Getting started 1 Foreach of these sequences, write i the term-to-term rule 2 4451 a 4,45,45,55, ‘| the next two terms. bo B3:5;8267987.6, 1, ..- This sequence of patterns is made from dots. Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 a Write the sequence of the numbers of dots. Write the term-to-term rule. Draw the next pattern in the sequence. Copy and complete the table to find the position-to-term rule. ns _.07 Position-to-term rule is: term = ... * position number + .., Work out the first three terms and the 10th term of the sequences with the given nth terms. b b 4n-3.5 jntl2 Work out an expression for the nth term of each sequence. P8417! 2. IB 19,/14,9.4..... Powered by § CamScanner9 Sequences and functions , i ines. les for these function machine: 5 Work out the missing values in the (™ Copy and complete the tables. 6] | | 12 | 154 b Copy and complete the equation for each function in part a. st bo-OeO) Studying patterns and sequences is one branch of algebra. The word algebra comes from the title of a book written by the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Misa al-Khwarizmi in 820 CE (you can see his statue in the image below). The title of the book was Hisab al- jabr w'al-mugabala. Can you see a word in the title that looks similar to the word algebra? This was the first book ever written about algebra. Powered by CamScanner9.1 Generating sequences Other branches of algebra include: + _ writing and using expressions « writing and solving equations « writing and using formulae « drawing graphs of functions, What is your favourite branch of algebra? Why do you like it? Compare your answer with a partner. > 9.1 Generating sequences Traealeexote1 Coa Zel"In71eeey Ina linear sequence, the terms increase (or decrease) by the same amount each time. In a non-linear sequence, the terms increase (or decrease) by a different amount each time. ‘This isa linear sequence of numbers: You can see that each term is 24 more than the term before, so the 36 eae Look at the differences between consecutive terms. 363)=6,6@3)=11, u@=18, 18@9 = 27, ... The differences between the terms are not the same. The term- Tule is ‘add 3, add 5, add 7, add 9, ...”. : You can generate a sequence when you are given th term-to-term rule. For example, when the first term is 2 and t by2, then add 0.5", you get the non-linear term-to-term rule is ‘add 2° This is a non-linear sequence of numbers: to-term ¢ first term and the he term-to-term rule is ‘multiply sequence 2, 4.5, 9.5, 19.5, ..- 2ndterm is 2x 2 +0. 45x 2+05=95 95x2+05=195 31d term is 4th term is You have already done some work on these branches of algebra in stages 7 and 8, and in “Unit 2 of this | book. wit “ Key-words linear sequence This type of sequence is called a quadratic sequence. You will do more work on quadratic sequences in Section 9.2. 193 > Powered by (3 CamScanner9 Sequences and functions ” Ween ee a Are these sequences linear or non-linear? U -674320,042, ... b The first term of a sequence is 4. The term-to-term rule is: multiply by 2- Write the first three terms of the sequence. a ce is 3. * The terme raf the sequences: quae then subtree 5 Write the first three terms of the sequence. “Answer > GRR a i Thesequenceis linear. The sequence decreases by the same amount (2) each time, ii The sequence is non-linear, The sequence decreases by a different amount (3, 4, 5, 6, ..) each time. Write the first term (4), then use the term-to-\erm rule to work out the second and third terms. Second term = 4 x 2 = 8, third term = 8 x 2 = 16 ¢ First three terms are 3, 4, 11 Write the first term (3), then use the term-to-term rule to work out the second and third terms. Second term = # — 5 = 4, third term = 42-5 = 11 b First three terms are 4, 8, 16 Exercise 9.1 1 Write whether each sequence is linear or non-linear Explain your answers. a 11,15, 19,23,27,.... b 20,30, 40, 50, 60 e! 45,749 aa , 5,7, 10, 14, ... d 20,18, 15,11,6,... e100, 95,90, 85, go, : 9° 05, 1,1.5,2,2.5,... 3h, 5h ol ni a : 10, 7, 1, -8, -20, ... Pintle eotiea ates, M20, 12044) Powered by (3 CamScanner9.1. Generating sequences 2 Write the first three terms of each of these sequences. Show your working. [a esis eT Ane 7 fe{ 2 | Add 3, then multiply by 2 a [40 a For part a, work out 3.5 +07 = 4.2, then 4.2+0.7=[_], then[_]+0.7 = y 2, then subtract 2 1.25 Multiply by 2, then add 0.75 Multiply by 3, then subtract 1 show term-to-term rules, Cards i to iv show sequences that all have a first 3 Cards A toD term of 3. A |square,then |B | addone, then add one square i |3,16,289,...) ii Match each term-to-term rule (A to D) with the correct sequence (ito iv). 4 Work out the first three terms of these sequences, a firstterm4 — term-to-term rule is square, then subtract 11 b first term 2 term-to-term rule is square, then add 3 ¢ firsttermS — term-to-term rule is subtract 2, then square d first term 0 — term-to-term rule is add 3, then square C square,then —D iii MU STN cyanea redg "Square and subtract 6’ means the same as ‘square, then subtract 6’. bout the terms in the sequence ces of your own where all te ust choose the first term and m rule must i 195 > — —_—__ Powered by CamScanner9 Sequences and functions » (oral (te) ; “Your rules can look like this” subtract and square ae “square and subtract «-- Ie that makes : ica is it possible to have a tormtotern Ne that looks like as sequence where all the terms are Z a She ae eG ‘ tee a eU j_ square and add ... we sF bate Explain your answers. a | Compare your answers in your class. g terms. 6 Copy these linear sequences and fill in the missin oes 2 6 395 b 90, 847,,_b qr a a 2,35, 33 } 85,95 4 c 74, |, -3.1, -2.8,]}, d J) 18.6, 12.4, }L_} -6.2 TY 7 The first three terms of a sequence are 2, 10, 106, . i a Which of these cards, A, B or C, shows the correct term-to-term rule? € [bana and adds b Which is the first term in this sequence to be greater than one million? Show how you worked out your answer. 8 Write down the first four terms of each non-linear sequence. a first term is 3 term-to-term rule is add 1, add 2, add 3, ... b firsttermis6 _ term-to-term rule is add 2, add 4, add 6, ... ¢ first termis 20 term-to-term rule is subtract 1, subtract 3, subtract 5, ... d_ first term is 100 term-to-term rule is subtract 10, subtract 15, subtract 20 . eine On a piece of paper, write two questions simi as aper, writ similar to those i i 7 similar to those in Question 4, and two questions aimee eaten 2, — question: Work out the answers on a separate Piece of paper, ose in Question 8. Give your questions to a partner. Work out the answers t Swap back and mark each other's work. © your partner's questions. If you think your partner has made a mistake gonewong. , discuss with them where they have Powered by (@ CamScanner9.1 Generating sequences ST TAL SLUaeMELUCLaEN tet 9 Zara makes her own Sequence. This is what she writes. - First term is 3, term-to-term rule is cube and a Zara says: The only way I can get negative numbers in this sequence is if the xis greater than 24. \s Zara correct? Justify your answer. ; Discuss your answer with other learners in your class. j eee 40 Work out the first three terms in these sequences, a first term is 4 term-to-term rule is subtract 2 and cube b first termis—-6 — term-to-term rule is add 4 and cube For part ¢: c first term is 2 term-to-term rule is power 4 and 2nd term = 24 - 12 = | subtract 12 tae 11. This is part of Tania’s homework. | Question The 6th term of a sequence is 486. The term-to-term rule is multiply by 3. j What is the 3rd term of the sequence? Answer 3rd term = 6th term + 2 = 486 + 2 = 243 Is Tania’s method correct? Explain your answer. Show all your working. : 12. The fifth term of a sequence is 11.5. The term-to-term rule is: divide by 2 and add 6. : Show that the second term in the sequence Is 8. a tp Powered by 197) 3 CamScanner9 Sequences and functions > : -to-term ru} 13° The fourth term of a sequence is 116. The term lo Square and subtract 5. What is the first term of the sequence? Roll 9 ola ce Vole U ene (ee PCN ry AH WS Nolameot UEC Maleate ele ete se Roem accede Discuss your method with a partner. Did they use the same method? Can you think of a better method? eee es le is: ~ 9.2 Using the nth term Geeta et kr ee You already know how to use the nth term rule of ali Example: Write the first three terms of the sequence Ist term =3x 1-15 3rd term = 3x 3-1= First three terms are: 2, 5, 8. You also know how to work out Example: Work out the nth ten 2, 2nd term = 3 x 2 — 8 the nth term rule of a | m rule for the sequence 6 The term-to-term rule is ‘multiply by 2, | so add a row to the table which shows 2n, ee When you work out 2n + 4, you get the terms of the sequence. nth term is 2n + 4 linear sequence, with nth term 3n Bs ” | Remember: 3n means 3 xn 1" = linear sequence, 8,10, 12, ... Powered by € CamScannerUsing the nth term You can use similar methods to work out the nth term rules for more difficult linear sequences as well as for non-linear sequences. This sequence is a quadratic sequence a The nth term rule of a sequence is n? + 4, bootie the Work out the first three terms and the tenth term of the sequence. highest power in b The nth term rule of a sequence is the nth term rule 4 is 2 (squared). ene Work out the fifth term and the eighth term of the sequence. Answer a Istterm=12+4=5 To find the first term, substitute n 2nd term =2?7+4=8 To find the second term, substitute n = 2 into the rule. 3rd term = 3? +4 = 13 To find the third term, substitute n = 3 into the rule. 10th term = 10?+4= 104 To find the tenth term, substitute n = 10 into the nule. b Sth term = a Substitute n = 5 into the rule. Leave the answer as an a improper fraction or write as a mixed number. 4 Substitute m = 8 into the rule. Write the answer as a whole number. 8th term = 8 Exercise 9.2 Copy and complete the workings to find the first four terms of these sequences. a nthtermis4n-5 1stterm=4x1-5=-1 2nd term = 4x 2-5= 3rdterm=4x3-5= 4th term =4x4-5= b = nthtermisn?+1 — Istterm=17+1=2 2nd term = 2? +1 = 3rd term = 37+ 1= 4th term = 42 +1 = © oth term is 2 ist term =4 2nd term ard term = Ll = ath term = Gl =U) 3 3 3 ds nth term is n? 1st term = 1? =1 2nd term = 23 = 3rd term = 33 = 4th term = 43 = Work out the first three terms and the 10th term of the sequences with these nth terms. ai fea bi 20s ce 4n+3 se e r-1 199 > Powered by CamScanner9 Sequences and functions h term expression card, different sequences. TY 4 The cards show one term from two fk ‘A. [8th term in the sequence nth term Is 7 1 4n+33 gat B [20th term in the sequence nth term is njecture which card you think ain why you chose this card. Jue. Show your working. ¢ why? a Without doing any calculations, co! has the greater value, A or B? Exp! b Work out which card has the greater val Did you choose the correct card in part a? If not, can you se a Write down the first six terms of this sequence: First term is 7. Term-to-term rule is add 1, add 3, add 5, ... b This is the sequence you should have for part a: wae, 11, 16, 23, 32, -.. Take another look at the sequence: 8. 11, 16. 23,832 BAKA Ae 4143+ The first differences are the differences between the terms of the sequence. The second differences are the differences between the first differences. AN Copy and complete the first di in the blue boxes, ee Copy and complete th f in the red boxes, © second differences _ What do you notice about the secong di i ferences? S? Powered by ( CamScanner9.2 Using the nth term Work out the first differences and the second differences for each of these sequences. i 5,7,11,17, 25,35, 0. i 2,7, 13, 20, 28, 37, ... iii 3,5, 11, 21, 35, 53, ... What do you notice about the second differences? Look back at Decide if each of these sequences is linear, quadratic or the quadratic mene sequence in part i 6,10, 15,21, 28, 36,... i 9, 12,15, 18, 21,24, .. a of Worked ; ili 2,4, 8, 16,32, 64, .. 20,18,16, 14,1210, = Sample 9.2 v_ 60, 30, 15, 7.5, 3.75, ... vi 25, 24, 22, 19, 15, 10, ... f Discuss your answers to Parts c, d and e with other learners in your class. 6 This is how Serge works out the nth term rule for the sequence 2,5, 10, 17, 26, 37, ... Sequence: Renee FON First differences: +3) 450 47 9 ee Second differences: +2 2 2 As the second differences are the same, it is a quadratic Sequence, so the nth term rule contains n’. Mai» a table of values. Adding 1 on to 2 on number (n)| 1 | 2| 3] 4 the r# valzs term 22/254 10117 gives the exact [at 144} 9416 | ) torms in the al 2[ 5 [10] 17)" sequence, Ql eee 201 > a Powered by ® CamScannerm rules for thes? Use Serge’s method to work out the nth ter sequences. 14 19, 26, «+ a 4,7, 12,19, 28, +» 2g, 5,057 16 © 0,3, 8,15, 24+ ae SY 7 Look at this number sequence: “121142 ty you the numbers in the sequences Tinot be 1? + 5 Just by looking at nn can tell that the nth term rule for this sequence © Pin aoe Vea ceureuiee occa qY 8 Work with a partner to answer a Whatis the nth term rule fo i 12,34.3,6 TLL Lae this question. r each of these sequences? i 113422 '4'8'2'8'4 b Compare your answers with other pairs in the class. Discuss the d rent methods you used, then decide on the best method. Explain why isis the best method. X 9 Thecards A, Band C show one term from three different sequences. fj A fe taming) © [iathiemingg) ¢ [9th term in a the sequence the sequence | |the sequence | nth term is % |nth term is 7 | nth term a Work out the term for each card. Write your answers to part a in i ord i i pave ler of size, starting with the TY 10. Taki and Miyo use diferent meth Aion. ods to work out the answer to this The nth term rule for a sequence is n? + 9. Is the in this sequence? number 263 a term Powered by (9 CamScanner9.2. Using the nth term | Taki's method NTRS TTT | 7 iyo’s me | a es Make an equation and satve it ety io i jn=2249=18 ae n= 3,3? +9 = 18, etc. ee q | s0 the sequence is 10, 13, 18, 25, 34, 45, 58, a Bei 73, 90, 109, 130, 153, 178, 205, 234, 265, wc # | No, 263 is not in the sequence. 234 and 265 re Dy cian oan Stance are consecutive terms in the ; ee ae Ga es because the value for n is not a whole number a Critique Taki’s and Miyo’s methods. b Can you think of a different method? If you can, explain this method. c Which method do you prefer? Explain why, d Use your favourite method to work out the answers to these questions. i The nth term rule for a sequence is 1? ~ 76. Is the number 93 a term in this sequence? ii The nth term rule for a sequence is n°. Is the number 4896 a term in this sequence? XY 11 Arun and Mareus are looking at this number sequence: 1 1 4,35, 3, 2502, Read what they say. | think the nth term isqi_4 rule is45—5n. Is either of them correct? Explain your answer. 203 > Powered by 9 CamScanner9 Sequences and functions fh sequence: , term for eae 4 ve 12 Work pet an expression for the nth 20,198; 19.6, 19. Bra yeas oa “5, 65-895 d 1 A € 15, -2, -25, > 9.3 Representing functions Tan usescta stan er NTT ee You have already worked with one-step and two-step function machines and you have used input and output numbers which are integers, decimals and fractions. In this section, you will use function machines that include indices. Wa eee a Copy and complete the table of values fo: 1 this two-step function machine. zi +B - b Draw a mapping diagram to show the fu ¢ Write the function in part a as an equati inction in part a, ion, Powered by 3 CamScannerAnswer then add 1. @+1=1,2+15 _ Draw a line connectin; Draw an arrow on each lin 1 maps to 2, 2 maps to 5 ; 012345678910 eset 012345678910 c W+1=y,soy=x?+]1 Exercise 9.3 a Copy and complete the table of values for each one-step function machine. i ii jzo [1 [2 | [a0 i} Asal 2 | Draw a mapping diagram for each function in part a. ¢ Write each function in part a as an equation. a Copy and complete the table of values for each two-step function machine. ii —p-p- '-D-D- : fe] b Write each function in part a as an equation. 205 > Powered by CamScannerThink 9 Sequences and functions 3. Work with a partner to answer Pere irrnretsacuuceocceus se these questi© alues a Copy and complete the table of ¥ i i . ii iti r ead y b Discuss your answers to part a with other learners in Seen class. Did you all get the same y-values? Do you think it is easier to work «ut the fraction answers as fractions or decimals? Explain why. Write each function in part a as an equation. d__ Discuss your answers to part ¢ with other learners in your class. Did you all write the function equations in the same way? If not, decide which is the best way to write them. b Copy and complete the table of values for each two-step function machine. 5 ii wl [»- Write each function in part a as an equation, 206 > Powered by (9 CamScanner9.3. Representing functions 5 BUULAUL MLA oar lett) a Drawa function machine for the equation y = 4x2, b Drawa table of values for y=, 1 and 1, Work out the values of y for the function y = 4x2, Which step comes first, multiplying by 4 or squaring? Work with a partner to answer these questions. i. nT a_i Copyand complete the table of values for this function machine. a» 4 ii What do you notice about the p-values in your table? iii Will the y-values for +x and -x be the same for all. Compare and discuss your answers with other learners b i Copyand complete the table of values for this fur jor = ch) [x Los [20 [ 80 | 500 What do you notice about the values for x in your table? What could you add to the question to make sure you have only one x-value for each y-value? Compare and discuss your answers with other learners in the class. Rernember to use inverse Operations to find _ the x-values. | Work out the missing values in the tables for these function machines. The «:-alues are all positive. b i nction in part a as an equation. Write each fu Pi a .9 Sequences and functions » a Onapiece of paper draw two function ™ Question 7. ' Draw tables for the function machines and give ned On a different piece of paper, write the solssing oa Swap function machines with a partner and wor! y-values. Swap back and mark each other's work. Discuss any mistakes. similar to those j ‘i f your own, in chines 01 xvalues and two y-values, ues and y-values. heir missing x-values and of 8 This is part of Lara’s classwork. i Write the equation for this function machine. x} +3) } + y=? Work out the reverse equation for the function machine. ili Show how to check your equations are correct. Answer i The function machine is: The symbol means the number can be Positive or negative. The rovers equation id yx 3 = x or x aga #6,46=3- 49 in eagle” = 25.) (STR : Using the reverse equation > when y x 1 3 +2)?= 4 Sf x= 43Vy ae “3x2 = 46y 208 > Powered by (3 CamScanner3 Representing functions For each of these function machine " ‘ es, use Lara’s method to write the equation work out the reverse equation iii check your equations are Correct. a b * : +~_- i é d E +P >- ; ei i x 2 : 4 Match each function equation with the correct reverse equation. You can draw function machines to help you if you want to. The first one has been done for you: A and i). A EB) — ewes eee y > equation is x= +Jy+6 Sofia « i Zara are looking at this function machine and table of values. and aan \ Powered by @ CamScanner9 Sequences and functions 2 o Zara says: Sofia says: I think the equation for this function is ya4x?, answer. Show all your working. d table of values. Is either of them correct? Explain your ‘ its equation an qY 11 Copy and complete this function machine, : +B - Explain how you worked out your answer. qY 142. Arunis looking at the two functions y = 2x4 and Y Arun makes this conjecture. I think that in both of these functions, whatever values | use for x, my j-values will always be positive. Is Arun correct? Show working to justify your answer, Punderstand functions that include indi —— Powered by (3 CamScannerCheck your progress 1 Work out the first four terms of these sequences. a first term 3 term-to-term rule is square, then subtract 5 b first term -3 term-to-term rule is add 2 and square ¢ firsttermis5 —— term-to-term rule is add 1, add 3, add 5, ... d firsttermis 40 term-to-term rule is subtract 2, subtract 4, subtract 6, ... Work out the first three terms and the 10th term of the sequences with the given nth terms. ag b w+7 Work out the nth term rules for these sequences. a 1,4,9, 16,25, ... b -1,2,7, 14,23, ... lero The nth term rule for a sequence is n? + 32. Is the number 178 a term in this sequence? Show your working. a Work out the missing values in the tables for these function machines. The x-values are all positive. 43 eae