REPORT IN GEE 114:

PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
COMMUNITIES

(CHAPTER II: UNDERSTANDING THE

FILIPINO INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES)

Subtopics:
The Philippine Indigenous Communities
Filipino Culture
The Filipinology and Pantayong Pananaw

Submitted by:
Dhanelie M. Flores
Faith B. Francisco
Remia C. Mendoza
Mitch D. Peral
Johana S. Sorno
(BSED SS2)

Submitted to:
Mrs. Jhenina P. Oducado
Course Facilitator
 GEE 114: Philippine Indigenous Communities
CHAPTER II: UNDERSTANDING THE FILIPINO INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

Indicative Content:
 The Philippine Indigenous Communities
 Filipino Culture
 The Filipinology and Pantayong Pananaw

THE PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES

The Philippines consist of a large number of indigenous ethnic groups living in the country. They are
the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines. They were not absorbed by centuries of
Spanish and United States colonization of Philippines archipelago, and in the process have retained their
customs and traditions. In the 1990s, there were more than 100 highland tribal groups constituting
approximately 3% of the population. The upland tribal groups were a blend in ethnic origin liked other
lowland Filipinos, although they did not have contact with the outside world.

Henry Otley Beyer was an American anthropologist who spent most of his adult life in the
Philippines teaching Philippine indigenous culture. He is known as the Father of Philippine Anthropology.
He authored the “Wave of Migration Theory. He theorized that early Filipinos descended from waves of
migrants-cavemen and aetas who traveled through land bridges and later, Indonesians and Malays who
reached the country by boat.

The word “indigenous” comes from the Latin word “indigen” which means native or original
inhabitant—an idea that became popular in the 17th century. Thus, the most common understanding of the
concept suggests that they are people who are the original inhabitants of the land.

According to the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, the term “indigenous” has
been used continuously, whether as a form of collective names for categorization or as representation to the
legal issues in the corresponding state that governs them. There are approximately 400 million Indigenous
people worldwide, making up more than 5,000 distinct tribes. Together we are one of the largest minority
groups in the world, spanning over 90 centuries. When Indigenous Peoples total only about 6% of the
world’s population, we represent 90% of the cultural diversity. They are most often mentioned as tribal
people or ethnic groups or communities. Still, there are different names associated with indigenous people in
different countries such as Canada, where they are referred to as first/people or nations; in Australia where
they are aboriginals; in India where they are adivasi; in Nepal as janajati; and in Indonesia and Malaysia
where they are referred to as orang asli which means tribal people, or bumiputera which means son of soil.

Who Are IPs in the Philippines?

In the Philippines, Indigenous People are commonly referred to as “katutubo”. In Mindanao they are
collectively called Lumad to separate them from the Islamized ethnic groups in the region (Arquiza, 2016).
The legal definition is provided by Republic Act No. 8371 otherwise known as “An Act to Recognize,
Protect and Promote the Rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples, creating a
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Establishing Implementing Mechanisms, Appropriating Funds
Therefor, and for other Purpose.” Chapter 2 Section 3 (h) of R.A. 8371 refers to IPs as synonymous with
Indigenous Cultural Communities or ICC, and defines them as having the following qualifications:

a. A group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who
have continuously lived as an organized community on communally-bounded and defined territory;
b. Those who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized
such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits;
c. Those who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-
indigenous religions and cultures, become historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos;
d. Peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations that inhabited
the country at the time of conquest or colonization, or of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or
the establishment of present state boundaries;
e. People who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions; and
f. People who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside
their ancestral domains.

The definition of ICCs or IPs in the Philippines in R.A. 8371 constitutes the common elements of the
existing definition of IPs in the literature. The definition highlights the need for self-identification, the
qualifications of ancestral roots and descent, the historical continuity of life, the sustained ancestral language
and ancestral land claim, the persistence of a distinct way of life and status as non-dominant group and their
aspirations to self-preservation and self-determination. In addition, the mandate of the law states that it can
also include people or groups who have been displaced from their ancestral homeland and those are
displaced as in the case of the Lumads and the Moros in Mindanao. On the other hand, utilizing Tedd Gurr’s
classification (2000), we can consider the Islamized ethno-linguistics in Mindanao, which is generally called
Moro and the Igorots in the Cordillera region as ethnonationalist groups and not IP groups. However, the
National Commission on Indigenous People in the Philippines (NCIP), the national government and other
government agencies, and most academic literatures consider the Igorot and the Islamized ethnic groups in
the Philippines to belong to the IP category.

Prepared by: Dhanelie M. Flores

(BSED Social Studies-2)
https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/sdrc/books/ubcheamodule-sept262016.pdf

Although not accurate, the population estimate of indigenous peoples in the Philippines is 12 million.
Many of them reside in the uplands, while some are in coastal villages (De Vera, 2007). The indigenous
population is about 14% of the country’s total population. The report of De Vera (2007) notes that there are
110 indigenous groups in the Philippines, many of which reside on the islands of Mindanao (e.g., Manobo)
and Northern (e.g., Ifugao) and Southern Luzon (e.g., Mangyan, Tagbanwa). The indigenous peoples are
generally dependent on agriculture, although some indigenous groups like those in the island provinces are
dependent on fishing.

Region I and CAR,

The northern mountain ranges of the Cordillera are home to the Tingguian, Isneg, northern Kalinga,
Bontoc, Sagada, Ifugao, Southern Kalinga, Ibaloi and Kankanaey. These groups occupy the watershed areas
near the Abulag, Tineg and Chico rivers, or interior of the hills, narrow strips of flat land along deep valleys,
and plateaus.

Region II
The Cagayan Valley and Carabbalo range are home to the Ibanag, Itawes, Yogad, Gaddang, Ilongot,
Ikalahan, Isinai, and some Aeta groups.

Region III
The Sierra Madre range of eastern Luzon is the home of the Dumagat, Pugot, and other Aeta groups.
The Zambales range and the mountains of Pampanga and Tarlac are the home of the Aeta and the Sambal.

Region IV
The Pacific coast of Quezon province, and the islands of Polillo and Alabat are the home of different
Agta groups. The island of Mindoro is the home of seven Mangyan groups: Iraya, Alangan, Tadyawan, Tao-
Buid, Buhid, Hanunoo, and Gubatnon. The island of Palawan is the home of the Tagbanua, Batak,
Palawanon and Cuyunon.

Region V
The mountains of Bicol Peninsula are the home of different Agta groups: Kabihug of Camarines
Norte, Agta Tabangnon, Agta Cimarron, and Itom (Camarines Sur, Albay, and Sorsogon).

Region VI
The interior foothills and remote coastal areas of Panay and Negros Islands are the home of the
Sulod and the Ati.

Mindanao
The hinterlands and coastal lowlands of the Zamboanga peninsula, the plateaus of Bukidnon, the
upper headwaters of the Davao, Tinanan, and Kulaman rivers, the coastal areas along the Davao Gulf and
the interior hinterlands of southeastern Mindanao are the home of the Lumads. “Lumad” is the generic term
used to refer to the indigenous peoples of Mindanao. They are considered to comprise the largest number of
indigenous peoples in the country. The 18 groups that compose the Lumad include the following: Subanen,
B’laan, T’boli, Mandaya, Mansaka, Tiruray, Higaonon, Manobo, Bagobo, Bukidnon, Tagakaolo, Ubo,
Banwaon, Kalagan, Dibabawon, Talaandig, Mamanwa and Manguangan.

Ethnic Group
Ethnicity is a socially grown collective identity, which assumes a common history and origin as well
as shared traditions, and claims to define a culture as different from (all) others.
The Philippines is inhabited by more than 182 ethnolinguistic groups, many of which are classified
as “Indigenous Peoples” under the country’s Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997.
The most populous of these groups, with populations exceeding a million individuals, are the
Ilocano, the Pangasinense, the Kapampangan, the Tagalog, the Bicolano, and the Visayans (including the
Cebuano, the Boholano, the Hiligaynon/Ilonggo, and the Waray). The largest ethnic group in the
Philippines, the Tagalog are concentrated about metropolitan Manila and represent the major population
component of the Luzon provinces of Rizal, Laguna, Cavite, Batangas, Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija, to name
just a few. Tagalog is now the official language, and is now understood and spoken in most major parts of
the country.
 Cultural Communities/Groups
Most anthropologists would define culture as the shared set of (implicit and explicit) values, ideas,
concepts, and rules of behavior that allow a social group to function and perpetuate itself. It includes groups
that we are born into, such as race, national origin, gender, class, religion.

Prepared by: Faith B. Francisco

(BSED Social Studies-2)

FILIPINO CULTURE

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE CULTURE

The culture of the Philippines reflects the country's complex history. It is a blend of the Malayo-
Polynesian and Hispanic cultures with influences from chinese.Before the spanish, there were already a
mixture of cultures, the native people similar to melanesians and australian aborigines a majority population
of malays and polynesiansand small groups of people from other Southeast Asian countries.Philippines and
Guam were the furthest colonies from Spain hence Philippines was governed by Mexico.
❖ WHAT IS CULTURE?
Culture is derived from the Latin word cultus which means “care “ a care and attention provided to a human
person as he grows into a mature person.
Culture is a very powerful force that affects the lives of the members of a society. Culture shapes and guide
people‘s perception of reality, determines the food they eat and how they eat, clothing they wear, music they
listen to, the games they play. It shapes their understanding of good and evil, love and hate, health and
sickness, life and death, among others. In short, the individual‘s culture becomes immediately evident by his
clothing, food, belief, mannerism, and others. Culture tells what the individual does, what to do, and how he
should do those things, and he should relate to other people. It is culture that makes man different form one
place to another.
❖ Kinds of Culture
1. Material Culture. This refers to concrete and tangible things that man creates and uses. This
includes dwelling units, tools, weapons, clothing, books, machines, artifacts relics, fossils etc – things that
man creates by altering the natural environment. These concrete things increase the person‘s chances for
survival and enrich his life. This culture is the area of anthropological study.
2. Non-material Culture. This refers to non-material things or intangible objects which the person
uses, follows, professes, or strives to conform. It includes, knowledge, laws, lifestyles, techniques, ideas,
customs, behaviors, among others. These things are inherent in culture. This kind of culture is the area of
sociological study.
● Non-Material Culture
1. Beliefs. These are man‘s perception about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the
environment operates. Man‘s evolution, attitudes, values, ideology, and religion may influence man‘s belief.
Superstitious beliefs are not based on scientific evidences. Scientific beliefs are phenomena and are based on
experimentation and research studies. Superstitious are barriers to social and technological development.
2. Knowledge. Knowledge is a body of facts and beliefs that people acquire and accumulate over time.
It consists of information about places, events, and people. It binds or links individuals in a society.
Knowledge may be natural, supernatural, technical and magical.
3. Norms. These are guides or models of behavior which tell how people should behave in a particular
situation; what people ought or not ought to do. They set limits by which individuals achieve their goals.
They regulate people‘s behavior in a given society; a societal prescription on how one is to act in given
situations – for example in any sport, restaurant, church recreational center, etc.
4. Sanctions. Prescribed norms of conduct exposed by society to an individual for him to conform to
moral standards and accept those that are favorable to a group. Formal sanctions are prescribed norms of
 conduct that are written guide for individuals to conform with. Informal sanctions are those prescribed
norms of conduct transmitted by word of mouth from one person or group to another.
❖ Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is learned and acquired. Culture is not instinctive nor a part of biological equipment of
man. It is acquired through the senses and experiences – from the neighbors, family, playmates, schools,
churches, and other agents of socialization. The means of acquisition are imitation, conditioning, suggestion,
formal or informal instruction and mass media communication.
2. Culture is shared and transmitted. To continuously preserve culture, it is best to share to other
people or to transmit it to the next generation, or else it will die a natural death. Culture is transmitted
through language (oral, written or symbolic).
3. Culture is adaptive or dynamic. Culture is always changing. New ideas, procedures, and
techniques are added, modified or discarded. People must be prepared and ready to conform to these
changes. The changes going on today is very rapid than in the primitive times due to fast advancement of
science and technology.
4. Culture is cumulative. Certain features of culture have been retained today and they are modified
and innovated to make them ne and updated. Thus, man‘s modification and innovation are learned form
already existing culture in the past.
5. Culture is ideational. Culture is an ideal pattern of behavior which the members are expected to
follow. Thus, the members of society see society from the standpoint of culture.
6. Culture gratifies human needs. Culture continues to exist if it satisfies human needs biologically
and psychologically. An individual is likely to follow and observe cultural techniques that satisfy his needs.
7. Culture is social. Culture is a group product developed by many individuals interacting in a group.
The habits and knowledge of the members in a group are shared by other members. Out of the sharing of
ideas, culture sprouts.
8. Culture is integration. By integration, it means that there is tendency for individuals to fully
appreciate those elements in culture that are best for them and are very often integrated in their personality
and become a part of their behavior.
Prepared by: Mitch D. Peral
(BSED Social Studies-2)

❖ WHAT IS NORMS?
These are guides or models of behavior which tell how people should behave in a particular situation;
what people ought or not ought to do. They set limits by which individuals achieve their goals. They
regulate people‘s behavior in a given society; a societal prescription on how one is to act in given situations.
➢ There are 2 types of norms
Formal norms
Law ( impose in the society to protect the people and violations of such as killing, rape, and etc.
is pusnishable by the law)
Informal Norms
- Folkways (repetitive things that u do on a daily basis such as eating, sleeping, taking a bath,
watching tv playing,etc.
➢ There are two forms of folkways
1. CUSTOMS- are repetitive ways of doing things, such as manner and style of dressing, marriage
ceremony, hand kissing as a sign of respect, and activities in eating, fighting, birth, death, burial, etc.(The
way you do things and your styles)
2. TRADITIONS -are the ways of believing, such as belief in God, belief in life hereafter, belief in
superstition. (your beliefs system)
 - Mores (Moral norms, refers to your behavior example ur are expected to say "PO" when ur parents are
talking to you and "Mano" to ur loloand lola. U are also expected to follow what ur parents told u and
behave)
- Taboo (prohibited and restricted. For example you are prohibited from living with ur partner if u are not
married, u are prohibited from kissing in public, not taking a bath, not brushing ur teeth etc).

❖ WHAT IS BELIEFS?
These are man‘s perception about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the environment
operates. Man‘s evolution, attitudes, values, ideology, and religion may influence man‘s belief. Superstitious
beliefs are not based on scientific evidences.
EXAMPLES OF FILIPINOS BELIEFS
1. Sweeping the floor at night will drive away incoming blessings.
2. Singing while cooking will make you single for the rest of your life.
3. Groupfie of 3? The person in the middle will be the first to die.
4. Combing your hair at night will bring bad luck.
5. To keep skin acne-free, girls should wash their face with the discharge from their very FIRST
MENSTRUAL PERIOD.
6. Don’t sleep with your hair wet; otherwise, you’ll lose your mind.
7. When you bite your tongue, someone is thinking of you.
8. A couple shouldn’t eat from the same plate or soon they’ll fall apart.
9. Don’t trim your fingernails and toenails at night because it will bring you bad luck.
10. Opening an Umbrella Inside: Bad Luck. stagnate for being condemned as an inferior group.

❖ Filipino Cultural Values and Practices

Positive or Acceptable Cultural Values and Practices
1. “Balikatan” System. When an individual is confronted with a problem or difficulty, everybody
shares the burden of helping the person who is in need of assistance.
2. “Balikatan” System. A certain task is effectively and easily completed if everybody shares his
time, effort and money to expedite the completion of a task.
3. “Pakikisama” of Conformity. This is a positive way of yielding to the group‘s unanimous or
majority’s decision so as to complete a task. Without it, there would be disunity in the group.
4. Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR). This is a value based on good relationship with people.
SIR is characterized by the use of go-between and euphemism. The use of “go-between” necessitates the
hiring of a third party to act as a “bridge” referee to assuage a bruise, heal a “wound” in his relations with
people whose goodwill is important.
5. “Pakikiramay”. This is a sympathetic attitude to another person and it is emphasized by the
statement ―”di ka nag-iisa”.
6. “Compadre” or “Comadre” System. The closeness of family ties is usually extended to ritual
kinship to include “ninong” and “ninang”.

7. “Utang na Loob” or the sense of gratitude. One aspect of this is in gift-giving, that is, when a gift
is given, it is “utang na loob” of the recipient. Another aspect of “utang na loob” that cannot be repaid in
kind and remain outstanding throughout life.
 8. Desire for Socio-Economic Improvement. Every Filipino family wants to succeed and for the
children to be successful in their aspirations. Parents feel that education can bring success to their children as
if it is the only legacy, they can give to them.
9. Hospitality value. This value is done by people welcoming visitors with warmth and enthusiasm at
home, or by inviting them to visit their homes or wherever circumstances warrant. Hospitality can promote
goodwill and cooperation.
10. Fiesta celebration. Celebration can serve very important purposes. It strengthens family loyalty
and unity; it serves to acquire new friends and allies; may heal individual‘s animosity and misunderstanding,
etc.
Negative or Unacceptable Cultural Values and Practices
1. Indolence. Many Filipinos are lazy, lacking initiative and ambition. Many still subsist on asking
alms, or waiting or relief or “awa”. Their attitude is like the legendary “Juan Tamad”.
2. The “Ningas Cogon” attitude. This is an attitude with great interest and enthusiasm in the
beginning but eventually dies at the end.
3. “Mañana Habit”. This is the tomorrow-attitude or procrastination attitude. People set aside their
work for tomorrow what they can really do today.
4. “Bahala-na” attitude. This is a kind of fatalism in which the person leaves everything to fate. He
lets fate control his destiny and decides his success. This term comes from “Bathala na” which means that
God will take care of everything.
5. Indulging in Gambling. This is one favorite pastime of Filipinos which has more negative effects
than positive ones. It brings evil to society because of the negative effects they bring especially to the young
adults.
6. “Hiya” Complex. This is an uncomfortable feeling of being found in an unacceptable position or
uncomfortable feeling of doing something not socially acceptable, accompanied by a feeling of shame or
embarrassment.
7. Amor Propio. This is associated closely with “hiya”. It is a Spanish term meaning self-love, or self-
esteem, the fear of losing social acceptance.
8. “Lagay” and “Areglo”. These are established socio-political connections for some material
consideration to be able to obtain favors.
9. “Palakasan” scheme. Obtaining a job, getting a promotion, transfer, and other special privileges
and favors are often done by “palakasan”.
10. Use of euphemistic expression. Euphemistic expression is stating an unpleasant opinion, truth or
request as pleasantly as possible to please another person as not to directly hurt his ego. It is sometimes
called “white lies”.
11. The “suerte”, “tadhana”, “malas” and “buenas” forms of fatalism. These are beliefs in fate,
predestination, in horoscope and hula (fortune telling).
12. The existence of spirits, ghosts, and supernatural beings. The beliefs on these ―unseen beings‖
still persists in our thought and we imagine them to be existing in this material world. Many people believe
that spirits possess supernatural powers and so we pray to them, offer food to the “anitos” and “anitas” so
that they will not harm us or bring bad luck to our activities.
13. The Gaya-Gaya practice. Generally, imitation is not bad because it is one form of learning
especially if there is a good model to imitate. On the other hand, “gaya-gaya” has negative value if it
indicates lack of creativity.
14. Karma. Many Filipinos believe in karma, the Indian word which means “the law of nature”. The
saying “for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” is referred to karma.
Prepared by: Remia C. Mendoza
(BSED Social Studies-2)
 THE FILIPINOLOGY AND PANTAYONG PANANAW

Filipinology

Filipinology is a dynamic and multidimensional field of study that seeks to unravel the intricacies of Filipino
culture, thinking, and society through systematic analysis and a broad, interdisciplinary perspective. It
introduces a communication-based theoretical innovation that is focused on the study of Philippine
Historiography.
What is Filipinology?
Filipinology, also known as Filipinolohiya, is a field of study that involves the systematic examination and
analysis of Filipino thinking, culture, and society. The term is derived from the combination of "Pilipino,"
referring to the Filipino people, and "lohiya," which comes from the Latin word "logia" meaning systematic
studies. Filipinology encompasses a broad range of disciplines and areas of inquiry to understand the various
facets of the Philippines' history, culture, language, society, psychology, and more.
Key Areas of Study of Filipinology
1. Filipino History:
• In-depth examination of the historical narrative of the Philippines.
• Analysis of significant events, movements, and the evolution of the Filipino identity.
2. Filipino Culture:
• Exploration of traditional customs, practices, and cultural elements.
• Understanding the influence of diverse cultural expressions in the Filipino way of life.
3. Philippine Languages:
• Study of the various languages spoken in the Philippines.
• Analysis of linguistic diversity and its impact on communication and identity.
4. Filipino Society:
• Examination of social structures, norms, and values.
• Analysis of societal dynamics and the role of individuals within the community.
5. Filipino Life and Psyche:
• Exploration of everyday life experiences and the Filipino mindset.
• Understanding the psychological aspects that shape Filipino behavior and perspectives.
6. Filipino Politics and Government:
• Analysis of political systems, governance, and historical political movements. Examination of the role of
Filipinos in shaping the political landscape.

• Approaches to these studies can be theoretical, interdisciplinary, comparative, transnational, and global.

The Concept of Pantayong Pananaw

Pantayong Pananaw, developed by Zeus Salazar, is a programmatic discourse that challenges the
Westernized perspective dominating the study of Philippine history and historiography. This "We"
perspective, encapsulated in the Filipino concept of "tayo," sheds light on the collective nature of Filipino
culture, influencing the way society is perceived and individuals relate to one another.
Example: Most children learn how to speak their language from the people around them at home and from
the people that are constantly with them. Pantayong Pananaw provides a unique lens through which to view
Philippine history and culture. Embracing this perspective allows for a more inclusive and culturally
sensitiveapproach to learning fostering a deeper anpreciation for the collective spirit that defines Filipino
Society.
Key concepts of Pantayong Pananaw
1. Tayo The Collective "We":
"Tayo," meaning "we" in Filipino, represents the plural form of the first person pronoun. The prefix "pan"
adds the sense of "for." This concept underscores the interconnectedness of individuals within the Filipino
society, emphasizing a collective identity and shared responsibility.
2. Barkadahan. Tribal Kinship, and Extended Family Ties:
Pantayong Pananaw manifests in social structures like "barkadahan" (friendship), tribal kinship, and
extended family ties. Indigenous communities often exhibit close family ties or expansive kinship networks,
reflecting the collective mindset inherent in Filipino culture.
3. Pronouns and Perspectives:
The pronouns "Ako" (I), (You), and "Siya" (Him/Her) correspond to the first. second, and third person
perspectives. "Tayo" represents the meeting of the First and Third perspectives, emphasizing a shared
identity despite individual differences.
4. Technicalities in Perspective:
Salazar's choice of "tayo" as the theoretical base over 'kami" is rooted in the distinction between 'we-
speaking to others" (kami) and "we-speaking among ourselves" (tayo). Despite logical differences, Filipinos
commonly refer to all three perspectives as "tayo," highlighting a shared sense of personhood.
Closed Circuit of Interaction:
Pantayong Pananaw introduces a "closed circuit of interaction," emphasizing discourse carried out
exclusively among Filipinos.This closed circuit is a context where discussions and narratives unfold within
the Filipino community, free from external interference or the dominance of perspectives that may not align
with Filipino interests.
Implications for Learning
Understanding Pantayang Pananaw is crucial for a more nuanced exploration of Philippine history and
society. Encourage students to critically analyze historical narratives from both Western and Pantayong
Pananaw perspectives, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of events. Promote discussions that
emphasize collective identity, shared experiences, and the interconnectedness of Filipino society.
Prepared by: Johana S. Sorno
(BSED Social Studies-2)

References:
https://www.slideshare.net/FloreannBasco/introduction-to-philippine-indigenous-communities
https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/sdrc/books/ubcheamodule-sept262016.pdf
https://www.csueastbay.edu/museum/virtual-museum/the- philippines/peoples/tagalog.html#:~:text=The
%20largest%20ethnic%20group%20in,to% 20name%20just%20a%20few
https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/culture/cultural-competence/culture-and- diversitymain#:~:text=It
%20includes%20groups%20that%20we,status%2C%20or%20by %20becoming%20disabled
Banaag,Lee Mark T.,et al(2016) Socio-Anthro: Integrated And Interdisciplinary Approach to the
study of Society, Culture and Politics, Books atbp. Publishing Corp. Philippines ISBN: 978-621-409-045-7
https://kyotoreview.org/issue-3-nations-and-stories/exposition-critique-and-new-directions-for-pantayong-
pananaw/
Pantayong pananaw. (2023, August 31). In Wikipedia.
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantayong pananaw https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/polytechnic-
university-of-the-philippines/bs-psychology/pantayong pananaw/26708844
https://www.slideshare.net/Thomsonl.eopoldo/pantayong-pananaw