Tents of Divinibility (NTaRRE wiaToT A number in said to be divisible by the numbers that divide it without leaving a rem: Divinibility tents help us check quickly whether a number is divisible by a given number or not Divisibility by 202.8 women @ = Anumber in divimible by 2ufit seven. You can say that 19, 26, 606, 6462 and 8462 are divinible by 2 because they are even. Divisibility by 100108 women @ Numbers that end in 0 arediviable by 10 . For example, 70, 660, 6070 and 86400 are divinible by 10. Divisibility by 6(5 8 wD, . @ Number that end in 0or 6 are divisible by & For example, 45, 170, 29095 and 342580 are divisible by 5. Divisibility by 303.8 wre = * — Anumberis divisible by dif the sum of tts digits is divisible by 3. ‘The sum of the digits of 87 in 8 + 7 = 15, Aw 15 in divisible 3, 87 is divisible by 3 igits of 430 ind +3 + 0= 7, 7innot divisible by 3. So, 430 is not divisible by 3 Divisibility by 9(9 8 wrimRra The sum of th # — Anumberindivinble by 9 ifthe sum of ite digits in divisible by 9 2AGTA: 244464748 = 27, An 27 indivinible by 9, 24678 is divisible by 9. For Example, 89270: 8 +9 +247 +0 = 26, Ax 26 isnot divisible by 9, 89270 is not divisible by Divisibility by 4(4 8 MrT, For Example + ‘The number formed by the last two digits of 8316 in 16, 16 is divisible by 4. So is 8316 4847 is not divinible by 4 because 47 is not divisible by 4, Divisibility by 8(8 8 WTR number ix divimble by 41fthe number formed by its last two digits is divisible by 4 @ Anumberisdiviable by 8ifthe number formed by its last three digits is divisible by § ‘The number formed by the last three digits of 20832 is 832. By dividing we find that B32 is divisible by 8. So, 20,832 is div 9292 is not divisible by 8 because 292 is not divisible by 8. Divisibility by 6,12 and 15 (6,12 of 158 wD je divisible by 6if itis divisible by 2s well as 3 Tests for 44 # Anumber (62203 } Anumberisdivible by 12ifitisdivisible by 3 an well as 4 [12344 Doe + Anumberisdivisble by 15 afta divisible by 3 an well as 5 152355) “ 36 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS we Beet us test 3360 for divisibility by 6, 12 and 15. : 4440 divisible by 6 ? As 4440 is even, it is divisible by 2. The» sum of its digits =4+4+4+0=12, hich is divisible by 3. So, 4440 is divisible by 3 also. Therefore, it is divisible by 6. . i 4440 divisible by 12? We found that 4440 is divisible by 3. The number formed by its last two digits .40, which is divisible by 4. As 4440 is divisible by both 3 and 4, it is divisible by 12. ; (0 divisible by 15 ? As 4440 ends in 0, it is divisible by 5. And we already know that 4440 is ible by 3. As 4440 is divisible by both 3 and 5, it is divisible by15. ibility by U1 (118 star) Find the sums of the digits in the odd and even places separately. If their difference is divisible by 11, the number is divisible by 11 ke divisible by 11 ? The sums of the digits in the odd and even places are 7 + 7 = 14 and 3, pectively. Their difference = 14—3 = 11, which is divisible by11. So, 737 is divisible by 11. ivisibility by 7(78 ust) Find the difference between the double the last digit and the rest of the number. Ifthe difference is divisible by 7, the number is divisible by 7. (You may have to use this short cut a number of times to arrive at a small number.) 434 divisible by 7 ? Double the last digit is 8. The rest of the number is 43. Their difference is }-8 = 35, which is divisible by 7. So, 434 is divisible by 7. a SBxereise 5C) @ @ cere Find the numbers that are divisible by the ringed number (ie # dt 7eit Gen @ AT Ferra aif) : (a) [ 47,88, 125, 6512 @)]_ © [770,59, 105, 7550 ® (c) 128, 3700, 3008, 7200 G0) | (@)[ 342, 240, 3840, 3650 g Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9? (@M-Wat TH GST 9 BUTE?) (a) [ 117, 348, 1242, 4606 (b) [ 810, 721, 3240, 1017 (c) | 585, 840, 9765, 24633 In each of the following find the numbers that are divisible by the first number (were a Ueet Hera rsa eT OTT aT) ; iv ‘a @ _ [_216,1241,4616, 1600] () (@& _ [/Bbi6 6119, 6208, 19644 (a) @) *{_ 46,606, 6672, 47426 ) QD 84, 1244/4440, 44" (a) | 63, 462, 217, 3255 4,4 140, 604, 645, 5446 (a) Which of these numbers are divisible by 4 but not by 8? 16, 55100 (b) Which of these numbers are divisible by 2but notby6? | 294, 7016, 26314 Fill in the greatest digit to make the number divisible by 3. (a) 63») ) 620) ~~) 65) 98 @ 6) 442 PYTHAGOREAN MATHENATICSS 37, =HCF and LCM (men ait orga BATA) Highest Common Factor (HCF) (Hera warrata) Look at the following factorizations : 18=2%3x3 28=2%2%7 The factor of 18 are 1, 2,3, 6,9 and 18, And the factors of 28 are 1, 2, 2,7 and 28. The common factors of 18 and 28 are 1,2. The greatest, or highest, among the common factorsis 6. It is the greatest number that divides both 18 and 28 exactly (without a remainder). We say that the highest common factor (HCF) of 18 and 28 is 2. We also say that 2s the greatest common divisor (GCD) of 18 and 28. (The HCF (of CD) of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides the numbers exact Finding HCF with the Help of Multiplication Tables (HCF by Inspection) * (or oars Sit Tare a eT ATT TET ABT) : +. Rind the HCP of8and 24 with the help of multiplication tables. We find both 8 and 24 only in the multiplication tables of 3 and 8. Between 3 and 8, 8is greater. . the HCF of 8 and 24 is 8. (The greatest number by which both 8 and 24 are divisible is 8). + Find the HCF of 36 and 68 by inspection, We find both 35 and 63 only in the multiplication table of 7. @ Find a table that has the smaller number. |@ Is the larger number | in that table too ? © If not, check another «. the HCF of 35 and 63is 7. rn le. + Find the HCF of6 and 10 with the help of multiplication tables. Oar, We find 6 and 10 together in the multiplication tables of 2, 3 and 5. " s Among these, 2is the largest number. Y «. the HCF of 6 and 10s 2. + Bind the HCP of 90 and 18 by inspection, We do not find 30 and 18 together in any multiplication table. So, the greatest number by which both 30 and 18 are divisible is 3, «. the HCF of 30 and 18 is 6. 38 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-Sfinding HCF by Finding Factors ({UT@US Ha HEATH TATA eh MTA HALA) = Find the HCF of 12 and 18by finding factors. seeping 16 2 | 18 j 2/8 3[ 9 2[ 4_ 3 [3 2[ 20 Z re Z \ 2 16=2%2%2%2, v.18 =2x3x3. Grouping the factors, we get Grouping the factors, we get 4x4=16, 2x8=16 2x9=18,6x3=18 Sothe factors of 16 are 1, 2,4, 8. and 16, So the factors of 18 are 1, 2, 8, 6,9 and 18. ~. the common factors of 16 and 18 are 1, 2. The highest common factor (HCF) is 2. Find the HCF of 128, 136 and 512. 2|_ 126 2 | 140 2 | 154 3 | 63 2| 70 7\ 77 3) | a2 5 | 35 qj 11. 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 126=@x3x3x@ The common prime factors are 2, 7. 140=@x2x5x@ “HOF =2x7=14 154 = @)x Mx 11 Titxercise GA) @@ xercise sy soa ai Find the HCF of the numbers with the help of multiplication tables (by inspection) | (Hora ers at ReraAT a Hee TET Te APT) : (a) 4and8 (b) 12and8 (©) 27and36 (@) 30and40 &- (a) 44,55 (b) 22,18 (c) 20,30 (d) 24,36 (a) 12and18 (b) 15 and 27 (©) 14and27 Find the HCF of the numbers by finding factors (UTES Ha HETA WATT WT BATE) : (a) 9,12 (b) 15,20 © 35,30 (@) 35,50 (e) 81,90 Find the HCF of the numbers by primg¢ factorization (WIM TUMTaUS 8 FET BATA WT aif : : (a) 35and85 (b) 62and82 (©) 45and72 (@) 58and86 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 ©=—-39 *6. (a) 35and90 (b) 52and136 (c) 9land 129 (d) 77and121 7. (a) 175 and 285 (b) 140 and 172 (c) 260. and 360 (d) 140and225 8. (a) 12,36 and60 (b) 19,76 and 95 (c) 27,45 and81 (d) 56,72 and 10g Find the HCF (rer amreentas ure aifara) : (Some More Sums for Practice 0° 3 9. (a) 39,93 (b) 46,142 (c) 385,490 40. (a) 38,440, 1000 (b) 60,270 and 390 (c) 85,160 and 235 Word Sums (916 99") 4 Find the greatest number that will divide 32 and 64 without leaving a remainder. ‘The greatest number that will divide $2 and 64 exactly is their greatest common divisor, or Ho, 2 82 2| 64 2 16 2) 32 2 8 2 16 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 8252 x2xIKI™KD 5 6452x2xK2KIRIKA! ‘The required HCFis 2 x 2x 2x 2x 2=82, So, 32is the greatest number that will divide 32 and exactly. Z Find the greatest number that divides 53 and 68, leaving 8 as remainder in each case. 59 divided by the number leaves 8 as remainder. So, the number divides 53 - 8 = 45 exactly. 68 divided by the number leaves 8 as remainder, So, the number divides 68-8 = 60 exactly. ‘The greatest number that will divide 45 and 60 exactly is their HCF, 335, 2| 60 8 [15 al_30 5[_ 5 a| 15 1 | 8 1 4528x955 022x235 The HOF of 45 and 60is3 x 5= 15, So, the required number is 15, + Find the greatest number that divides 16, 31 and 46, leaving the remainder 2, 3 and respectively. i 1@ divided by thé number leaves 2.as remainder, So, the number divides 16-2 = 14 fully, 381 divided by the number leaves 3 as remainder, So, the number divides 31-3 = 28 fully. 46 divided by the number leaves 4 as remainder, so, the number divides 46-4 = 42 fully. The greatest number that will divide 14, 28 and 42 fully is their HOF, 1 AQ PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS S214227, B= 2x 2x7. 2 42=2x3%7. ‘The HCF of 14, 28 and 42is 2x 7 = 14. So, the required number is 14. What can be the greatest capacity of a measuring cup that can be filled a number measure out 36 mL and 45 mL? ‘The required capacity (number) will have to divide 36 and 45 exactly. r of times to 2| 36 3 | 45 2] 18 3| 15 3/9. 5| 5. 3f 3, ne io $86 =2%2x3x3. 1 45=3x3x5, The HCF of 36 and 45 is 3 x 3 =9. So, the greatest capacity the cup have is 9mL. a SExercise 6B) @ @ eee (a) Find the greatest number that will divide 45 and 72 without leaving a remainder. (b) Find the greatest number that will divide 55, 66 and 77 exactly. (a) Find the greatest number that divides 38 and 45, leaving 3 as remainder in each case. {b) Find the greatest number that divides 55 and 81 with 9 as remainder in both cases. Find the biggest number that divides 59, 68 and 86, leaving the remainder 5 in each case. (a) Find the greatest number that divides 39, 53 and 62, leaving 3, 5 and 2 respectively as remainder. (b) Find the greatest number that divides 57, 133 and 384, leaving 7, 8 and 9 respectively as remainder. What is the greatest length of a tape whose whole length can be used a number of times to measure the lengths 64 cm and 160 cm exactly? What can be the greatest weight that can be used a number of times of weigh 63 kg and 81 kg ofrice? PYTHAGOREANMATHEMATICSS = &Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) (waa arta) - . . FR Themuttiplesot4: @) B) GB) (16) Go) GA) GB) G2) G8) (40) 4) G48) (62) GB Gy ‘the multiples of: @) 20) @) @) 60) 65) 60) (65) @ ‘Allthe multiples of 4 are divisible by 4. And all the multiples of 5 are divisible by 5. ‘The common multiples of4 and 5 are 20, 40, 60 and so on, They are divisible by both 4 and 5. ‘The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 4 and 5 is 20. ‘This makes 20 the smallest number thatis divisible by both 4and5. ‘The LCM of two or more numbers is the ‘smallest common multi and therefore, the smallest number that is divisible by them. Finding LCM with the Help of Multiplication Tables [qos tars at eraaT a TIAA (LCM by inspection) areata] + Find the LCM of 12 and 18 with the help of multiplication tables. (ater er 12 3 18 eT TER STAT) + ‘We have to find the smallest common number or multiple in the tables of 12 and 18. 36 is the smallest multiple that occurs in both the tables. :. the LCM of 12 and 18is 36, + Find the LCMof2, 8 and 4by inspection Caden gr 2, 3 ait 4 ar erga aaTrecies aIa ae) : We have to find the smallest common multiple that occurs Odo, inthe tables of2, 3 and 4, & 12is the smallest multiple that occurs in the three ‘tables. S -. the LCM of 2, 3 and 4is 12. @ Start with the table of the biggest number. Begin checkin with its first multiple. @ If the multiple occurs in the tables of the other numbers,j is the LCM. © If not, check the next multiph of the biggest number. a syrercise 6C) @eee Find the LCM of the numbers with the help of multiplication tables (err aan ait ae a rT ae Tee aA) : 1. (a) 9and12 (b) 8and16 (©) 20and25 - (a) 15and18 2. (a) 3,9 (b) 16,20 (©) 24,30 (a) 36,45 \,_ Find the LCM of the numbers by inspection (Witaror gRT TATA HATA WA SAAD) : 3. (a) 3,4and6 (b) 4,3and8 © 4,6and15 (a) 10,9and 15 (ce) 15,20and10 —(f)_ 4, 15. and21 (@) 6,20and25 (h) 12,16 and24 4. (a) 3,4and5 (b) 5,6and7 (©) 4,7and9 (a) 5,8and11 42 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5finding LCM by Prime Factorization (Waa qUrTaUs fax 8 vgs ArT ara HET) : ¢ Find the LCM of 36 and 48 by prime factorization. 2|_36 2 | 48 2{ 18° 2| 24 Sieg 2 |sa2F alga Slee Underline to show the oe Sage greatest number of times | each factor appears. 2 36=2x2%3x3 $48 =2x2%2x2%3 004 The LOM of 36 and 48 is 2x2x2x2x3x3=144 + Find the LCMof 100, 120 and 140. 2 |_100 2 | 120_ 2 | 140 2|_ 50° 2] 60_ 2/70 5 [25 2/30, 5 | 35 a) @ 3 [15 77 1 5[ 5. — Ee 2 100=2x2x5x5 2 120=2x2x2x3x5 1 140=2x2x5x7 The LCM of 100, 120 and 140 is 2x 2x 2x3x5x5x7= ef tw Exercise 6D ) ®@ 4% aay) Find the LCM of the numbers (Gematt Hr agar aaah AIT HT) : (a) 12,16 (b) 21,27 (c) 16,24 (d) 20,30 (a) 30and36 (b) 32and42 (c) 48and64 (d) 52and82 » (a) 21and63 (b) 22and44 (c) 39and65 (d) 60and90 % Find the LOM (era wuraertanararaifera) ; [Some More Sums for Practice ]0°° ; (a) 15,21 (b) 48,60 (c) 65,91 Word Sums (91s WA) ‘ind the smallest number that is divisible by 39, 65 and 91. number thatis divisible by 39, 65 and 91 has tobe a multiple of each number. o, the smallest number that is divisible by 39, 65 and 91 is their lowest common multiple (LCM). 3|_39 5 |_65 71 ot 13] 13 . 13} 13 13| 13 1 1. Ay 2 39=3x12 2 65=5x13 2. 91=7x13 The LCM of 39, 65 and 91is3 x5 x 7xI3=1365 So, the smallest number that is divisible by 39, 65 and 91 is 1365. PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS aq Seyyr Pere eee eae eevee Find the smallest number which when divided by 15, 45 and 75 leaves 6 as remainde every case. Letus first find the smallest number that is. divisible by 15, 45 and 75. 3 | 15 3 [15 45 3 | 75 > 3/5 5 | 25 7 clare 5 5 | 5_ > I 215 =3%5 45=3%3x5 1.15 =3x5x5 1 The LCM of 15, 45 and 75is3x3x5x5=225 225i the smallest number thatis divisibleby 15,65 and'75. ‘ So, the smallest number which when divided by 15, 65 and 75 leaves 6 as remainder = 225 + 6= 231 Find the smallest number of flowers that can be put in vases in groups of 16 or 24- ‘The number of flowers has to be a multiple of both 16 and 24. We have to find their LCM. 2 | 16 2 24 7 2 8 =| 2 i oe 2 fe { aor 3| 3 I 2. 16=2%2x2x2 24=2x2x2x3 ‘The LCMof 16 and 24is2x2x2x2x3=48, e 4 ‘The smallest number of flowers that can be putin vases in groups of 16 or 24s 48. 4 i Exercise GE ) @ @eoce Ane? i. (a) Find the smallest number which when divided by 28 and 35 leaves no remainder. (b) Find the smallest number thatis divisible by 45 and 54. 2, (a) Find the smallest number that is divisible by 16, 20 and 24. (b) Find the smallest number which when divided by 13, 26 and 52 leaves no remainder. 8, Find the smallest number that leaves 5 as remainder when divided by 45 and 63. h 4. Whatis the smallest number of chairs that can be arranged in rows of 21 or 27? 44 —PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5Fractions (fai) Fractional Numbers and Fractions (fu7Tei Heme aitt fir) ‘The numbers such as half, one-third, one-fourth, two-thirds, three-fifths, three-eights etc. are called fractional number, and their symbols 2, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, ete. respectively are called fractions. 234358 1, Fractionalas part ofa whole Look at the following figures : (a) (b) () aE (d) ae In figure (a), the circle is divided into 2 equal parts, of which 1 part is coloured. Thus, the coloured part represents 1 part out of 2 equal parts or 3 ofthe circle, read as aa circle. Similarly, in figure (b), the coloured part a 2 parts out of 3 equal parts or 2 2 ctor thirds) ofatriangle. In figure (c), the coloured part represents 3 parts out of 4 equal parts or 4 (three-fourths) ofa rectangle. In figure (@), the coloured part represents 5 parts out of 8 equal parts of 2 (five-eights) of an octagon. 2. Fractions as part of acollection Look at the figures given below : (a) kek (b) 4, © qnognad aa eanaaaa , [www aaaaaa Fig. (a) contains a collection of 6 starts, of which 3 stars are coloured. Thus, the coloured stars represent 2 ofthe collection. Fig. (b), contains enlletion of 12 squares, of which 6 squares are coloured, Thus, the coloured squares represents -& ofthe collection. Fig. (c), contains a eallecion of 20 pentagons, of which 1 15 pentagons are coloured. Thus, the coloured pentagons represent G ofthe collection. PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 4.5a Numerator and Denominator of a Fraction (fi & 2171 ait ®) A fraction is written with two numerals arranged one over the other and separated by a line, ‘The numeral above the line is called the numerator and the numeral below the line is called) denominator of the fraction. rac « i 2 s For example, in , thenumeratoris 3 and the denominatoris 8, Finding Fractional Part of a Collection (aye an Pirate eee wet HOT) 2 . Letusfind $ ofacollection of 9 dolls, In order to find the answer, we divide the equal parts of 8 dolls each and take 2 such contain 6 dolls. ch parts. Clearly, 2 parts 2 So, 2 of9 dolls equals 6 dolls. | > tls. Ye teks. collection into 3 Therefore, we conclude that the fractional parts of a collecti is determined by dividing the collection into sub-groups equal ty the number representing the denominator of the fraction.’Then we take the number of sub-groups equal to the number representing: the numerator of the fraction. Types of Fractions (frit & wea) Like Fractions (WAM RF) Fractions having same denominators are called like fractions. 3,4,8,2 F ‘i ixe Forexample, 33> 75? 79° 7g &te-arelike fractions. Unlike Fractions (qari fA) Fractions having different denominators are called unlike frections. 266 0 Forexample, 3 9 7 g? yq cte-areunlike fractions. Unit Fractions (win RA) A fraction having 1 as numerator is called a unit fraction. Forexample, > ? ? y+ 4 ete. are unit fractions. Proper Fractions A fraction having numerator less than its denominator is called a proper fraction. Forex 3, 68, 2 ete fractions. Fer saeaatipl, 72’ 14’ 12’ 15 etc. are proper rac ions. Improper Fractions A fraction having numerator greater than its denominator is called an improper fraction. i : ‘9, 8, 14, 26; i ions. Forexample, 2, 8. 14, 28 ote. areimproper fractions = 46 = PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS By . ;Mixed Fractions or Mixed Numerals (fifa fur) When an improper fraction is written as a combination of a whole number and a proper fractions, it is called a mixed fraction or mixed numeral. Forexample, 32) 4+ 64) 23 ote. aremixed fractions. Conversion of Improper Fractions into Mixed Numbers . rel der Mixed number = quotient T27a2"°or Letus consider an improper fraction & ' 6+2_6,2 2 =$4+2_6,2.5,2 592 8 a a8 3 3 Pictorially, it can be represented as $n Bas 2 or eis oil =1+gor14 =34+4or34 = B45 or 85 and 34 aremixed fractions. ‘Thus, we have converted given improper fractions into mixed numbers. We can also convert a nixed number into an improper fraction. Forexample, consider the mixed number 2-3 4 3.9,3_2x6,3_12,3_1243_15 Ge GeO aun Asimple and quick way to convert a mixed number into an important fraction is given below : 93-2%6+3_124+3_ 15 6 6 ~ 6 "6 Equivalent Fractions (war fi) Apart ofa whole can be represented by many fractions called equivalent fractions. Look at the following figures and observe the fractions for the coloured part: 1 A 4 Fee 8 +3 E 6 fiz EEE 24 Itis clear from the figures that 1.2.4.8 37678724 So, 1,2. 4 and 8 areequi F 0, 3, 2, A and & areequivalent fractions. An equivalent fraction ofa given fraction can be obtained by multiplying or dividing its numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number. PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 47_ For example, (i) Equivalent fractions of 2 are: (ji) Equivalent fraction of 317 3 Example: golution: Since, 40 =5 x 8, we multiply both the numerator and the denominator of by 3 : 4 ox 10’ Bx 242428 | Write an equivalent fraction of 5 x gq Whose numerator is 40. 12° 128" 96 Hence, 2 isthe required fraction. To Test Whether Two Given Fractions are Equivalent or Not ‘Two fractions are equivalentif: @ (i) 8balls (ii) 82 pencils (iii) 40 mangoes (iv) 48 marbles Numerator of first x Denominator of second = Denominator of first x Numerator of second Check whether 4 and 5 are equivalent fractions: Cross multiply as shown: a< 75 Wehave, 4x 10=40 and 8x5=40. Thus, the two cross products are equal. Hence, 4 and 5, areequivalent fractions. 4 sExercise 7A) @ @eecce-- 1. What fractional part do the following coloured stars represent in the collection oj °C Riise] Raw HHT | trvteavieied dried eid Tedete tear drde| — [ieseskatede se 2. Find } ofa collection of: (balls (ii) 82peneits (ii) 40mangoes (iv) 48 marbles 3. Find 3 ofacollection of: . G) 85oranges (ii) 63 toffees (iii) 70 leaves (iv) 49 coins 48 —-PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5Find 5 ofa collection of: (i) 24 flowers (ii) 36 balloons (iii) 48 erasers (iv) 96 kites 5. Write three equivalent fractions for each of these: ay 3 7 =e 8 @ § a) § Gi) (iv) -g 6. Write proper, improper or mixed for these fractions: 3 oT .... 45 6 @ 3 Gi) 35 (id) 3g (iv) 779 Py ics w & wi 2 wid 7§ witt) 38 7. Which of the following are unit fractions? : 1 @ ¢ «i 4 4 av 3 35 x, Convert the following improper fractions into mixed fractions: a) 7 : 141 @ & ai) 8 ci) $8 (iv) 88 «w) 9. Convert the following mixed fractions into improper fractions: @ 2 ww af Gi) 3-4 Gvy-378 w 6% 10. Find the equivalent fraction of: @ 3 havingnumerator 18 (ii) having denominator 60 Gii) fj having denominator 98 (iv) 38 having numerator 4 11. Check whether the given eet group are equivalent: @ 2.2 w 4,8 ain &, 4 ww) 1, 2 15 9 cco ww) oH w % 2 . wy) 2 Reducing a Fraction to its Lowest Terms A fraction is said to be in its lowest terms (or in simplest form), if the HCF of numerator and denominators 1. 5 7 To reduce a fraction in its lowest terms, we divide the numerator and denominator by their HCF. The following examples will make the idea more clear. “xample: Reduce these fractions in their lowest terms: For example, fractions 4. 2, and 4 are allin their lowest terms. 15 32 (a) 35 (b) * PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 2h - §&&a iil Solution: t L (a) Here, numeratoris 15 and denominatoris 35. Let us find the HCF of 15 and 35, Factors of 15 are 1,3,5 and 15, Factors of 35 are 1,5,7 and 35, Common factors of 15 and 35 are 1 and5. ‘Thus, the HCF of 15 and 35is5, i is 155 _ 3 So, 35 = oy) Hence, 3 isthe simplest form or the lowest terms of 15 zg (b) Here, numeratoris 16 and denominatori is 72. Let us find the HCF of 16 and 72 ‘by long division method. 16)72 (4 ; “ by division method. <* 4 “28 0 Thus, the HCF of 16 and 72s 2. ; So, 16. 1622 _8 16 = 8 72 T2=2 ~ 36 Hence, 8. 3@ iSin the lowest terms. eA SExerei Which of the following pemciton’ are in their lowest terms ?(@A-St fa art Fey a7): 33 as wis id & we wB Reduce each of the following fractions to their lowest terms (Stra We faa + Ger serat aefer) : : » 2 a Gi) 28 vy 2 35 56 4 eS 100 65 (viii) 125 w # (wi) $00 wi) & in as i) = i =. ow Fi wo a oD 368 126 Comparison and Ordering of Fractions (Raat at aera 2ire aa) PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5,sxample L solution: .ample 2. tution: Compare H and 5 The LCM of denominators 4 and 16 is 16. Therefore, weconvert + and 3 intolike fractions each having denominator 16. Loins 4 4x4 16 5 _ Sxl 6 a ae Now, 6 and a are like fractions. Clearly 4>5 Fe i a Hence, # <5 ie, LoS. ee, Arrange the following fractions in descending order (&t71ch fat wt met BI HH Ferns) 25,6 1 3147 6 The LCM of denominators 3, 14,7 and 6 is 42. Therefore, we convert the given fractions into like fractions each having denominator 2x14 3x14 5x3 4x3 42 ° = 6x6 _36 Tx6 42 tate 7s j 6x7 42 ~ Now, comparing the numerators of above like fractions, we have 36 > 28 > 15 >7. 36,28 15 7, BL ALK LT Thus, 38 > 28 > 15 > Foie, > 3 > Gy > g isrequired descending order Comparison of Fractions having Same Numerator and Different Denominators Letus consider two fractions havingsamenumeratorsay 5 and 5, (wars sist aan fas at are PEST St ger) a To compare these two fractions, we convert them into like fractions. LCM of denominators 10 nd 12is 60. 5x6 _ 30 =Jox6 ~ 60 5 5x5 _ 25 and’ 79 7 60 But, 30>25 4 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 51Hence, 3 5 25 60 ' 5 5 0 > 12 From the above discussion, we observe that out of two given fractions with same numerator, fractions with smaller denominator is greater. 52 Examples. Arrange the following fractions in ascending order (@ Tet Firat ay ast a amen) ee ee 13° 17° 14’ 12’ 16 Solution: The given fractions have same numerators, namely 7. So, we compare denomiantors of these fractions. Denominators 13, 17, 14, 12 and 16 in descending order are 17> 16 > 14> 13> 12. ie i Hence, 75 < ie, = or <(Ga¥4>, = Haat < HRY) : - a 6 4 w 2 51 ae $ ae og ao — OF w 7O@ so Te 13 iy 5 C1 wi) 5 3 f6 © ag “) oT 48 WD tg O 39 6 6 a rE : pot 2.5 ray ee el @ @ 9g F is OO FP a ie ‘ 3.21 3 » 8,5,6,2 (iv) B93 iB W) 3-75 i0'° B 4. Reduce to the lowest terms (em Hata a avery) : @ 2,4,2,38 Gi) 10, 30, 20° 45 4’ 6’ 8’ 12 ‘12’ 24’ 36’ 48 (ii) 7, 18, 12, 30 (iv) 44, 121, 55 7 0’ 20’ 50’ 40 68’ 22’ 95’ 99 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5Operations on Fractional Numbers &le 1. Add the following: a1 (@) $+4 : Ce eyCelaes af olution: (a) $42 = 4415 fae | oe agen a ©) 30 * i0 * 00 77 Addition of Unlike Fractions | i 13 et sample2. Find thesumof +, 3 and &. lution: The LCM ofdenominators 4,5 and 10is 20. mple3. ution: We convert the given fractions into equivalent fractions with denominator 20. Thus, the sum of $2 and s is 12, a Aniket and Rajan ate 2 and 4 of a apple respectively. What portion of the apple did they eat together? The portion of apple Aniket ate =2 ‘The portion of apple Rajan ate = 3 The portion they ate together = 2 . t = 241 5 =3 5 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMANICS.5oA . Ex TD ) @ @ cece eExercise 7D ) o 1. Find the sum of (stg urate) ; al 1 7S Gg and & GF and $ (iii) + ana ivy) and 8 4 21 1 2 3 Gv) ggand § ) gg and 3 Wi) gg andZ ii) 5,2 ona 2 ii) ©, 3 ana 18 : 4.3 2 (il) Jeg and ay (viii) J and 35 Gx) Brg and 5 2. Find the sum and write in the lowest terms (sits wer ated Be Gan arate A foray) 2,8 i 10, 8 ® otto @ oa+ag Poy 3,5,7 Ov) 5 *20* 10 i oe 6 3. Radhika spent ofan hour todo English homework and 4 ofan hour todo Engi homework. What is the total time she spent on doing homework? 4, Adeer took two jumps. The first jumpwas 8 mlongand the second was 5 ms How far did the deer jump in all? a Anushka’ spends 3 of her salary on house rent, 2 on food and - on miscellares ' Find the portion of salary he spends. Subtraction of Like Fractions (4m Rir-i a gern) Rule: To subtract unlike fractions, we simply subtract the numerators of the given fractions ‘The number thus obtained becomes the numerator of the required fraction and th: denominator of this fraction is common denominator of the given fractions. 3 i Example: Subtract 4 from 71-4 8 Solution: 2- olution: 0) ooleo Subtraction of Unlike Fractions (33m fast a Fer) Rule : To subtract unlike fractions, we first convert them into like fractions and then subtract! as usual. Study the following examples: ample!. Subtract 2 fror Solution: 'TheLCMofdenominators8 and 9is 72. We convert the given fractions into equivalent fractions with denominator 72. ie PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-53. 3x9 _27 ¢ 8 8x9 "72 5 _ 5x8 40 and 9 9x8 "72 40 _ 27 _ 40-27 _13 “=a 2 2 Thus, the dif 5 and 3 is 18 us, the difference between @ and 3 is 7 ample2. Monika ate 3 of a chocalate cake. Raju atel ofachocolete cake. How much more did Monika eat than Raju? cion: Here, we have to find 3-1 +. LOM of5 and4 120. So, and So, L ecu 20 ‘Thus, Monika ate a ofa chocolate cake more than Raju. a SExercise TE )@e@e Find the difference of (@=R Wa aif) : @ & and + (i) a and 4 iii) a and a (iv) Zz and 3 w) 8 and + (wid 2B and 3, Subtract and write the answer in the lowest terms (HERU ST SAT aT Haw aa A AARAT) : ® $ from 2 i) F trom 3 tii) 4 from $3 (iv) 2 from 20 Ww) 4 from 8 (wi) $3 from # Astudent needs 2 cup milk and 2 cup cream. How much more milk than cream is required? £ of the students of a class did not go for a picnic. What fraction of the students went tothe picnic? There was 4 Lmilk in a glass. Deepika drank { Lfrom it, How much milkis leftin the PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 “Coy glass?Multiplication of Fractions (fit at 777) Multiplication of a fraction by a Whole Number (Yut Hem @ firtt at TM) ‘We know that multiplication is repeated addition. Forexample, 4times3can be written as3+3+3+3. or4x3=12, We can multiply fractions in the same way. e fines 2 i fo i i 5times 1 A,1,1,1,1 es F canbewrittenas t+ 3+ G+ at g yo a A lAsiedei41 5 2 oy gos Aa «x Example 1: Multiply:5 We should always express , ae product in the lowest tem, Solution: 5x 3 =°3 Also we should give the ansy 10 ‘as a mixed number and no, a2 \ leave as an improper fret a 1. Find the product using repeated addition method (G7: Gig fate Ger WANT AT TOM WU Bis @ 3x4 i ax d Gide xd wv) 5 x 2 2. Multiply (orate) : @ 2x8 @ 2 x 15 ain & x 6 v) x 43 w) Bx 28 wrx £ wid Bx 4 - wi) x 6 Multiplication of a Fraction by a Fraction (R18 fs wt TN) Example: Multiply 4 by 2 . Solution: 4x3 = 7 Fraction ofa fraction . a Let us consider z of 3 Let 1 be represented by Then, 4 will be represented by | and + of Fs willbe represented by 56 PYTHAGOREAN MATHENATICS-5 J whichis clearly 3.dori Thus, 5 of 5 = 35. wT Wedefine } of + as 4 Thus, we have 1 zoek gample 1. Find 1 3 of 4. Be olution: 3 of xi. 62h peat 10 fample2. Find 5 9 0f54. olution: 3 of 54 =54x 5 9 = 54,5 “1 *9 ~54x5 6x5 “Tx9 = 7 780. ae : abxercise 7G ) @ @eecce. Find the product (qurura aif) : r 16 os = @ z @ 2x8 Gi) Dx 8 fv) 2538 2,20 81, 8 ii) 4,9 iii) 10 44 w) $2 wi By & wi) 4x 8 (viii) 10 44 Find Graaitfirg) : ad Zot $ w Sor Z Gai) H8 of 2 iv) § of 63 w) 3 of & vi) & of 60 vit) 4 of & (witi) 25 of $8 Multiplication of Three or More Fractions (a arccrnaral ay) " Product of the m 2 £3 fractions = Rule : The product of 3 or more ions. ein : iply: 8x142 ample: Multiply: 8x2x2. lution: Sxdx2 = 2402 ails Sle 3A ev. : abxercise 7H) @eee 1. Multiply Quiranfir : F : 12 ii) Sx 1x4 @ gepee 3 gos ms is vay 8x 2,10 10 34, 3 12,26, 9 WW) FX E99 wv) WT s* > (vi) 33% 27" 6 2, Find the product and write your answer in the lowest terms (TUM 91 Sif sits. sree Patra) : w 2B 22 ii) 16 1 5 5 Gi 5 * Ga Division of Fractions (fit et AM) Before we learn about the division of fractions, let us understand what is the recipr fraction. 5 4 Ifthe numerator and the denominator of a fraction are interchanged, we ge‘ t reciprocal of the fraction. Example 1. Find thereciprocal of 3 (aren uTTaifee). Here, the numerator is 3 and the denominator is 8. Thus, by interchanging the numerator and the denominator, wefind thatthereciprocal of 3 is 8 Example2. Find the reciprocal of 5 (sen Wa SifU). Solution: Scanbewrittenas 5 . Thus, reciprocal of 5is 2. — 3 Division of a Fraction by Multiplying it by its reciprocal Example1. Divide 4 by ©. Solution: The a of “is %. 58 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-59 29 it +27, ‘ample2. Find lution: — Reciprocal of 27 = Reciprocal of a . 27 Sl 9. = So, a 27 cample3. Find 45 = 3 : . . 53.7 ‘lution: Fist lution. Reciprocal of 78 R- 80,45 + 3 = - & x " is mS x aly alsa q ko x — 63. x a Find the reciprocal ofeach of the following (fea wate wr eqRRT UTTAR): o & w Gi) 9 tw) 38 Solve (er) : 3,1 a 6 iii) 15 , 36 iy) aOlay 16, @ 342 aw Ze i) 4B s 38 i $+8 6 ib 3 > 6 16 ay eee (v) Ta * 24 (vi) 3 a (vii) 3 7 O7 (viii) 576 Divide each of the following (fea 1a wate ct aT ART) : i) A byas ci) Reyre Gi) Boys tv) {byis ) Boye vi) & by20 wit) Jy bya viii) bys Divide (ar) : wad Gi) 16s 38 ii) 100882 Gv) 6382 (v) 842 si) 6322 io (vii) 63 5 (viii) 20+ 6\/ PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 stDecimals (agree) Let us review what you know about decimals. Fractions such as-6, can be written as .6 or 0.6. Wecall .6 adecimal fraction or decimal. i onetenths= 3, =.1=0.1 onehundredth=775=.01=0.01 one thousandth = 7i55=.001s)) a . 10 tenths (35) =1 100hundredths ( 1000 thousandths Gau)= H 10 thousandths = 1 hundredth 10 hundredths = 1 tenth So, 14tenths=10tenths+4tenths=1one+4 tenths 33 hundredths = 30 hundredths + 3 hundredths =3 tenths + 3 hundredths 54 thousandths = 50 thousandths + 4 thousandths = 5 hundredths + 4 thousandths. Writing and Reading Decimal Fractions (aerreta fit=it oer ferert sit wer) When writing a fraction with a denominator like 10, 100, 1000 or 10000: the position of the decimal point from the right = 1 + number of zeros in the denominator ‘To position the decimal point correctly, you may have to fill in zeros as shown below. 2=.3 Zerosin the denominator = 1. Position of the point = 1+ 1 = 2nd from therigi 10 xt =.06 Zerosin the denominator =2. Position of the point = 1 + 2 = 3rd from theright 7 755 09 =:008 Zeros in the denominator = 3. Position of the point = 1+ 3 = 4th from therigtt ~5.=.05 — readas point zero four We say each figure after the 700 decimal point separately. |OO5, 34 34 =0.034 read as zero point zero three four 8120012 readaseight point one two 60 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5eS flixed fractions can be written as decimals as shown below : )287 2 _122_ 39 _ 539 _ —287__ 40287 _ 4 9987 pl pease 5 709= 100 = 39 4 Fo000 10000 Integral part Like a mixed fraction, a decimal number has two parts : 12 z =122 anintegral part anda fractional ordecimal part. ~ In 13.21, the integral partis 13 and the decimal partis .21. ractional / decimal part 1n0.36, the integral partis 0 and the decimal part is .36. Place Values in Decimals (ayaa 4 tart aA) n the decimal system of numbers, the place value of a digit gets multiplied by 10 as we move left, or ivided by 10. as we more right. For example, 78.1694 = 7 hundreds +8 tens + 2 ones + roar a + 6thousandths + 1 ten thousandths =2%100+71048x1+4 154380 Toot i080 =200 +70+8+.1+.06 +.009+.0004. 78.1694 can be shown ona place-value chart. as: Hundreds | Tens Ones TTeaths | Hundreds ~| Thousandthe | Ton’ ‘a00) ao) a @) (es) (es) (en) 2) * x 8 > |- aaa 6 9 thn diag Place || Place Ee Place |] Place || Place | Place value || value || vatue | | value || vatue || value || vetec 200 | 70 || 8 ok” ||" 26a eos aam 10_|| 100 || 1006 ||10000 = +022 700 = 35 + 709 * z000 “30+ °-* 10 0.7=.7=.70=.700. They are equivalent (equal) decimals. ,+ Writeasacommon fraction: (a) 0.250 (b) 076 — (c) 65.7032 (a) 0.250=.25 The number of digits in the decimal part=2. -, the denominator = 100, @ Write the number without the x, either end. © This number with the decimal pay removed is the numerator, © Denominator : Write 1 followed by, for each digit of the decimal pory ion = 25. The fraction = 25. (b) Thenumber =.036. The number of digits in the decimal part = 3. «. the denominator = 1000. Te The fraction = 7000 - (c) Thenumber = 65.7032. The number of digits in the decimal part=4. «. the denominator = 10000, son = 091032 The fraction = 70000 * + Write 6tens+8 ones +3 tenths +2 hundredth in the short from. Gtens + Sones +3 tenths +2hundredth =60+8+, +325 =60+8+.3+.02 =68.32 + Write 7.6406 in the expanded form. =7+844,_0 , 6_ 7.6406 =7 + 75+ 709 * 1000 * T0000 + Fillin:67hundredths= tenths + hundredths. Another Way 67hundredths =.67= & +5 67 hundredths = 60 hundredths + 7hunir: =6tenths +7 hundredths, =6tenths +7 hundredths Comparing and Ordering Decimal Number (q7mea Heuait at YT sit) To compare decimal numbers, move left to right, comparing digits at each pl! oo Tf the digits at a place are equal, compare the digits at the next place on thet? rhs 1 a 2 ay qs || 758 te || 358 be 1s 8 108] 1s io® 1s la 6|{ 7] felis 7 | 4 | eee Cae 7118 Ones: 5 <6 Tens: 7>0 Ones : So, 5.7 < 6.3. So, 74.5 < 8.2. Tenths : 8? So, 7.8 > 74 82 rvTiaooneanuarienaress 1d[Tz oe) 1s || te 7458) | 108 4/7 8 Tens : Ones : Tenths : Hundredths : Hundredths : 5 > 0 So, 87.47 < 87.48, So, 4715 < 471. a sExercise 8) @ @ eevee Write the integral and decimal parts of the following decimal fractions hrh Ristiqe siemera amtfaay) : (a) 20.6 (b) 3.87 (©) 60.065 (d) 165.7735 — (e) 2050.13625 . Write ascommon fractions (Aum fifa) : @ (22 (b) | 0.556= (c) |0.072= (e) 6.9 (f) | 7.07= (g) (88.251= Write as decimal fractions (qyma furta faftaw) : 68 501 oP o(8- @ (Be 650 _ 14 i 20 432 _ © Bis) © fom) Fg = Fillin the blanks (Rarwra ay : (a) 20hundredths=____tenths (b) thousandths = 1 hundredths (©) 10 =lone (@) 10ten thousandths=1 (e) 85hundredths = tenths + hundredths (46 thousandths = hundredths+ ___thousandths (g) 637thousandths=__tenths¥_“""__ hundredths + _“"""ffousandths (a) ones+___tenths + hundredths (b) tens+ ones + tenths + hundredths + thousandths (c) 824.607=Shundredths+2___+4 +6___+0 +7 Write each of these as a decimal fraction (Write in the short form) Gia waa at araca isa fetaw) : (a) 6tens +8 ones +3 tenths +2 hundredths (b) Tones +2 tenths +0 hundredths +4 thousandths (©) Shundreds +7 tens +2ones+ 1 tenths + 2 hundredths +2 thousandths 7 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS:5) “¢ ‘e Operations with Decimals (aerate UX BiferaTe) Adding and Subtracting Decimal Fractions (que Furi a SST sie Ter We add and subtract decimal fractions in the same way we add and subtract whole numbe, the following things in mind. + Makesure thatall the decimal points are in line. + The digits ofeach place (the tens, ones, tenths, hundredths, ....) should be in line. + _Insubtraction sums, the larger number (the minuend) should have at least the same Dun, decimal places as the smaller number. For this you may have to put in zeros at the enj decimal part. + Find 265.79 + 0.3642 + 531.425, + Add 36.80, 225.75 and 436, 25.79 + 0.3642 + 531.425 557.5792 Put a decimal point |), = 36.80 ‘ You many; in the answer in line | +% 225.75 | [2436 0st4 with the other eg = 3 | oe decimal points. + Subtract .670 from 89,5. 89.5 — 89.500 Now both numbers have 3 digits after the decimal point. Rs. 8 > Rs. 80 Both numbers have equal nn of decimal plac a - : aExercise 9A ) @eee Add (ifsw : Lf) pea © 7.942.) © (Sa7agan) ® ean +4.667 +0.76 +77.976 | s5as.28 a {) (b) 24.786 2.0082) ° (—das.aaga) © ——qacomi +36.754 40.2076 + 26.26 + 47.28 + 9.206 +2.406 +768.276 B 5 5it +4436 46.78 467854 +679. 18) 964 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5— Sd —— a ae a (a) 465.25 + 75.6 +0.796 (b) 14.8 + 1.23 +0.172 + 35.65 (a) %95+%7.80+%7.45 (b) % 350.45 +% 765.75 + % 44.45 + % 0.95 Subtract (Wetgn) : 670.6 -420.411 (a) 46-184 (b) 26.15-8.475 (c) 426.175—401.121 (a) %402.25-% 250.10 (b) %200-% 156.42 (c) %246.72-%46 (Some More ‘Sums for Practice Poo. Add (sitfsm : (a) 6.76+9.25 (a) 26.96 +7.356 (b) 0.865 + 0.324 e (b) 0.2791+12.6 ». (a) 8.9+0.65 + 14.8726 (b) 784.24 16.7 + 167.6742 + 423.2 + (a) %270.25+350+7.95 (b) %435.50+98.98 +999+0.75 Subtract (we1gu) : - (a) 9.8-6.70 (b) 216-67.823 (c) 870.421-702.42 - (a) %572.75—% 424.50 (b) %700-% 440.40 (c) %783.15-%240 Multiplying a Decimal Fraction by a Whole Number Find 6.82 x 25. (ae qut en 8 aemera fis ar aT) + Find 6.025 «145. © Multiply as whole numbers. : @ Note the number of decimal places in the numbers being multiplied. © In the product, place the decimal point after the number noted at @ 6.82 x 25 = 170.50 6.025 x 145 = 873.625 Similarly, 682 x 0.25 = 170.50 Similarly, 6025 x 0.145 = 873.6: PYTHAGOREANMATRERATIO®Multiplying Decimal Fraction by Numbers Like 10, 100 and 1000 and their Multipy, Find: (a) 85.08x10 — (b) 85.089 100 (c) 85.089 x 1000 (d) 85.8% 1009 + | Another way (a) 85.08%10= Sy x10= S98 = 350.8, | (a) 8508 x 10= 85080. =, 85.08 x 10=850.8 | “=, 85.08 x 10 = 850.80 = 850.8 (b) 85.089 100= SFY 100 = 85089 - sog.9, (by 85089 x 100 = 8508900. = .900 = 85 85.089 x 100 = 8508.9 | san8e x 100 = 8508.900=8 (@) 85.089 x1000= 25089 1999 gg / 000 =85089000. : 1000 = 85089, (©) 85089 x 1000= =. 85,089 x 1000 = 85089. | “=, 85,089 x 1000 = 85089.000=8), _ 858 | (a) 85.8x1000= ">> x 1000=858x 100=85800 (d)_ 858x 1000= 858000. :. 85.800 x 1000 = 85800. | “=, 85.8 x 1000 = 85800.0= 858011 x. a E i e alxercise 9B ee Multiply Com aifar) : 1. (a) 08x7 (b) 29x12 (c) 4.26x6 (@) 6.78x15 — (e) 2.434x4 Product= Product = Product = Product = Product= 2 (a) 0.7x4 (b) 168 (©) 0.7x6 (@) 4.2%18 3. (a) 0.95x12 (b) 4.5616 (0) 14.72%15 (a) 7.82919 4, (a) 29x25 (b) 0.17% 14 (©) 4.89% 65 (@) 4.24265 5. (a) 4.625 x 145 (b) 0.79 x 260 (©) 2764x424 (@) 6.714% 307 6. Fillin the blanks (fatter HRD) : (a) [6.17x10= (b) [0.679% 10= (©) [15.6 10= (a) [0.746 x 100= ] © [Be9.4x100= ] — @ [4782.65 x100= (g) [8.656 x 1000 = thy [0.36 x 10 66 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-57. Multiply Coats) ; (a) 6.25 x 60 (b) .79x 80 (c) 2.47%70 (d) 0.276 x 250 . . _ : Find (yore) : & Some More Sums for Practice 8. 4.2x7 9. 16.7%15 10. 27.46x 35 a eae 11. 67.97 125 12. 0.679x18 13. 4.76447 14, 6.147 x 432 15. 4.772x612 16. 8.72700 Multiplying Two Decimal Fractions (at ayaa furit 7 We can multiply two decimal fractions as whole numbers and then put in the decimal point in the product. As we found above, the number of decimal places in the product is equal to the sum of the lecimal places in the numbers being multiplied. We can also find the product of two decimal fractions by first converting them to common fractions and then multiplying them. The products we get by the two methods should tally. + Find 0.6 x 2.43 1. Multiply as whole numbers. Simply way 6 wr 06-6 and 2.43 = 6 =6, 243 _ 6x 243 + 0.6 245 =39* T09 =10x 100 1468 aoe = 1458. 1 458 1000 2. Sum ofthe decimal places in 0.6 and 2.43=1+2=38. The product will also have 3 decimal places. 3. 2.0.7x2.43=1.458 roperties of Multiplication of Decimal Fractions (qyaca fii & yur at feasreane) 00] The product of decimals # °°" | in any order is the same. 0.5% 1.6=1.6x0.5 =0.80=0.8 0.4x5=5x0.4=2.0 The product of a decimal f ctionanda |Oo,, 6.25 x 30=30 x 6.25=187.5 | whole number in any order + the same $ Of decimal « 1= same decimal] 9-79x1=0.75 — 0.93%0=0 {decimal 0=0 JOog, Fa 1 decimal = same decimal| 1%0.45=0.45 0x5.4=0 | 0xdecimal=0 % ©. SAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 a74a sExercise 9C ) @ @ecce-. Multiply (Urata) : 1. (a) 04x16 — (b) 47x28 — (c) 3.04x7.2 (ad) 672x016 (© 3.762,; | Product = Product = Product= Product = 2. (a) 0.7x0.6 (b) 2.5x0.7 (ec) 5.71.7 d) 42.4x0.7 3. (a) 0.8x2.16 (b) 4.75 «0.7 (c) 2.76x0.92 d) 0.75x346 a 4. (a) 0.765x4.26 (b) 6.781.075 (©) 6.075 0.009 a) 0.4462x2.67 5. Fillinthe blanks (ftaqmm any : (a) 7.5x18=13x___ (b) | 0.724 x0.7 (e) [ 5.06 x__= 0.33: (a) [0.75x2= )[676x__=6.76 | (© 2x36= : (g) |__ x 42.8=42.8 (h) 0x6.00= @ | 8.92x__=0 (Gj) 4.8x(9.2x2.3)=(4.3x9.2)x (&) (0.7 x3.24)x___=0.7x(4.34x3.24 Multiply (qu eifaw) : 6. (a) 0.8x2.6x15 (b) 0.9x0.9x0.9 (c) 2.1x3.2*40 7. (a) 0.2x36x46 (b) 2.35 0.76x3.8 (©) 0.8x3.22x4.22 Find (ara aifem) : CS ee 8. 25x46 9. 9.9x4.2 10. 9.96x0.8 OS 11. 0.78 0.07 12. 9.63 x 0.08 18. 0.734 4.90 14, 7.442 x 4.35 15. 0.2x2.2x2.02 16. 0.05x0.9x 1.7 Dividing a Decimal Fraction by a Whole Number (we yor ten a corres Fi aT ATT) We divide decimal fractions by whole numbers in the same way we divide whole numbers. the decimal point in the quotient when we come to the first digit after the decimal poin’ dividend, In the method shown below, the decimal point in the quotient will be in line wi= decimal point in the dividend. GB —_PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICSFind 75.05 +15 + Find 444.400 +200 @ 70+15Q=4,R=10 Bring down 0. Put a decimal point in the quotient, © 100+ 15: Q=6,R=10 © Bring down 5. 105 +15: Q=7 Quotient 4.67 know that 9.1 = 9.10 = 9.100, and so on. So, to complete a division sum, you can add as many iling zeros in a decimal-fraction dividend as needed. These zeros are shown in colour in the amples below. wf : abxercise SD ) @ @ @ecee. Divide (array) : (a) i 5[3/sl2lo)_ 18[9|6/4/ 8/6) (a) 6.933 © (@) 49.727 (a) © (@) 32.545 (a) 4.227 (b) 64+ (©) (@) 49.529 (a) 68.9 +13 (b) 89.6+16 (©) 72.72+18 (a) 173,04+14 (a) 75.125 +25 (b) 150.50+50 (©) 0,072+3.6 (@) 15.0225 +25 Divide (arranttay) : 10. 12. 14. Some More Sums for Practice 0°” & ‘PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS) «= @Dividing a Decimal Fraction by Numbers Like 10, 100 and 1000 and Their Multipio, The decimal point shifts Ie as many places as these are zeros in the divisor. Thisis the opposite of what happens when a decimal fraction is multiplied by 10, 100, .... = 859 . 1 _ 659 19 = 859 , 1 _ 659 _ 10 “10> 100 = 6:59 Zeros in divisor = 1. Point shifts left 1 place. e tenths. 63.92 10=6.59 Point shifts left 2 place. Ones become hundredths. . 659 . 659 1 5 5.9 + 100= 859 . 199 = 859, 1 _ 659 _ . 10 10 * 100 = 1000 = 859 100 = .659 = 0.659 J 65.9 + 1000 = +1000= 859 ,_1 _ 659 Z divisor = 3. lo. = 859 _ gg5q {Zeros in di Oo, : : 10 ~ 1000 ~ 10000 Point shifts left 3 place. 65.9 = 1000 =.0659 = 0.0659 Ones become thousandths. } Ifthe number of places to shift is more than the number of digits in the integral part, put z front to make up for the difference. We can do this because 6.8 = 06,8 006.8... + Divide 293.6 by 800 a First let us find 293.6 +8 tient = 0.367 -. 298. 4 7 2Exereise 9E ) @ee 1. Fillin the blanks (fraqtama afte : a) 34210= ny 4) /0.471=10= | 8.432 = 100 | 649.46 + 1000= Divide (am afm) 2.) 46.5by30 (b) 14.8 by 60 (c) 36.45 by 98 (dd) 4.3by 20 3. a) 500.4 +200 (b) 435.0300 (©) 3.600 +50 td) 250.24 +80 DP 70 _PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 @Dividing by a Decimal Fraction (agmea fir & AM) jivision sum in which the divisor is a decimal fraction is changed to an equivalent sum in which »divisor is a whole number. ‘Note the number of decimal 3.6+1.8= 8 +38 =% x = 8 =36+18 places in the divisor. Then (Oo, = shift the decimal point to ' .3.G,5 1.8 =36.0+18.0=36+ 18 the right that many places 1920s Oot 00 5 5 +. 15,09 +0.05 = 15005 Divide 0.0714 by 2.1 + Divide 45 by 0.15. Changing the divisor toa whole number, Changing the divisor toa whole number, 0714 +2.1=0,714+21=.714 +21, 450.15 =4500+15 |_Lo}3|4} ai[7|il4 -lol fF 7/1 -[6/3 84 3/4 ome Quotient = 0.034 Quotient = 300. xv. a Exercise 9F )@@ % Divide (arTaitfan) : (a) (b) 16504 (©) 64208 (a) (b) 14,1408 +1.8 (o) 0,11904+2.4 (a) (b) 0.0125 +0.025 (©) 14.9+0.64 (a) 0) © (a) (b) 921.25 (©) 12+0.048 Divide (amratfa) : 3.264 +0.8 7. 66.6+6 8. 81.929 10. 64.64 + 0.8 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5, 4Decimal Fraction as Quotiont in Division of Whole Numbers Sometimes when a whole number is divided by another whole number, the quotie fraction. Now, you know that a fraction can be written as a division sum. So, a fractiog changed toa decimal fraction by division. In all this remember that a whole number is also a4, fraction with trailing zeros. 5 = 5.00=5,000=5,0000.... + Divide 154 by 70. + Express5 6 asa decimal fra, 1 _ 126 _ 196 +25. 535 = 95-1 Quotient = 2.2 “5 ke abxercise 9G ) @ @eeccee Divide (ATTRA : 1. (@) 637 (b) 4515 (©) 164228 (a) 70+35 2 (a) 7380 (b) 15 +60 (©) 174153 (ad) 150+600 Convert into a decimal fraction (qyara TN aahay) : a a 1 1 i 3. (a) 3 (b) 6 (ce) 3 (d) o (e) 26 4 6 12 3 15 4 @) =“: oF @ 3 ©) 34 3 16 12 25 az kas 38 © 2 @ 2 () 75 2 4: » 73 3 di 6. (a) 22 w 44 78 @ 125 fe) 1133 Word Sums (913 W¥9) + Anumber divided by 5 gives5.2.as quotient. Find the number. Divisor = 5, quotient = 5.2, dividend =? Dividend =divisor x quotient =5x5.2=26, The numberis 26. 25x 6.2= 26.00 72 —_PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5The boys of a club collected ¢ 35,000. If they spent 0.85 part of this money in painting their club house, how much money wasleft? Money used for painting =0.85 of 35000 | 085 x 35000 =85 x 350 = 0.85 x% 35000 =% 29750 so. 0 Money left = % 35000 —% 2975 5,250. Le i 1750 Another way Part ofthe money left=1-0.85 | 2800 ©. money left = 0.15 x ¥ 35000 =%5,250. | 29750 Find the cost of one pencil if adozen pencils cost%36. | 3 ‘The cost ofa dozen (12) pencils = 36.00. _. a) «. the cost of 1 pencil = % 36.00 + 12=% 3.00 i "Da: wf Cis Exercise 9H) @ © v Robin had @ 165. He bought sugar for t 18.50, wheat flour for % 45 and biscuits for ¢ 28.25. How much money was he left with? Which number divided by 8 gives 75.2 as quotient ? Which number whose product with 0.06 is 0.0186. (a) The price ofa tablet is 0.45. Whatis the price of a strip ofa dozen tablets ? (b) Aream ofa paper (400 sheets of paper) costs ¥ 165. How much does a sheet cost ? Ina parking lot, 0.750 of the 215 vehicles were motorcycles and the rest were cars. How many cars were there?Percentage (afereta) Percent means out ofa hundred (The big square has 100 small squares. @ ofthe 100 squares are blue. {Wewrite this as 9 percent of the square as blue. (The symbol “ stands for percent. Go, we also write 9% of the square are blue. Gimilarly, 12 of the 100 squares are pink. (Go, 12 percent or 12% of the squares are pink. 4 ofthe 100 squares are yellow. (So, 24 per cent or 24% of the squares are yellow. (Rractions as Percentages £ part out of 100 equal parts = de ofthe whole. Tf the denominator is Co, 100, the numerator ‘Oo, gives the equivalent percentage. 1 out of 100 = 1 per centor 1%. a eezgg= 1 per centor 1%. Ae ee [Simitarly, 7o575% fB,=15and 27-22%. @ Multiply the top and bottom of the @® Write 4 asa percentage. fraction by 100, 4_4x100 _/4x50), 1 6 6x 100 3 00 @ Simplify and write as a product of 200, 1 _ 200% _¢a2 a number and <2. a ta © The number gives the percentage, ercentages in Money and Measures (eva aitt area whagTA) Let us use what we have learnt to write money and measures as percentages. + 100paise=1rupee. + 100cm=1m. So, 1 paise = a ofarupee So, 1lem= ib ofametre =1%ofarupee. ~ =1%ofametre. Similarly, 4 paise = 4% ofa rupee, Similarly, 6 cm = 6% ofa metre, and 25 paise = 25% of a rupee. and 80cm =80%ofametre. PYTHAGOREANMATHEMATICS5Percentages as Fractions (wfavra fit aaa) Just as fractions can be written as percentages, percentages can also be written as fraction, 4 Write 66% asa fractions, 33 To change % to fraction, [Co,, 66% = # = 38 write the percentage on top 50 and 100 at the bottom. Decimal Fractions as Percentages (qymmra Ra wha) + Change 0.75 into a percentage. + Change 0.008 into a pereentag =T5x-1 = 8-8, 1 OM 12:15 a.m. afin c 00 Tine & 12ers Fin OO ties awa (b) 0200 hours— 2:00 a.m. +k If bh ¢ 12 (ut not 00), (c) 18hours=13-12=1hour past noon =1p.m. time is hhimm a.m. | > it is + \. | +. 1340 hours > 1:40 p.m. If hh > 12, it is past noon. Hours past noon = hh - 12. oe 618) Time is (hh - 12) : mm p.m a v ‘ e abxercise 13A )@ @eecce 1. Convert to 12-hour clock time (12 Wwe wStaAa Taha) : (a) 0000hours (b) 1800hours (©) 0030hours (d) 0300 hours (e) 0630 hours (f) 0940 hours (g) 1126hours (bh) 1240 hours 2. Convert to 24-hour-clock time (24 Wwe MST aNAH aaa) : (a) 6:20am. (b) 9:30am, (c) 10:45am, (a) 12noon (e) 12:35am. (f) 2:00p.m, (g) 3:22pm. (h) 6:16 p.m. Adding and Subtracting Time (34a Hert itt FST) You already know different measures of time. You know that 1 hour = 60 minutes and 1 minut seconds. Their short forms are : h—> hour, min — minute and s > second. Hours, minutes ands: are added or subtracted separately. While adding, if the sum has 60 s or more, or 60 min or more, we regroup as shown below: + Add4h45 min 50sand3h25 min25s. 2 a 2 s: 50s + 25s = 75s 75s = 60s + 15s = 1 min+ 15s 4 45 50 Write 15 under s, carry 1 min, + 8 25 25 min: 1 min + 45 min + 25 min = 71 min ———_—_—_——- 71 min = 60 min+ 11 min = th+ 11 min 8 ll 15 Write 11 under min, carry 1h, ». the sum =8h 11min 15s ULES + Subtract 3h 36 min 49s from 6h 28 min 30s. 3 87 . 530-49 Ac Borrow 1 mi h min s This leaves 27 min, & 28 30 And (60 + 30) = 90s, | 4 36 49 min: 27 = 36 Ac Borrow 1h = 60 min. This leaves 5h. 2 51 41 And (60 + 27) min = 87 min, ~. the difference=2h51min41s. 88 —PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5a sExercise 13B ) ee Add itfSa) : (0) 2min 40 sand 45 s (b) 2h47minand59 min c) $h34min 50s and 24min 27s (l) 6h22minand4h38min Subtract (HETQ) : \«) 80min 50s from 65 min20s (>) 8h23 min from 12h 19min () 25min 10s from 6h 16min 8s (d) 3h52min from 8h Multiplying and Dividing Time (#74 #1 YT ait ATT) Multiply 2h 15 min 20sby2. h a 8 ‘Multiply h, min and s 1 30 40 separately. If the product Oa,, x 2 has 60 s or more os ree or 60 min or more, a. f regroup as shown. The product =2h+60min+80s =3h1min20s Divide 10h5 min 15sby5 1 We divide h, min and a separately in 3 steps. 5 Convert the remainder of a step and add to the number of the next step. "15 When you ‘bring down’ minutes or seconds, : 5 bring down the full number (like 15 s here). fo 15 at I 2himin3s. ot © 10h5min15s+ C065, lololo|nm THxercise 13C ) @ @eeees Multiply (quratfarg) : (a) 4min20sby3 (b) 6h12minby6 (c) 2h27min32sx4 (@) 6h15min41sx3 (ce) 3h17min14sx5 () 6h52min23s=6 Divide (arTaitfae) : (a) 40min 20sby5 (b) 6h 24min 36s by6 (c) 10h55min45s+5 ‘d) 18h3min39s+3 (c) 24h12min12s+6 (0 10h5minds+5 A programme started at 6:30 p.m. Ifit lasted 4h 45 min, at what time did it finish ? Amatch finished at 8:45 p.m. Ifthe match took 3 h 30 min, at what time did it start ? PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5Profit and Loss (art ait arf) A shopkeeper buys things (articles) either directly from a manufacturer or thr asholesaler. He pays certain price for buying the things. This price is called the cost pric. He then sells the things to the customers. The price at which he sells the things is calj., selling price. Ifthe selling price (S.P.) is more than the cost price (C.P.), it is said that the shopkeeper m, a profit or gain. Clearly, Profit or Gain =S.P.-C.P, We also have: C.P.=S.P—Profit S.P.=C.P + Profit Ifthe selling price (S.P.) is less than the cost price (C.P.), itis said that the shopkeeper sui Joss. Again itis clear that: ’ Loss =C.P.—S.P. We also have: CP. SP. S.P.+Loss .P.—Loss Tomake the concept clear, study the following examples: Example 1. Find the unknown values: (a) C.P.=%530,S.P.=%625; Profit/Loss=% (b) C.P.=%780,S.P.=%420; Profit/Loss=7 (c) C.P.=%628,Loss=%112; S.P.=% (d) S.P.=%875;Profit=%105; C.P.=% Solution: (a) C.P.=%530andS.P.=%625 Clearly, S.P.> C.P. So, there will be a profit given by: Profit =S.P.-C.P. =%625-%530 =%95 (b) C.P.=%780and 8.P,=%420 a Clearly, $.P. CP., Profit =S.P.-C.P. =% 8988-72436 =%655°Rama sells 2 B90 and makes a proficals 60. W a SP =taw Preft «ta OP «SP Pat =889-H) =tsy Thas the cast price ofthe cuphoand was % 870 eA oExerci ei. j=. ete the table given below SS SS aS THAW a cP. Profit Loss wd WW x R12 X R40 ww oF, x a - B70 = B40 - con K 850 Anand bought a T.V. for 6850 and sold it at a profit of {400 Find the selling price ofthe LV. A car rensir shop buys and old car far € 45290 and spends T4645 on its repairing. It was sold for T M4640. Find the kes or gain. Pogis bought rice at the rate aff 50 per ky, She paid € 2000 at the rate of 0.5 per ky! mransportation, She sold all rice for 250,000, How much profit did she earn? Monika sold s diamond necklace fart 64995 and got ¥ S843 less than the cost price, Find price ofthe necklace, Sunil makes a profit of € 630 on a TV, which he had bought for € S485. At which price did he sell the TV in as spkeeper bought 16 bottles fart $50 each, He sold 12 = for T 7200 and 4 bottles for ¥ 3200 each, Find his PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS STemperature Measurement (ara-aTa) Concept of Temperature (arq at aftaerm) Measure of degree of hotness or coldness ofa body or an object is called Temperature. Hot means high temperature. Cold means low temperature. ‘The temperature is measured by an instrument called thermometer. Athermometer has mercury, which is a liquid metal, in a glass bulb that is connected to a narrow glass tube. When the thermometer bulb is placed on a warm object, the mercury level rises along the glass tube. If the thermometer is placed against a cold object, the level falls. The rise and fall of the mercury level is measured against marking that indicates the temperatures in degrees. Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales (@fewae att witrage ar) = 1070 oting ist fein) ‘There are two scales or units for expressing temperature in degrees, the Celsius and the Fahrenheit scales. The Celsius scale is shown on the right. The range of Celsius thermometer is divided into 100 equal parts and each part measures 1°C. The normal human body temperature is 37°C, We read 0 °C as zero degree Celsius and 100°C as one hundred degree Celsius. anses ——s | 27. arma haman by temperature) ooszuusessenons i 0°Cis also called freezing point of water and 100°C is called boiling point of water. The Fahrenheit scale is shown on the right. The range of Fahrenheit scale is divided into 212 equal parts and each part measures 1°F. The normal human body temperature is 98.6°F. The boiling point of water is 212°F. The freezing point of water is 32°F. On comparing the readings of two scales, we find that: oC = 82°F 100°C =212°F 37°C = 98.6°FDoctors use a special type of thermometer called clinical thermometer to measure th, temperature of their patients. It has a special arrangement which does not permit the mer, change level when it is taken out of the mouth or. armpit of the person. =taniaimntmatntntm oo ait > 5 S$ £ £ 88 se s & i i i : i i J 1 2 e 2 TUTUEAUHONTUTUUEERTONTINE mt TOE MTT 8 3 = 3 a 5 8 3? ‘The range of temperature on a clinical thermometer is from 35°C to 42°C and from 95°F to 1087, How to Read a Clinical Thermometer ? In case we want to measure the body temperature of a child, we generally place the bulb «: thermometer in his armpit and follow the above steps. Conversion of One Scales into Another (1 tury an gat # aftada) Inorder to convert from one scale to another we usea formula ora series of mathematical step: 1, FormulaF= °C +32 Steps: °C— Multiply by 9 Divide by5— Add 32°F 2, Formula °C=(F-32)x 2 Steps: °F— Subtract 32— Multiply by 5—Divideby 9—>°C Example 1. Convert 40°C into Fahrenheit. Solution: Wehave,F= 2 °C+32 ‘Now, follow the steps shown above: 40°C =40x-2 +32 360 = +32 =72+82=104F 94 _ PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-51, Write the normal human body temperature in: 2, Write the boiling point of waterin: ~ ee paample2. Convert 401°F into Cels solution: Wehave,°0=(P—32) 5 Now, follow the = shown above: 401°F =(401-32) x 5 5-362 x5 =41x5 =205°C 4 sExercise 15A )@ee (i) Degree Celsius (ii) Degree Fahrenheit (i) Degree Fahrenheit & (ii) Degree Celsius 3. Fillinthe blanks (Rate afta) : a ts (i) The instrument used to measure temperature is called ii) The degree ofhotness or coldness of an object or a body is called Gi) .. are two units of measurement of temperature. (iv) The normal temperature of the human body is Co (v) Aperson who has fever will have a body temperature more than . (vi) Adoctoruses a... ... thermometer. (vii) If the temperature on Sunday was 39°C and it increased by 1.5 °C on Monday, then the temperature was on Monday. and. 4, Convert the following in degree Fahrenheit (fqa7a at faut wattage BH aah) : (25°C (ii) 40°C (iii) 27.5°C Gv) 90°C 5. Convert the following into degree celsius (faa7a il fast Sfeaan a eatery) : @ ser Gi) 95°F Gii) 50°F (iv) 80.96°F—— -- Measure the following angles using protractor and fill in the blanks (@aMA RTT TAS a ra ate Ree ft): a Yh Gi) tp GiB M “ m ZPQR= following angles as acute, obtuse or right angle. (Rea wee ROR a, afer aterm OTA atta : 60° Gi) 75° Gi 185° Gv) 90° (wy) 95° Classify each of the Drawing Angles (#11 #1) Weuse a protractor to measure angles. We also use it to draw angles of given measurements, gsample: Draw an angle of 50° using aruler and protractor. solution: To draw an angle of 50”, we take the following steps: Step 1. Draw aray, say AB, with the end point C on asheet of paper. Step 2. Place the protractor in such a way that its centre point lies on A and its base line lies along AB. Step3. Run your eyes along the scale whose 0° mark lies on AB until you find the 50° mark on therim. Step4. On that mark put a dot with a fine pencil and name it C as shown in the figure (i). Step5. Remove the protractor and draw aray AC asshownin the figure (ii). @ Gi) = B : ‘Thus, ZCAB =60°is the required angle. a sExercise 16D ) @ @Gcce-- 1, Use protractor and ruler to construct the following angles Gitsitvarannitrard fara storagy : @ 30° Gi) 70° (ii) 85° (iv) 95° () 45° (vi) 115° (vi) 135° (vii) 170° 2, Aray OA is given below. Copy it on your notebook and construct an ZPOA of measure 140°, << ____ A ° PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 : “us— = eee ae ee — a a= —— — ae ——— ae oe i ne ee sa me So cee tee sai ee eee ee eS a pecetlieslaalgiiamiesUnderstanding of Triangles (fast ar aa) A triangle is a closed plane figure formed by three ine segments. ace Inthe figure, PQRis a triangie. P, Qand Rare its three vertices. PQ, QRand RP are its three sides_ POR, ZQRP and APO areiits three eazies. eae Triangle is denoted by the symbol D. Thus, A POR means triangle POR. This wiexgie written as 4 QPR,ARPQ, SPRQ. A ROP and AQRP. Thus the order of vertices dees nor = describing 2 triangle oem verez eA ise 17A @oore-- oExercise 7A )@ 1. Which of the following figures are triangles ?(S a Gt MATA FEF E OL in a 2 Name these triangles, give the vertices, sides and angice of each (Braet am as, ee yee es, oe a ee eee - @aA E if a a 4% A. Inthe above figure, A, 2B and ZC are acute-angles. So, ABC is and acute-angled triangle Obtuse-Angled Triangle (sftrmattfys) : A triangle in'which one angle is obtuse, more than 90° (right angle) is called obtuse-angled triangle. a Y In the above figure, XYZ is an obtuse-angled triangle because ZY is an obtuse angle. Point to Remember An equilateral triangleis an acute-angled triangle and the measure of its each angleis 60, ‘Twoanglesin each case ofright-angled and obtuse-angled triangles are acute. Inanisosceles triangle, two angles are equal. Property of Triangles (Prat & 77) Measure of Sides (ae Hr ATTA) ‘The sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the third side. Example: InAXYZ,ifX¥=4em, YZ=5cem and XZ=6cm. Then, we have XY+YZ=4em+5em=9em>6em YZ+ZX=5cem+6em=1lem>4cem ZX+XY=6cem+4cem=10em>5em. Solved Examples Example 1. Which of the following set of Angles represents the angles of a triangle? Solution: (a) Since, thestim of three angles BBO al aie ATA EZ) 90°, 40", 40° (©) 105°, 35°, 50° 40° +-75° + 65° =180° cs Hence, this set represents the angles of.a triangle. 4108 _PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5 (Raa ati araeta-ar (a) 40°, 75°65" “(b) Since, thesumofthree angles =90"+40" 440° = 170° Since, 170°+180° Hence, this set does not represents the angles ofa triangle. (c) Since, thesumofthreeangles = 105°+36°+ 50° = 190° Since, 190°+ 180° Hence, this set does not represents the angles of a triangle. In triangle ABC, m/A=85" and m/B =46°, find mZC. sution + We know that the sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 180°. Thus, mZA+mZB+mZC = 180" We have,m2A =mZB =85°+45"= 130° Thus, mZC = 180°- 130°=50° Hence, the measure of ZCis 50°. a &. . es auxercise 17B ) @@eore Classify the following triangles according to their angles (aroit a arene are Feet el Farsi at artteper aatFSTM) : wi A (ii) x Y B c R (iv) (vi) (y) J K a R J \, fa b Classify the following triangles into isosceles, sealene of equilateral (Fen gate eee, Frere tera cag ga ra aA) : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) G, Ds Ms & 6cm 4cm 4mFind measure of third angle of the following triangles (Fear BOYS cet ait at ae areata) : @a Bi) K Gi) Gu) <\ IG a IC Stn ae Which of the following sets of angles represent the angles of a triangle? (aptoit ar sats aT eR faa a etait a afer eA?) (i) 60°, 50®, 60° (ii) 30°, 80°, 70° (iii) 70°, 45°, 65° (iv) 38°, 42°, 95° (y) 90°, 50°, 40° (vi) 65°, 55°, 65° Write 'T' true and 'F for false statements: (i) Bach acute-angled triangles equilateral. (ii) Noisosceles triangle is obtuse. (iii) Every right-angled triangle is scalene. (iv) An equilateral triangle is isosceles also. (v) Atriangle cannot have more than one obtuse angle. (vi) Atriangle can have more than one rightangles. Fillin the blanks (Rat wama aft) : (i) Anisosceles triangle has (ii) Anequilateral triangle has all the sides of (iii) Ascalene triangle has . ... equal sides. 4410 PYTHAGOREAN MATHEMATICS-5