G4 > A Coe IF . complete polation TP ‘= isc é “see ——— "+ 10y -0, pyle 4 y=) Bi) Ale y"2y de Here, X in polation a, Yn a AE ge 4a pi gotio =O 9 & Je) pee L gus =O > DF e 2th lt 3 («te Pe polytion 40 L of / Gal = € “(C1 B* tl sfo 2 (Cre to" 3x) yl) a4 > fe quot G9) Y uA searEz. ¢ => C, = 4 __ Oa @ 1} a 4 ) 0” ie = et 3G Finke F Po, oF 3) 4 cor Fe 4G, 5" aye" - 2% = e[-1em Be patos in + taste | 4+Qum ef yele! B je of arsa rere | = Cte =} polation 1, | : bad asin 32) J aaonplte - CFs yee | a — - | | 63) dove er spré)y= 2" | by This yo @ poner enowk egeation . | A olution [4 y = TJ. Find CE AE D> D 2 ty @or)=0 -2,-3 (red 4 diblerod) | 4 cet PE epysp4é #0 aD dD= searedoe ck = Gq oe tae* — og gird PEs pre —-* t0) = te acl ett Despre as 2 — tO) 2 tee e. 029 peste i _—& ‘ complete polation is, ye CRA PL = Ce 4 Genr4 & ae = a4 Dilie ti tds = oe Uta td de fiition it, ye CREEL ae =P DD =O 2 o(o+) =OTepe PF PE = Te) _ Lb (eter? DTD we Ge [eed 4 L (i- oe sien 9 binncied Bem. Ep OF Or ds pel le eh ex aD eat 1 fe - pleeury + opsord) rea (att ‘| af pied a [ed fern” (4 = i 2 4 4y —@ | F Sean wthis oq o golithe 1, ke Ct Ge bet 3 77 eS rr &:5) Find PL (e2 20+@y = case Bw PLS } eee prt x2 ev (v= ons) PL = ev_lev 4(p+4) => PI= en | @ aux tor) ain APlr Gr) 2Orp +4 * / = ec Dips pp-2 FF = en te ese D43 =e | an Lt enGeth) -)" to hes 9 ey Fa)yr L wo QB ad) fohe (@-» = Efe 4+ sin da t a) Plifisn is » 2 ye Cr+ (LT q, fied CF: nee Ey" = 0 2 Dp =42 [ved bagel ae Orene —O Aq fad PL. ee de . F art ¥ % e+ Finds ra} PL = a » 6-3 a oy [e-aJ L— @ ie oy ~ oO — pape FOV faye 209 -% NOo)- 2 a ttle & . | — ee _—@ Gar FO)-F- Ls gin de ‘ @-)” / pte gL ns Deane E2)-vrt Keyless 40) AGa) oat jam Qe 1 $5 5 [4 Li)= fii ok. font dx $ oes 2h A & 2 a» L ope. Lt 6-7" 4(i-ay 2 2-4) x | free ge ely lade Ginvmiod expandon ‘Scanned wth Camscanetf aplernre ° 4} OE ’ @, 8,046 > hr tok 1G gat fet 3 L—@ r “ +f" erat eg » F 4 PL = D2 Comp hte golitioh, a gee + toe t cos 2k fb 2a tat3 / = ° CE Lp 4 Gyre i aii» 4-07 pti | wb “ DOIt / fi al!) faplerdy £0) oth t= yy, = De a+) ol 2D a) fin & Pp \\ Le [-4D =| 2 14? asl) ” (490449) ' s Ltt? aelay }- 16D % Gre) cos (20) (fcr pels C2) Cs 2 es bpreved 9] $5 = A[~ ()- Ssin 6-9) — ag find the current tu) ean RLE civevil with Re , b= Ot ce 10 F, whick is aaneeted to 6 furee eme EC) Il {nose} wth P= (OH, Assume that corrent & oe ib chage ave O phen t 20, fo TD R+ Lae 4 [rat = evs | > ye kor aga to fasts hog74 Didterestitiy, fo remove tlegrl _—© [ee a) nar ors" 4+ jooL = 06x 377 1 (8728) Papen searOO Oo! =_—_—— sae > OID ANT! +0t -e OT = 414-70 cos (2778) a Nan-honzgernug eguatn , ' Avlathn 1s qe CFFES. AE = OID END +100 =2 > pre lod + 10% = 4 2 pee 6 (00a =q > d= -10, —/0° , ce A oper ge _— @ Te nd FL ee rLe= = x £1%70 ws (3770) Qu] D'HID +100 414700, (3774) \\ D4 JjoD+ 1000 - AIF 700 es (2778) _ G7) + HoDt ive 414700 ou(8774) flop —IFil24r _ F1t700 (lor tenry ,., rey Fa (lod) — 14129 a £14700 (ODF jqn24) ar(B778) wou a 77 — TITRA s 414700 af0> + #129 cos 277t @ 9 6371 SFFA | 414700 x19 * 377 L-sin6779) rg 43 71ST? | Ab aig 7eon IFN 24 os G79) = 21£3 71S SFF#) Oo. 7455776) — 2F wos (3776) L_—@ 2 gation iy Alt loot tle Ge toe + 0.795 sinl3778) = 2:7 os (3774) L-—~ pitidl aendition @b tl) =o pe EC, + Or. - 2-7 > C17 27-6 — BO 2 — A i et AnyNet intial Ggorditivn 14 Glo) = 0 () (lage) - fz 1 Go Vaing this in eguston YZ Te ee 0 => T'Ce) =O Q@ Jiderentiatirg @ Hot —/oot ah) = -l0Ge €-ooGe £27 as L277) 4 112 P3279 pitry tro & ry @ here Oe 0c, —100 4299-7 Using OQ here pe WG “00 L27— Ct 17 >? GE 0F -|0C, —270 + [00 C, +2997 a —0:335 —@ OD G Ope 171087 = 703 @ 7 complete wi ltion 4 . -iot jot -0:33e + 3:03¢ “4. 0-795 sin (3774) x(t) = c 9-7 es (2779) seared[ a9 Dok dy lady ty 2 zetrine y € oe 7 F gtr La po 2D tye ae Aldion ia ys CF FOE Te fad CF: Th O pi2r+l =? 2 @-I) =? ( | > ope- I, cere G4 ane —O Ts find PL: | PL = I cv rsing ey” = a i ele L Gr-)” FQ) = kt tl xsin De = et [rem de (4 = S4 2 ed [ neon) ~ [gor 4] ee tf ese STR 4] ‘Scanned wth CamScanet2" JO sm) de | we fiom fod) ~ oo] = & [sim Gsie — cy] ane [sine + Deer) —@ * pohebinn da vA = (& F ae — ef (sine +2 ass) ——_