Research Draft Subject To Change 1

Philippine Christian University – Dasmarinas
Aguinaldo Highway, Sampaloc 1, City of Dasmarinas, Cavite
Second Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023
RESEARCH IN POLITICAL SCIENCE 1
Research Proposal
A PUBLIC SENSE OF TASTE:
FROM MISINFORMATION TO POLITICAL STAND
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Arts, Sciences, and Social Work
College Department
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Aala, Rachelle Ann R.
Muñoz,Verly Ann P.
Sarcia, Jerome C.
May 2023
Topic Proposal
Approval Sheet
This undergraduate thesis entitled “A Public Sense of Taste: Misinformation to Political Stand” prepared
and submitted by Verly Ann P. Muñoz, Rachelle Ann R. Aala,and Jerome C. Sarcia.,, in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, has been examined and is
recommended for acceptance and approval.
Enrique B. De La Torre, MA-TSS
Research Facilitator
Thesis Review Panel
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____.
Jhelena Rose V. Olaes, LLB, MA.Ed.
Member
Amor Jude Thadeus F. Soriano, LPT, MA
Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts
in Political Science.
Cherrie Lyn L. Casco. Lpt.Ed.D
Dean,College of Arts,Sciences,and Social Work

Definition of Terms
Misinformation- The term ‘misinformation’ is defined as ‘false information that is spread, regardless of
whether there is intent to mislead’. Misinformation is a more technical term for ‘fake news’ and is something
that can spread quickly across various platforms such as social media channels.
Political Judgement-Political judgment invokes moral principles that challenge not only the content but also
the boundaries of legal and economic activity. Political judgments are opinions expressed about political
issues, such as distributive justice, democratic institutions, and obligations to the state.
Political Polarization- Political polarization is the divergence of political attitudes to ideological extremes.
Public Opinion-The collective opinion on a specific topic or voting intention relevant to society is referred to
as public opinion. It is the public's opinion on issues that concern them.
Sensus Communis- A sensation that combines the sensations of all the senses into one general sensation
or perception.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………………………………… 2
DEFINITION OF TERMS …………………………………………………………………………… 3
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Theme 1
Theme 2
Theme 3
RESEARCH PROBLEM
RESEARCH GAP
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH LOCALE AND PARTICIPANTS
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction And Background of the Study
In this study we are proposing to determine the Impact of Misinformation to Public Opinion or
Stand,specifically People’s Political Judgements .The current situation today due to exposure to social
media risk people from propagandas and may cause panic,confusion,and division. Political agendas may
arise and with that, judgements about political issues occur. Moreover, “A Public Sense of Taste” is
extracted from the theory of Hannah Arendt. It describes and explains the process of how people make
political judgements. Furthermore, highlighting the use of sensus communis and taste as a commonly
shared sense.
Misinformation is prevalent everywhere as Filipinos are very expose to Social Media sites. According to
Arsenault's study, Filipinos spend about 80% of their time on social media, making it possible for them to
access and view political fake news (Besmonte et.al,2021). Social media, especially its influence on
political issues, is gaining more and more attention as social media platforms, especially Twitter, Facebook
and Instagram, enable the wide sharing of information and news. People can have various opinions and
values if they have limitless access to large volumes of data (Olan et al., 2022).Furthermore, information
related to different narratives, such as conspiracy theories and science news, creates homogenous and
polarized society (Del Vicario et al., 2016).In fact, False news can impact behaviors, including voting and
taking a position on many public issues, by influencing opinions and changing the natural processes of
public opinion development. In the end, fake news encourages harmful narratives, disseminates uncertainty
and confusion which has an impact on decision-making. (SNSPA).If misinformation further dissiminates, it
will not be a good representation of our society in general. The question then arises whether exposure to
fake news and misinformation affect people’s political judgements. Due to the nature of the phenomenon
and the growing interest from both academics and policy- makers, the field of empirical research on online
misinformation has witnessed a considerable growth. Yet a number of challenges linked with developing a
successful research design leave many aspects of this phenomenon unexplored.(Cantarella, Fraccaroli, &
Volpe, 2019) .Thus, this study is pursued to dive deeper on the Impact of Social Media Misinformation to
People’s Political Judgements specifically to HUMSS students of Philippine Christian University-
Dasma.Focusing on their experiences, opinion,and insights on the topic. Our study seeks to understand
what social media misinformation is all about. In today's world of connected learning, the influence of social
media is becoming a determining factor. The world is getting smaller and the use of technology such as
social media is regulating the way we adapt information.Subsequently, our study aims to know Hannah
Arendt’s theory of political judgement as well as how Arendt’s theory and Misinformation are related.
Furthermore we will be using the theory as a guide to know how people determine information. Relatively
speaking, Arendt believes that if someone accepts lying or denies another person the opportunity to form
their opinion or experience of reality, it could destroy the common thread of humanity, which is the world we
collectively construct.
Presentation of Related Literature
This part of the paper presents and discusses related literatures taken from journals, dissertations,
and internet.
A review of related literature is a thorough examination of the body of work on a specific subject or
research question. An effective review provides the reader with a well-structured analysis and synthesis of
the existing body of information on the subject (Ulz, 2022).
Social Media Misinformation
According to Olan, By furnishing unlimited access to a large quantum of information, people can
partake different beliefs and values. One similar threat is fake news( FN). The goods of Fake news cut
across the society, for illustration, the spread of Fake news in Social Media determines how governments,
associations, and people respond to events in the society. (Olan et.al,2021).
Still, citizens may be making choices on the base of factually incorrect information, If fake news is
circulated to citizens. As the medium that facilitates citizen opinions, choices are an institutional
prerequisite for republic. As Silverman finds, false news stories generated more reactions and"
outperformed" legit news in the run up to the 2016 US election with" 20 top- performing false election
stories from humbug spots and hyperactive prejudiced blogs" generating" shares, responses, and
commentary on Facebook". This can be varied with" the 20 best- performing election stories from 19 major
news websites generating" 367,000 shares, responses, and commentary ” (Shattock , 2019) .
More lately, Boutyl- ine and Willer find that people participating conservative or extreme political
views tend to seek reaffirmation in their views associating themselves with analogous individualities in
their online relations, while Del Vicario ,show how false information is propagated through homogeneous
online clusters – echo chambers, basically – each characterised by different cascading dynamics.
(Cantarella, Fraccaroli, & Volpe, 2019)
On the other hand, and in relation to the type of content that's circulated, it has been observed that
the spread of fake news was more pronounced for political news than for news about terrorism, natural
disasters, wisdom, civic legends and fiscal information( Fernandez, 2019) .
Del Vicario states that, this disintermediated terrain can foster confusion about occasion, and
therefore encourage enterprise, rumors, and distrust. As an illustration, a simple military exercise, was
perceived on the Internet as the morning of a new civil war in the United States (Del Vicario et.al, 2015).
According to Westerwick & Lavis, People frequently use and choose satirical news to reinforce
preexisting beliefs.Marchi states that,Young people, in particular, consume news through satirical
news.Thus, Balman and Rubin shares that ,Inattentive readers can be misled because of unlimited access
to information.According to Rubin et.al (2015), Fake news goes beyond satire.In addition,In 2017, Alcott
and Gentzkow presented that fake news is covered by a simple and perhaps the most obvious definition:
news that tells false stories; a definition used, for Fabricated news is distinguished by sensationalism and
eye-catching headlines (Thijssen , 2017).
In addition ,Robert & Brooke (2021) said that people are having an increasingly difficult time
distinguishing between fact and fiction, with differing patterns of belief across the political spectrum. The
News Literacy Project, the Washington Post, and Facebook have all partnered with social scientists to
educate the public on how to distinguish between fact and fiction .
Tiwana also exclaims that, The structural algorithm of platforms also have a significant role in
spreading misinformation. (Mathew & Muhammed, 2022).
This is similar to Lipmann’s theory wherein he states that, it is impossible to be truly aware. We are
extremely sensitive to propaganda since it is impossible to deliberate and assess solely on the facts we
perceive. We can only have stereotypical images of the surroundings.The concept of democratic
participation is the most naturalized pseudo-environment that exists. It is the image of public officials, the
image of their management, the image of a government, the image of their popularity, the image of the
candidates, the image of the opposition, the image of everything that public relations and political
communication have as their object. Within these boundaries, those who circulate and produce these
stereotyped images that Lippmann has already described hold some sort of power. (Suarez,2018)
Misinformation and Political Judgement
The tendency of users to be credulous grows, according to recent studies, when they are exposed
to more unfounded rumors. Beliefs are formed and revised in response to how communities try to make
sense of facts or occurrences. In fact, Amanpour mentioned that, someone may say they are smart and
can't believe such fake news, but honestly, if something fosters their prejudices, even if the facts say
otherwise, their bias overrule (Besmonte et al., 2021).
As Arendt, puts it, impartial judgement, seeing things from different angles,and critical thinking
bolster the rank and dignity of judgement (Lederman,2016).
Social standards and a claim's coherence with a person's belief system both have a significant
impact on whether they accept it. According to Del Vicario et al. (2016), there are numerous systems that
drive the flow of incorrect information that leads to false beliefs in people, which are seldom changed once
they have been formed.In Hannah Arendt’s Theory of Political Judgement, she states the process of how
people make judgements.This includes subjective opinion, sensus communis,and taste.Wherein to say
opinion is different from truth isn't to deny the applicability of verity and fact or the validity for opinion but to
cautious us to distinguish two kinds of validity. “(Dang, 2019).
On the other hand, Just as speech, art is bedded in a terrain. Thought is not self-sufficient. The
experience of the senses, in this case the replacement of the affect of "enthusiasm" with the dictating
testamentary imagina- rial structures, is what distinguishes the extreme of the public sphere. study and
experience come disconnected. The public sphere agent becomes into a person with a variety of
viewpoints rather than one who negotiates reality as a basis for the viability of action. Arendt states that
when opinions rule over experience, reality becomes deformed. Experience is no longer a metric that may
indicate the fusion of a sensus communis, or shared experience of reality. The death of experience
produces not only fake news but also fantasies. The responsibility that accompanies study is replaced with
the attachment to fantasies that may be more or less persecutory.( Sjoholm, 2021) .
Misinformation on Political Polarization
In 2015, Chen & Sharma said that, Fake News is targeted to a specific sample of the population
with the end of promoting a certain symbol or by making strong beliefs and a divided society.Fake News
has come a major part of Social Media, raising dubieties about information credibility, quality, and
verification( Olan et.al, 2022).
According to a study conducted by Estudio de Comunicación y Servimedia in 2018 about the
impact of fake news in public opinion, 88% of respondents, including journalists, politicians, academics and
entrepreneurs, said that fake news is spreading for the sake of damaging reputation as well as image of
organizations and individuals.The survey points to reputation as the biggest damage for both organizations
(85.5%). %) and individuals (66.2%). More recently, in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election,
disinformation helped Bolsonaro win (Riberiro, 2018). With 55% popular support, his election was linked to
a misinformation campaign orchestrated through WhatsApp, used by 44% of Brazilians to learn about
politics (Datafolha, 2018) ).
Misinformation spread to discredit his political opponent includes so-called gay student kits; the
creation of a bill legalizing pedophilia and victimizing Bolsonaro supporters, allegedly attacking their political
parties (Fernandez, 2019).
The second-most participated news in the SkyTg24 database, published on the day before the
election and conforming of an entirely unwarranted report of namer fraud in Sicily to the advantage of PD,
entered further than 140,000 reactions, substantially on Facebook. As refocused out by some spectators,
the news sounded to target a public which was friendly to the 5 Star Movement, and was extensively
participated among M5S sympathizers (Cantarella Fraccaroli, & Volpe, 2019)
According to Contreras in 2020,The administration of President Rodrigo Duterte and his populist
rhetoric may be sowing the seeds of a new wave of political polarization. The combination of widespread
misinformation and increasing political polarization is posing a serious threat to the country's already
precarious democracy (Deinla et.al, 2021 ).
In 2017, De Leon stated that “Fake news, in this day and age,has shaped public opinion, created
division among individuals and groups,and even placed undeserving individuals into power. Just as
propaganda has been used in the Philippines to bring people and groups to power, the power of fake news
cannot be underestimated or undermined” (Besmonte et.al,2021).
In the political sphere, disinformation is mainly used in smear campaigns against political
opponents. During the 2016 US presidential election campaign, pro-Trump fake news was shared 30
million times, four times as many pro-Hillary Clinton actions. Moreover,Research by Allcott and Gentzkow
(2017) found that the average US adult viewed and kept 1.14 fake news stories during the election, with
exposure to pro-Trump stories being high than pro-Clinton stories. They also suggest that the persuasive
power of disinformation is greater than that of other tools such as voting scores. (Fernandez, 2019)
RESEARCH PROBLEM
False news can impact behaviors, including voting and taking a position on many public issues, by
influencing opinions and changing the natural processes of public opinion development. In the end, fake
news encourages harmful narratives, disseminates uncertainty and confusion, and deepens societal
polarization, which has an impact on decision-making. (SNSPA) .Thus,Misinformation is a serious problem
that affects people, particularly those who use Social Media Sites, Fake news and Misinformation causes
confusion and political polarization,So this study will be conducted to determine how it affects the students.
The current study aims to investigate and analyze students' views and experience of misinformation in
Social Media as well as it's effect on their opinions,insights,and judgements. Furthermore, it aims to
investigate if their stances are justified by the philosophical outlook of Hannah Arendt on Political
Judgement.
RESEARCH GAP
There have been a lot of studies and research held about Misinformation and its Political Affiliation.
However, only a few are discussed about the Effect of Misinformation to Public Opinion.With that, our group
identified that this is the gap in the research problem connected to our topic.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Misinformation is a serious problem that affects people, particularly those who use Social Media
Sites, Fake news and Misinformation causes confusion and political polarization,So this study will be
conducted to determine how it affects students when it comes to their judgement or opinion. The current
study aims to investigate and analyze students' views and experience of misinformation in Social Media.the
following research questions were addressed:
1.) What is Social Media Misinformation
2.) What is Theory of Political Judgement?
3.) How is Theory of Political Judgement related to the problem of Social Media Misinformation?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study focused on explaining the effect of Misinformation to Political Stand specifically on
People’s Judgements. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the following:
Community . The community would be well aware of the importance of information because it lets
us anticipate its form, function and context so we can make sense of what you find to be more
understandable in deciding whether that information is relevant or not.
Teachers/Mentors. The aftereffect of the review will help the educators/coaches give support to
come up with thoughts that will give legitimate direction to the understudies/mentees. This might
also make them knowledgeable about fake information or misinformation because it can destroy
credibility. If an argument is build on bad information, it will be much more difficult for people to
believe you in the future.

Future Researchers. The findings of the study will serve as a reference material and a guide for
future researchers who wish to conduct the same experimental study or any study related to
Misinformation to Political Stand
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This research was based on the study of Hannah Arendt's Theory of Political Judgement where
she stated that there are some steps on how an individual make judgement. First is the practical reason or
“aporia” which means experience or engagament to environment. Second is subjective opinion and multiple
actors or spectators. It has something to do with engaging spontaneous actions with actors and creating
free public spaces of interaction and discourse with others. Lastly, input general agreability of the opinion to
universal principle or “general agreeability”.
Proposition of political judgment in Arendt, correspond its background, opinion, and its sensus communis
and taste.Arendt insists, sensus communis is an redundant sense that fits us into acommunity.One can
only" invite" or" court" the agreement of everyone differently. And in this conclusive exertion one actually
appeals to the" community sense". To put it simply, an individual judges as a part of community( Basurto,
2016). In this case judging isn't private because it doesn't stem out of particular desire or partiality; rather,
judging is intersubjective because it entails an insinuation of general amiability, most important thing is that
it is reflective.Arendt's contends that aesthetic judgments aren't expressions of the preferences and
interests but an individual’s participation in taste as a public sense. therefore, the insinuation of general
amiability in a judgment of taste is possible because it appeals to a generally participated sense that makes
it transmissible in contestable terms( Basurto, 2016). In Arendt's view, making opinion are considered
judgments. Opinion originally is different from verity which is the kind of" rational truth" that inspires pure
proponents or the kind of empirical verity of" fact gatherers". Another thing is that, an opinion should be in
contrast from interest. Interest always represents some group interests indeed it happens to be that of the
maturity. To say opinion is different from truth isn't to deny the applicability of verity and fact or the validity
for opinion but to cautious us to distinguish two kinds of validity. For opinion, it's the plurality and variability
that's essential and nonreducible( Dang, 2019).
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research focuses on Social Media Misinformation. Research studies and researches will be
used as reference in finding out what is Social Media Misinformation and its Impact to Political
Judgement .The researchers limit their study to up to five participants from Grade 11 and 12 students of
Humanities and Social Sciences.
The data collected will be solely based on their responses and the theory of Hannah Arendt.
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
In this study, the researcher will use Qualitative Research Design. Qualitative Research design is a
research method used by scientist and researchers to study the behavior,experiences,themes,and
motivation of individuals (Shuttleworth & Wilson).The researchers used this method to gather information
on how Misinformation Impacts students’ political judgements.
Research Locale And Participants
The target population for this study is the Grade 11 and 12 students of Philippine Christian University-
Dasma. The study will employ a form of purposive sampling. According to Etikan, Musa, and Alkassim
(2016), the purposive sampling technique, also known as, judgement sampling is the deliberate selection of
a participant based on the qualities the participant possesses as well as their knowledge and experience in
the topic. The researchers had chosen the Grade 11 and 12 students of Humanities and Social Sciences of
PCU Dasma because they could provide insights essential to the study. Moreover, In order to collect
relevant information for this study,the researchers will have to up to five participants from Grade 11 and 12
students ,specifically of the strand Humanities and Social Sciences.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The following instruments will be used To gather the information needed for this study,
1. The researchers made interview questions developed by the researchers to be used as the data-
gathering instrument.
2. The researchers will also employ video recording to capture what the respondents say throughout
the interview so that all the data will be presented accurately.
3. Lastly, in conducting an interview, notepad and a pen will be used.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will explain to the respondents the importance of their response to the study.
Researchers also need to clarify some terms to the respondents so that the respondents can answer the
questionnaire with full knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of the study. It is also necessary to
obtain consent from the respondents before the interview and video recording may begin. All video
recording offers a series of moving images that can be played back for immediate or later viewing on the
monitor and recording device as a reference for accurately gathering the information. After the interview,
researchers will collect all data for interpretation to come up with conclusion and recommendation for this
study.
Data Analysis
The researchers will use Hannah Arendt’s concept on Political Judgement in the analysis. In order
to combine the insights into a descriptive structure of the participants' experiences, the entire description of
the experience will be read in order to understand the entire statement. This is followed by a second
reading of all the participant responses in order to understand the meaning of each experience as well as to
identify the significant statement and reflect the concrete statement.
Arendt stated that , there are some steps on how an individual make judgement. First is the practical
reason or “aporia” which means experience or engagement to environment. This is someone’s subjective
opinion and political thought based on its experience .Second is combining the subjective opinion and
insights of multiple actors or spectators. It has something to do with engaging spontaneous actions with
actors and creating free public spaces of interaction and discourse with others to gain knowledge. Arendt
has consistently emphasized the need for a public forum where people can test and refine their thoughts
through a process of mutual argument and illumination in order to form legitimate opinions. Meaning,
looking for other sources of information and knowledge from other people.For Arendt, opinion is not a
flawed kind of knowledge that needs to be transcended or abandoned as soon as the truth is known.
Instead, it is a unique kind of knowledge that results from the collective deliberation of citizens, and that
necessitates the use of imagination and the ability to think "representatively." By deliberating in common
and engaging in "representative thinking," citizens are actually able to form opinions that can claim
intersubjective validity. (Maurizio,Passerin,& Tommel, 2022) Lastly, input general agreability of the opinion
to universal principle or “general agreeability” or subject to examination in relation to everyone else’s
opinion. Thus, having impartial bias or judgement.According to Maurizio,Passerin,& Tommel (2022)The

relationship between facts and opinions is therefore one of mutual implication: if opinions were not founded
on accurate knowledge and the unrestricted availability of all pertinent facts, they could hardly claim any
legitimacy. Furthermore, there would be no chance for sincere reasoning and debate if they were founded
on imagination, self-deception, or willful lying.
Reference:
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Philippine Christian University – Dasmarinas

Aguinaldo Highway, Sampaloc 1, City of Dasmarinas, Cavite

Philippine Christian University – Dasmarinas

Aguinaldo Highway, Sampaloc 1, City of Dasmarinas, Cavite

Second Semester, Academic Year 2022-2023

RESEARCH IN POLITICAL SCIENCE 1

A PUBLIC SENSE OF TASTE:

FROM MISINFORMATION TO POLITICAL STAND

the Faculty of the College of Arts, Sciences, and Social Work

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

Aala, Rachelle Ann R.

recommended for acceptance and approval.

Enrique B. De La Torre, MA-TSS

Thesis Review Panel

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____.

Jhelena Rose V. Olaes, LLB, MA.Ed.

Amor Jude Thadeus F. Soriano, LPT, MA

Cherrie Lyn L. Casco. Lpt.Ed.D

Dean,College of Arts,Sciences,and Social Work

as public opinion. It is the public's opinion on issues that concern them.

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………………………………… 2

DEFINITION OF TERMS …………………………………………………………………………… 3

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

RESEARCH LOCALE AND PARTICIPANTS

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Introduction And Background of the Study

People’s Political Judgements specifically to HUMSS students of Philippine Christian University-

Presentation of Related Literature

the existing body of information on the subject (Ulz, 2022).

Social Media Misinformation

associations, and people respond to events in the society. (Olan et.al,2021).

(Cantarella, Fraccaroli, & Volpe, 2019)

disasters, wisdom, civic legends and fiscal information( Fernandez, 2019) .

eye-catching headlines (Thijssen , 2017).

educate the public on how to distinguish between fact and fiction .

spreading misinformation. (Mathew & Muhammed, 2022).

Misinformation and Political Judgement

otherwise, their bias overrule (Besmonte et al., 2021).

bolster the rank and dignity of judgement (Lederman,2016).

cautious us to distinguish two kinds of validity. “(Dang, 2019).

Misinformation on Political Polarization

verification( Olan et.al, 2022).

According to a study conducted by Estudio de Comunicación y Servimedia in 2018 about the

politics (Datafolha, 2018) ).

parties (Fernandez, 2019).

participated among M5S sympathizers (Cantarella Fraccaroli, & Volpe, 2019)

precarious democracy (Deinla et.al, 2021 ).

cannot be underestimated or undermined” (Besmonte et.al,2021).

polarization, which has an impact on decision-making. (SNSPA) .Thus,Misinformation is a serious problem

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

following research questions were addressed:

1.) What is Social Media Misinformation

2.) What is Theory of Political Judgement?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

understandable in deciding whether that information is relevant or not.

believe you in the future.

Misinformation to Political Stand

universal principle or “general agreeability”.