CRN: 32721 University of Salford MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, SCIENCE & ENGINEERING TRIMESTER TWO EXAMINATION PROGRAMME(S): BEng/MEng AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING BEng/MEng AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING WITH PILOT STUDIES AERODYNAMICS E2 (P1) Tuesday 21 May 2019 14:45-16-45 Instructions to candidates: Full marks may be obtained for the correct solution of any THREE questions. Asheet with relevant formulae and constants is provided at the end of this paper. Approved electronic calculators can be used. You are not allowed to remove this exam paper from the venueCRN: 32721 Qt) a) Explain which the physical sources of the aerodynamic forces and moments are acting on a body immersed in a fluid flow. 2marks b) Present two of the most common ways of splitting the resultant aerodynamic force over an aerofoil into components. 2marks ¢) Define the centre of pressure and the aerodynamic centre. 2marks 4) A Cessna 172 aircraft is flying in steady level flight at its maximum velocity of 300 km/h at sea level, The maximum thrust the propulsion system generates is 1500 N. Knowing the aircraft has a wing area of 16.2 m?, a zero-lft drag coefficient of 0.02 and an induced drag factor of 0.125, determine the lift coefficient required for maintaining steady level flight and the mass of the aircraft. 8 marks e) An aircraft is flying at an altitude of 3000 m, where the air density is 0.9093 kg/m®. The pressure reading obtained with a Pitot tube is 0.58 bar, while a static pressure tap located near the tube gives a reading of 0.55 bar. Determine the aircraft flight speed. If the density at the flight altitude cannot be measured, an alternative would be to use the reference value of 1.225 kg/m®, Calculate the airspeed using this density value (this is called the indicated airspeed) 6 marks Q2) a) The aerodynamic performance of a tactical UAV is to be determined using wind tunnel testing. The wind tunnel test section is large enough to allow a 1/4 scale model of the UAV, while the tunnel maximum speed is only 75% of the aircraft's maximum, speed. However, the tunnel can be pressurised. Determine the pressure inside the wind tunnel required to achieve similarity when the UAV would be flying at maximum velocity, at sea level in standard atmosphere. Assume the temperature and viscosity in the tunnel are equal to those at sea level in standard atmosphere, and are not changed by pressurizing. 8 marksCRN: 32721 b) Following the wind tunnel testing of the UAV model's aerofoil section, the following aerodynamic characteristics are determined for the linear region: G = 0.085(@ +2) Gn = —0.08 + 0.246, Where «is in degrees, and the pitching moment coefficient was measured about an axis located at 50% of the chord. Calculate: 4) The zero-lft angle of attack; 2) The zero-lift pitching moment coefficient; 3) The position of the aerodynamic centre; 4) The location of the centre of pressure at an angle of attack of 5 degrees; 8 marks ) Assuming similarity was achieved during the wind tunnel testing, what would be the pitching moment coefficient of the UAV's aerofoil during flight, for an angle of attack of 2 degrees, about the axis located at 50% of the chord. Justify your answer, 4marks Q3) A convergent-divergent nozzle has a cross-sectional area of 0.1 m? at the throat. Air enters the nozzle at a stagnation pressure of 100 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 15°C. The nozzle operates off-design, and a normal shock-wave is generated in the divergent section, at a cross-sectional area of 0.175 m?. Calculate: a) The Mach number immediately upstream of the shock-wave. 6 marks b) The static pressure and static temperature immediately upstream of the shock- wave. 2 marks c) The Mach number, static temperature and velocity downstream of the shock-wave. 8 marks ) The mass-flow rate through the nozzle. 4 marksCRN: 32721 4) A two-dimensional circular cylinder, having a radius of 10 om, is placed in a uniform free-stream of 20 m/s. A circulation c [m/s] also exists around the cylinder. a) Sketch the flow pattern around the cylinder, marking clearly the stagnation points. 5 marks b) Determine the value of the circulation c required to produce a maximum velocity of 50 mis on the cylinder surface. 8 marks ¢) Find the angular location on the cylinder surface where the static pressure is equal to the free-stream static pressure. 7 marks Q5) a) Plot, on the same graph, the velocity profile through a laminar and a turbulent boundary layer. 4 marks b) Briefly discuss the plot from point a). Comment on the physical consequences this difference in the velocity profile has on the wall shear stress and the behaviour of the boundary layer in an adverse pressure gradient. 7 marks c) Determine the displacement thickness and momentum thickness in a turbulent boundary layer, at a point where the boundary layer thickness is 5 mm and assuming the velocity profile is given by the one-seventh power model: a -@ 5 marks ) Determine the ratio between the thickness of a turbulent boundary layer and a laminar boundary layer, at the same x-coordinate, for a local Reynolds number of 10°. 4 marksCRN: 32721 Relevant Formulae for CRN 32721 Aerodynamics E2 Air properties in standard atmosphere at sea level: po = 1.225 kg/m? po = 101325 Pa Ty = 288K — Wy = 1.79 x 10° kg /(m-s) Constants (for air): R=287j/(kg'K) y= 14 Aerodynamic forces: Drag polar: Equation of state for an ideal gas and the speed of sound: /yRT p= pRT Bernoulli's equation: 1 oye p+ 0V? = po = constant Aerofoil aerodynamics: CG. ag(@ =) Cp = Cag Stagnation quantities: To Normal shock-wave equations: 24+ -DME p2_ + 1)ME 2+0-DM 2 24-1 WF DME we be 2yMi-—Y-1 pr 2+ - DMP om + 1)ME Po 2 ope Ta _ Lyme ~~ Dilly — Dai + 2] mt yei ORD + 12Me Mach-Area equation:CRN: 32721 Inviscid, incompressible flow theory: Uniform freestream in the x-direction: =Us 0 Velocity field given by a source’ a uamaye Velocity field given by a doublet: 2, re _ 2xy MS Porayae GT ER Velocity field given by a vortex: x ay? Boundary layer properties: 6 os | (-ae a