MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
FOLKLORE
DEFINITION
● reflects history of the culture of a
community that gives a moral
lesson; fictional
from: folk people
lore knowledge/learning
| (salawikain)
lar (deep english)
literature is the sibling of history
| |
reflects history but naked version
jeweled, flowered
ELEMENTS IN LITERATURE
● anthropological element how an
author used folklistic elements
[e.g. borrowing of tales from diff
cultures & context]
analyzing folklore consists of
+ identification similarities
+ interpretation differences
CHARACTERISTICS IN LIT (7)
● variations in telling (orally passed
down through gens)
● tell an important event that affected
ppl
● tell values & morals of a comm
● heroic tales come with music
concept [greek epics]
● involves animal, characters, or
combi of both
● characs have to solve a prob &
prove certain moral value
● punishment & reward exists
no conflict = no story
FORMS OF FOLK LIT (10)
● folk song music
● folk tale trad stories passed down
through words
● folk drama dances (characters
wearing masks)
● proverbs | riddles
| |
nature of life description
wise/unwise + answer
charms
/
incantation of spell
● fairy tales magic
● fable animals attributed to humans
— anthropomorphism
● parables spiritual/religious
● legends figure in history
● epics long poems of adventure of
a heroic figure (called old folklore)
● myth stands for something else
(symbolic narrative)
MYTHOLOGY
DEFINITION
● study of classic myths
● an attempt to explain the universe,
its creation, & how it works
⤿ explains aspects of existence
a. natural phenomena
b. social customs
c. human condition
from: mythos word, story, saying
(greek)
mytho is part of religions that
contain values & perspective
showcasing society & culture
mytho is not a reflection of
scientific explanation
1
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
PURPOSE (4)
● mystical awakened sense
wonder & awe about the world
● cosmology study of nature of the
univ; attempts to understand the
origin of universe
● sociological helps culture develop
a functioning society & maintain
social order
● psychological help individuals in
their lives to carry on a personally
meaningful existence
TYPES (5)
● creation origin of univ & its parts
[ex nihilo, chaos, world parents]
● hero’s journey progressing
through stages:
separation | initiation | return
[the odyssey, beowulf, epic of
gilgames] initiation
● trickster deceives others &
disobey social norms (end: positive
note) [maui, loki]
● gods/godesses in other worldly
realms (interactions are metaphors
behind occurences in the physical
world) [pandora’s box, osiris & isis,
the mythological cycle]
● contemporary reimagining older
stories (for modern world)
[avengers, urban legends,
vampires, wewo, zombies]
ELEMENTS (10)
● authorship no known author
● pov third person narrator
● plot
exposition - conflict - rising action
- falling action - resolution
● setting
fantastical worlds - pre recorded
of time
● characters
- gods & goddesses - mythological
creatures - superhuman
men/women - humans
● human emotions gods &
goddesses w/ human emotions
● explanatory
natural phenomenon - creation of
the world - moral codes - historical
events - religious practices -
humanity’s hopes & fears
● social action teaches people how
to act & live
● duality opposites
night/day - good/evil - heaven/hell
● questions/answers
why are we here? - how should we
live? - what is our purpose?
FOLKLORE
● includes the traditional elements of
way of life of a group of people and
creative expressions
MYTHOLOGY
● study of myths
|
stories told as symbols of
fundamental truths within societies
w/ strong oral trads
from: mythos word, story, saying
logia hypothetical, collection
WHY STUDY MYTHO?
● myths humanity’s earliest
imaginative attempt to explain
univ, its creation, its writing
2
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
● literature filled w/ allusions to
greek gods & goddesses
● myths reflect culture that gave rise
to them
● myths stories passed down 4 gens
| ● etymological theory
popular tales embodying collective
knowledge
culture is spread through myth
FUNCTIONS OF MYTHO (4)
● to entertain
stories passed down from one gen
to the next are told in oral tradition
| convey abstract, complex, or
way of preserving knowledge
storytelling was a valuable skill
● to morally instruct
myths can explain:
- correct form of behavior
- customs & traditions
many myths have didactic purpose
[stories in bible] |
teaching or
instructing
● to explain the unexplainable
greeks tried to provide an aetiology
for everything | world
in nature study of first causes
or origin
● to reveal our deepest hopes &
fears as a society / culture
fairy tales & fables conveys hopes
and desires
urban legends conveys fears
THEORIES RELATED TO FOLK LIT
ancient theories (4)
● rationalism
- myths to understand natural
● events & forces in everyday lives
of ppl
- myths represent early form of
logical thinking
- gods & goddesses controlled all
these [malakas & maganda]
- all myths derive from & can be
traced back to certain words
⤿ etymological / aetiological
myths explain the origin of a word
⤿ etymology study of word origins
● allegorical theory
- all myths contain hidden
meanings
⤿ allegory narrative story to
dangerous message [king m &
golden touch]
● euhemerism
- greek gods were historically
mortal (3rd century bce)
⤿ euhemerus greek in 325-275
bc; maintained all myths arise from
historical events that are merely
exaggerated [hercules]
modern theories (8)
● naturalism
- nothing exists beyond natural
● ritualism
- myths & rituals operate together
- describe events that led to a
specific ceremony
● diffusionism
- myths arose from few major
cultural centers & spread
throughout the world
- humans are conservative & lack
incentiveness
⤿ egypt primary source of many
ancient civilizations
3
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

● evolutionism - personifies everything the

- myth occurs at a certain stage in subject refuses to
human evolution acknowledge abt the subj
- all species are related & gradually
changed shadow = nightmare
⤿ myths essential part of all
developing societies c. anima / animus – the jungian
gender
● freudianism - anima feminine side of
- myths reflect strong fears & man
desires that are taboo & *men in touch w/
unexpressed in society a. emotionality
⤿ sigmund freud founder of b. spirituality
modern psychology; found
similarities between dreams & - animus masculine side of
ancient myths [cedipus (incest & woman
patricide)] *contained 4 developmental
layers
● jungian archetypes a. collective strength
- carl jung’s archetypes are b. authority
universal symbols present in c. romance
collective unconscious of humans d. spirituality

⤿ carl jung prominent psych d. the jungian unification – the

| self
argued that story patterns are - self-realized wholeness of a
encoded in the human brain human spirit
- self unification of
⤿ archetypes innate & inherited consciousness &
| unconciousness; can only
shape thoughts, feelings, be found after encountering
behaviors shadow & anima / animus

archetypes = patterns a.k.a. embracing of one’s

true character
four major characs of collective
unconscious ● structuralism
- human behaviors (eat, dress,
a. the persona – the jungian speak) is patterned into codes:
mask characteristics of language
- outward appearance a - attempts to see how a myth fits
person w/ other myths from the same /
- displays who you are to be, other cultures
not who you are
- the mask bc it hides true ● historical-critical theory
charac of a person - multitude of factors influence
origin & development of myths (no
b. the shadow – the jungian dark single explanation is enough)
side - historical criticism branch of
- represents all repressed | criticism
feeling in the collective investigates origin of texts to
unconscious understand world behind text

4
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

COSMOGONY
● creation of the world
● historians tend to refer those as
mythologies/legends than religions
3 major religions
a. christianity
b. buddhism
c. islam
CREATION MYTH
● story that explains origin of
existence as understood by a
culture
● a way for humans to explain the
creation of universe
every culture’s cre myth is unique
similar connected
unique different cultures
● sumerians
○ lived in the fertile crescent
of mesopotamia
○ created for creating the first
civilization (oldest creation
story)
○ similar to greek sumerian
goddess nammu
● nammu
○ original primordial sea
○ created gods who lived in
the city of nippur
○ idea to create mankind in
the image of gods
EARTH DIVER
● there existed only the primordial
sea before anything else [brahma
of hinduism]
● animals/gods dive in the primordial
water to create earth [sky woman
of iroquis native americans]

almost all myths center around a EMERGENCE

supreme being/force that creates
everything
from where did the universe come
from?
● creatures emerge from a primordial
underworld to create human
beings

EX NIHILO
CATEGO ACC TO MAIN THEMES (5)
● nothing exists at the beginning
● chaos ● latin for from nothing
● earth diver ● creation story: judaism
● emergence christianity
● ex nihilo islam
● world parent
● from the word
CHAOS ● in genesis, 1st book in j & c
● allah dictates everything in islam
● greek
● vast emptiness existed before in the beginning, God created the
anything else heavens and the earth
● empty void [genesis 1:1]

WORLD PARENT

5
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
● world is created through 1 or 2
parents
CREATION MYTHS (6)
● gaea greek & roman
● yggdrasil norse
● izanagi & izanami japanese shinto
● pan gu chinese
● lord brahma hinduism
● malakas & maganda / tungkung
langit & alunsina filipino
GAEA
● ancient greek personification of
earth
● mother of everything beautiful in
the world
● first deity to be born after chaos
rebelled against the reigns of 3
rulers in the universe
a. uranus
b. cronus
c. zeus
the ever-sure foundation of all the
deathless ones who hold the peaks of
snowy olympus
BRIEF FAMILY TREE
● chaos
gaea - eros - erebus - tartarus
● gaea
uranus - ourea - pontus
● gaea + uranus (titans)
cyclops - hecantocheires - theia -
rhea - themis - mnemosyne -
phoebe - tethys - oceanus - coeus
- crius - hyperion - iapetus - cronus
● cronus + rhea (olympians)
hestia - hades - poseidon - zeus -
demeter
GAEA AND-VS URANUS
● uranus hated his children
● pushed them back into the womb
● gaea asked her children to oust
uranus
gaea gave birth to
a. erinnyes fates (3)
b. gigantes giants
c. meliads nymphs of the ash
trees
GAEA AND CRONUS
● cronus despised his father,
followed gaea’s plan unafraid
○ hid in the womb & attack
uranus’ genitals
○ freed his sis & bros
○ became new king of gods
CRONUS (TITANOMACHY)
● cronus alarmed by prophecy
○ imprisoned sis & bros
○ swallowed all children
● zeus replaced w/ stone ty rhea
○ freed cyclops &
hecatoncheires from
tartarus & formed alliance
○ olympians won vs titans
after 10 years
ZEUS (GIGANTOMACHY)
● gaea didn’t want zeus to be king bc
he’s just her grandson
○ zeus imprisoned some of
gaea’s children
○ gaea summoned the rest
(gigantes to kill zeus but
zeus won)
● the defeat enraged gaea so she
mated w/ tartarus & typhoeus was
born
TYPHOEUS
● one of the most fearsome
creatures in greek mytho
6
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
● fire-breathing dragons & father of
all monsters
● formidable opponent (single
handedly fought olympians)
● zeus’ lightning bolt overwhelmed
him
THE TRUCE
● gaea conceded defeat, prophecied
○ zeus & metis’ (first wife)
child will overthrow zeus
● gaea attended zeus & hera’s (7th
& final wife) wedding
○ gifted hera (queen of
olympus) golden apples of
hesperides
GAEA’S SOURCES
● hesiod covers many stories
through theogony
● for less narrative experience:
homeric hymn to earth, the mother
of all
YGGDRASIL
● the world of tree
● eternal green ash tree in norse
○ in the middle of the world
○ 9 realms in branches
from: yggr the terrifier, one who
strikes all (one of odin’s names)
drasil horse
yggdrasil = odin’s horse
if the tree should shake or fall, so will all
the realms
● holiest location for gods (acc to
gylfaginning)
● place where wisdom was sought &
gained
● mimir’s well gave wisdom to odin
in exchange of his right eye
● runes are pictographic symbols as
letters standing for a sound
○ embody certain cosmic
powers
○ odin gained knowledge of
runes by hanging himself in
the tree for 9 days
(fastened & pierced by
spear)
● an immense tree that sprang forth
in the primordial void of
ginnungagap
9 NORSE WORLDS
● asgard home of the gods
● alfheim home of the elves / elfland
● nidavellir home of the dwarves
● midgard earth
● jotunheimr land of giants
● vanaheim home of vanir
● niflheim world of ice
● muspelheim world of fire
● helheim underworld/world of dead
ASGARD
● home of aesir
|
ruling class of deities odin, frigg,
thor
● land more fertile than other (+ gold
& jewels)
● location of valhalla (hall of the
slain) |
enormous feasting hall
ruled by odin
● aesir kingdom
● odin king
● einherjar dead warriors ready to
aid odin during ragnarok
ALFHEIM
● home of the josalfar
7
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
|
light elves ruled by goddess freya
● elves are more beautiful than the
sun
NIDAVELLIR
● translates as new moon or the
name of the moon
● realm of dwarves (black/dark)
|
master smiths & craftsmen
underground in forges & mines
MIDGARD
● surrounded by ocean encircled by
a great sea serpent jormungandr
● bifrost burning rainbow bridge that
ends in heaven
● himinbjorg residence of god
heimdallr
● according to eddas (icelandic
literary works)
○ midgard will be destroyed
at ragnarok
○ jormungandr will poison
land & sea w/ venom
○ final battle will happen on
the plane of vigridr
○ midgard will rise again
JOTUNHEIMR
● homeland of jotnar
|
giants in norse mytho
● dark forests & mountain peaks
● always winter
VANAHEIM
● home of vanir
| ●
group of gods associated w/
a. fertility
b. wisdom
c. ability to see future
● became a subgroup of aesir after
aesir-vanir war
NIFLHEIM
● translated as abode of mist or mist
world
● realm of primordial ice
● first to emanate out of
ginnungagap
● only found in the works of snowrri
& hrafnagaldr odins
MUSPLHEIM
● realm of fire
● first elemental world to emanate
● ruled by surtr
|
jotunn giant
HELHEIM
● hel
○ realm of hel, ruled by hel
● a continuation of life elsewhere,
not a place of
○ eternal bliss
○ endless torment
● will play a big role in ragnarok
● brings flame to engulf midgard
3 WELLS IN YGGDRASIL
● mimir’s well wisdom
● hvergelmir poison & life
● urdarbrunnr magic
HVERGELMIR WELL
● helheim location
● first root of the well
provides liquid that created the first
living in norse mytho
animals residing in the tree
a. nidhoggr dragon chewing roots
⤿ meaning hateful striker
8
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
⤿ w/ countless snakes
b. ratatoskr squirrel
⤿ meaning drill tooth
⤿ interrupts nidhoggr
⤿ reason why dragon & eagle
are enemies
c. eagle on top of tree
⤿ possess knowledge of
many things
d. vedrfolnir hawk between the
eagle’s eyes
e. huggin & muninn odin’s 2
ravens
⤿ fly out to gather knowledge
f. saerimnir giant pig
animals that stand on the roof of
valhalla
g. heidrun goat
⤿ eats leaves
h. eikthyrnir (eikpyrnir) stag
⤿ eats new cuttings from tree
4 stags that devour leaves from the
tree
i. dainn
j. dvalinn
k. duneyrr
l. durapror
MIMIR’S WELL
● jotunheim location
● second root of the well
● mimir drink from his well using his
drinking horn gjallarhorn
URDR / URDRBRUNNR WELL
● asgard location
● third root of the well
● swans originate from this well
|
white color symbolizes
a. cleanliness
b. pride
c. beauty
d. greatness
e. light
f. death
● norns live in a hall next to the well
○ personification of time
urdr - skuld - verdandi
○ draw water from well &
collect moist earth / clay
○ pour it over yggdrasil
failure of task = tree will rot
● tinget place where gods &
goddesses do meetings &
judgment
○ based on how nordic
society functioned during
the viking age
○ in denmark, parliament is
called folketinget =
people’s parliament
RAGNAROK
● doom of the gods
● cataclysm destruction of cosmos &
everything
● prophecy of what was to come
how will it happen?
a. loki will lead legion of giants
b. heimdall will unearth & blow
gjallarhorn – signal of
apocalypse
c. 2 human survivors of the
apocalypse: lif & lifthrasir
d. last 2 humans will find
shelter in yggdrasil
(ancestors of all humans)
liv (m) & livtraser (w)
yggdrasil shakes & shivers on high /
ancient limbs
9
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

a floating mass of water connected

YGGDRASIL’S SOURCES to earth

● include references in ● churned earth w/ jeweled spear &

a. voluspa created the first island
b. grimnismal onogoro-shima
c. snorri’s prose edda
● built a castle & married each other
● yggdrasil is one of the most ● created ooyajima 8 great islands
important norse mytho symbols awaji - shikoku - oki - kyushu - iki
tsushima - sado - honshu

IZANAGI & IZANAMI ● after kuniumi, kamiumi birth of

gods appeared
CREATION STORY
KAGUTSUCHI
● japanese shintoism
● takamagahara the plain of high ● kagutsuchi was born
heaven ○ god of fire
○ clouds formed from lighter ○ last child
particles floated
○ heavier particles formed ● izanami was 50/50, she died
mass (earth) ● izanagi killed their son
● kagutsuchi was cut into 8 pcs &
● 5 deities appeared called created
kotoamatsukami the separate a. 8 volcanoes
heavenly gods b. 8 kami from body
● 5 kami = god were hitorigami c. 8 kami from blood & rocks
lone god
| YOMI
appeared spontaneously
no partners & genderless ● land of dead (translates to yellow
● 3 came into being known as spring)
zouka-sanshin the three creation ● izanami went here
gods ● yomotsu-shikome female
demons from yomi chased izanagi
● kami emerged and went into hiding
● kami-nanayo seven generations ● izanami bore 8 thunder kami from
of the age of gods emerged embarassment

● 5 deities, 2 hitorigami, 5 pairs m & f ● headdress = grapes

kami = total of 17 kami
● last pair were siblings
a. izanami – she who invites
b. izanagi – he who invites
MAIN STORY
● tasked by elder kami w/ kuniumi
birth of country
● went to ame-no-ukihashi the
floating bridge of heaven
|
● comb = bamboo
● 3 peaches were thrown, have
evil-banishing magic at that time
● izanami will kill 1k ppl everyday
○ ruler of dead
● izanagi will ensure 1.5k ppl to be
born everyday
○ ruler of living

10
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

MISOGI ● pan gu stood between earth and

● shinto purification ritual
● performed by izanagi
○ created 23 kami
○ created addtl 3 kami
● addtl 3 were mihashira no uzu no
mikoto 3 precious children
○ most important kami in
shintoism
AMATERASU
● the light of heaven
● female goddess of sun
● from washing of izanagi’s left eye
● brought emperors & empresses
TSUKUYOMI
● reader of the moon
● genderless deity of night
● from washing of izanagi’s right
eye
SUSANO’O
● man/male god from susa
● male god of seas & storms
● from washing of izanagi’s nose
PAN GU
heaven
○ 10ft a day
○ stood like a pillar 30k miles
after 18k years
● when pan gu died, his body
a. skull top of the sky
b. breath wind & clouds
c. voice rolling thunder
d. eyes sun & moon
e. body & limbs 5 big
mountains
f. blood water
g. veins road
h. muscles fertile land
i. hair & beard stars
j. skin flowers & trees
k. marrow jade & pearls
l. sweat good rain & dew
m. body fleas & lice
humanity’s ancestors
LORD BRAHMA
● god of creation
● according to hinduism, creation &
cosmic activity are caused by
trimurty (hindu trinity – 3 gods)
a. brahma – creator
b. vishnu – sustainer
c. shiva – destroyer

● emerged from the egg BRAHMA

● prominent figure in chinese mytho
● has 4 faces
● creator god formed the world out of
● creator of universe & all
chaos
● father of dharma
● giant w/ long beard wielding a
chisel & hammer
● brahma exists more in scriptures
● aka pa kua, p’an ku, p’an k’uei
than homes & temples
● emerged from a cosmic egg
|
● vedas are oldest & holiest of hindu
contains chaos yin heaven & yang
scriptures attributed to brahma
earth
a. female-male
● brahman general term for
b. aggressive-passive
supreme being / almighty god
c. cold-hot
d. dark-light
e. wet-dry

11
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
BIRTH OF BRAHMA
● according to puranas, brahma is
the son of god - prajapati
● maya female energy
● brahman created water & placed
his seed
● seed transformed into golden egg
● brahma appeared
|
aka hiranyagarbha
● brahma is self born out of a lotus
| ●
grown from navel of vishnu
● brahma gave birth to
a. 11 forefathers of human
race saptarashi
b. 7 great sages parajapatis
c. mind-sons manasputras
PORTRAYANCE OF BRAHMA
● 4- headed god sitting on a lotus
○ symbolizes he is always
rooted in infinite reality
○ each head recites one of 4
vedas
● 4 hands of brahma hold
a. waterpot
b. manuscript (vedas)
c. scepter
d. mala / rosary
● brahma wears black antelope
hide (austerity)
LOVE STORY OF BRAHMA
● wife: saraswati goddess of
knowledge | malakas
means one who
flows, symbolizes
a. fertility
b. prosperity
● represented consciousness & ●
creative impulse together
● 2 temples in india are dedicated to
brahma
a. pushkar
b. kerala
VAHANA IN GANESHA
● all living creatures have brahman
divine consciousness
● deities are associated w/ animal or
bird
● vahana = vehicle to transport
gods & goddesses
brahma’s vahana is swan (also an
extension of his powers)
MALAKAS & MAGANDA
● mythological m & w from bamboo
● first m & w in pre colonial phi
folklore
a. m – strong & dependable
b. w – gentle & delicate
● counterparts of adam & eve
CREATION OF PHI ISLANDS
● amihan golden eagle
○ genderless deity
○ belonged to first beings
bathala - heaven -
aman-saya (sea)
● the sky poured stones into the sea
○ amihan stirred up sk
● bamboo
○ result of land & sea
breezes’ love
○ poked by amihan so
& maganda
appeared
MALAKAS & MAGANDA FAM
● married & started a family
children left & developed ethnic
groups
12
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
● according to felipe jocano jr (filo
anthropologist from up)
○ god named kaptan planted
a bamboo, origin of
a. malakas sikalak
b. maganda sikabay
● originated in central visayas mytho
BOTTOMLINE
● denotes a deeper interpretation of
family
● reflects rain = agriculture
| back but she didn’t
source of life for farming
● men – power
● women – intellect
TUNGKUNG LANGIT & ALUNSINA
● another filo mytho
● tungkung langit popular deity of
suludnon (people of panay)
○ creator who made the world
our of primordial chaos
○ pillar of heaven
from other versions
○ lesser deity
○ brother of panlinugon god
of earthquakes
● alunsina prominent goddess in
suludnon
○ aka laon-sina
○ virgin goddess of eastern
skies
○ wife of tl
in panay version, name means
○ unmarried one
○ one who’s foreign
○ one from foreign skies
MAIN STORY
● tl fell in love w/ alunsina
○ married & made home in
highest part of heaven
● tl was loving & hardworking
● alunsina was lazy, jealous, selfish
● tl went out to work
○ alunsina sent breeze to spy
○ tl was angry, they fought
○ alunsina left
○ tl regretted what happened
● tl made ways for alunsina to come
○ planted trees & flower
○ neklace = stars
○ comb = moon
○ crown = sun
● thunders & rain = tl is sobbing
THERE NO ESCAPING OUR
DEPENDENCE ON MYTH
because fundamental structures of
understanding myths provide are
essentially arbitrary
|
they describe not only just the realworld of
fact but our perception & experience of
the world
PANTHEONS
DEFINITION
● particular set of every god of any
religion - mythology - folklore -
culture - tradition
● used to describe which set of
spirits are believed by &
venerated/worshiped in religion
● could be worshiped anywhere
○ weren't bound to a single
a. country
13
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

b. continent PHANES - ORDER

c. group of people
● light, procreation, divine law &
pantheon = all the gods order
● first born of the void
a. god ● hatched from a cosmic egg
b. demigods
c. heroes THALASSA - SEA

● in spiritual realm, cultural ● body of sea

appropriation is still an issue ● produced fish & all other sea
● trying to find a consistency in an creatures
entire pantheon is ignorant at best ○ mom of poseidon &
amphitrite
humans and other mortal life aren't in a
pantheon GAIA - GREEK MOTHER GODDESS

● mother goddess, earth, oaths,

marriages, prophecy
GREEK PANTHEON
● scientists use the word “gaia”
referring to earth as a living
● olympians 12 most important organism
greek deities ○ mom of cronus
○ grandma of zeus
● primordial existing in the
beginning (the earliest form)
URANUS - SKY
PRIMORDIAL GODS - 1ST GEN ● sky & heavens
● first ruler of the heavens
● chaos void ● locked up his 6 kids bc he thought
● phanes order they’re ugly
● thalassa sea ○ hubby & son of gaia
● gaia earth ○ father of titans
● uranus sky ○ grandpa of zeus
● ourea mountains
● pontus sea
OUREA - MOUNTAINS
● tartarus underworld
● erebus darkness ● child of gaia
● nyx night ● ten mountain gods
● aether light a. aitna
● hemera day b. athos
c. helikon
CHAOS - VOID d. kithairon
e. nysos
● dark void of the universe f. olympus (x2
● firstborn of the primordial gods g. oreios
○ father of erebus and nyx h. parnes
○ grandpa of hypnos & i. tmolus
thanatos
PONTUS - SEA

● mediterranean sea
○ father of many sea gods

14
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
○ grandfather of monsters
● from pontus lineage: echidna
mother of all monsters
TARTARUS - UNDERWORLD
● underworld, abyss
● bronze anvil would fall for 9 days
before reaching tartarus
○ from chaos
EREBUS - DARKNESS
● name means place of darkness
between earth & hades
○ bro of eros
○ uncle of zeus
NYX - NIGHT
● night sky
● only thing that scares zeus
○ mom of hypnos & thanatos
○ sis of gaia
AETHER - HEAVENLY AIR
● protogenoi existed before
olympian gods (greek gods)
○ son of erebus & nyx
HEMERA - DAY
● daytime sky
● thought to be eos goddess of
dawn
○ daughter of erebus & nyx
○ wife of aether
EROS - LOVE
● goddess of love, lust, physical
desire, passion, fertility
○ sometimes son of aphro &
ares
TITAN GODS - 2ND GEN
● oceanus (m)
● coeus
● crius
● hyperion
● iapetus
● cronus
● theia (f)
● rhea
● themis
● mnemosyne
● phoebe
● tethys
OCEANUS - GREAT RIVER
● river oceanus was thought to be at
the end of the world; turns out it
may just be the atlantic ocean
○ uncle of zeus
○ father of oceanids
○ grandpa of athena
COEUS - INTELLIGENCE & INQUIRY
● name means questioning
● intellect, inquiry, curiosity, the
northern axias
○ father of leto & asteria
○ grandpa of apollo, artemis,
hecate
CRIUS - HEAVENLY CONSTELLATIONS
● constellations, heavenly bodies,
the southern axias
● derived from greek ram
○ hubby of eurybia
○ father of astraios, pallas,
perses
HYPERION - HEAVENLY LIGHT
● helped cronus to become leader
○ son of uranus & gaia
○ father of
a. helios sun
b. selene moon
c. eos dawn
CRONUS - TIME
● supreme ruler of titans
○ father of zeus & hera
15
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

THEIA - SIGHT & SHINING ATMOSPHERE PROMETHEUS - TRICKSTER

● vision, sight, shiny rocks, bright ● metalwork and fire

atmosphere ● stole fire for humanity
● also goes by euryphaessa ○ bro of atlas
○ wife of hyperion ○ son of iapetus & clymene
○ mother of h-s-e

RHEA - HEALING 12 OLYMPIAN GODS - 3RD GEN

● healing, fertility, generation ● zeus

● cured grandson dionysus of ● hera
madness ● poseidon
● queen of heavens ● aphrodite
● mother of gods ● artemis
○ wife of cronus ● apollo
○ mother of zeus ● hermes
● hephaestus
MNEMOSYNE - MEMORY ● demeter
● athena
● memory, remembrance ● dionysus / hestia
● had her own pool in underworld ● hades
○ mother of 9 muses
● mt olympus home of olympians in
PHOEBE - SHINING INTELLECT greece
○ hades didn’t live here
● intellect, prophecy
○ wife of coeus ZEUS - SKY & THUNDER
○ daughter of gaia
○ grandma of artemis, apollo, ● king of the olympians
hecate ● honor, hospitality, royalty, order
● had 2 servants violence & force
TETHYS - SEA GODDESS ○ hubby of hera
○ famous children: hercules &
● fresh water, spring wells athena
● mother of ocean nymphs
○ wife of oceanus HERA - MARRIAGE & FAMILY
○ mother of oceanids,
potamoi, nephelai ● marriage, family, monogamy,
fidelity,
OTHER IMPORTANT TITAN GODS ● queen of the gods
○ wife of zeus
ATLAS - ASTRONOMY ○ mother of ares, eileithyia,
hebe, hephaestus
● helped hercules complete one of
his twelve tasks
POSEIDON - OCEANS, WATER, STORMS
● forced by zeus to carry the world &
skies on his shoulders for all ● oceans, waterways, storms, floods,
eternity earthquakes
○ bro of prometheus ○ brother of zeus & hades
○ father of calypso ○ father of pegasus winged
horse

16
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

APHRODITE - LOVE, BEAUTY, DESIRE ○ from zeus only (forehead)

● love, desire, beauty, sexuality ARES - WAR

● sparked trojan war after uniting
lovers paris and helen ● banned from olympus: affair w/
○ mother of eros aphrodite
○ wife of hephaestus ○ son of zeus & hera
○ father of hippolyta queen
of amazons
ARTEMIS - ARCHERY
DIONYSUS - WINE
● wildlife and hunting, chastity,
wilderness, childbirth, children, ● wine, grape farming, wine
moon production, chaos, madness,
● bear is her sacred animal theater, spiritual joy
● fell inlove w/ orion ● twice-born god
● silver arrows ○ child of semele & zeus
○ daughter of zeus & leto
○ twin sister of apollo HESTIA - HEARTH & HOME

APOLLO - ARCHERY ● domestic life - family unit

● kindest of all gods
● healing, medicine, prophecy, ● gave up her olympian seat to
justice, poetry, music welcome dionysus
● oversees muses goddess of arts ○ eldest of rhea & cronus
○ twin bro of artemis ○ sis of zeus

HEPHAESTUS - BLACKSMITH DEMETER - AGRI, GRAIN, BREAD

● fire, volcanoes, forge ● harvest and agriculture, presiding

● god of fire over crops, grains, food, fertility of
○ son of zeus & hera the earth
○ hubby of aphrodite ● responsible for the creation of the
seasons
HERMES - MESSENGER ○ daughter of cronus & rhea
○ mother of persephone
● trickster god - god of travelers (abducted by hades) to
● travelers, traders, thieves, zeus
diplomacy
● invented musical instruments lyre ALMOST OLYMPIAN GODS
& syrinx
● symbols are winged sandals & HADES - UNDERWORLD
caduceus
○ son of zeus ● dead & wealth
○ grandson of atlas ● helped zeus to overthrow cronus
○ bro of zeus
ATHENA - WISDOM, COURAGE, JUSTICE ○ child of cronus & rhea

● wisdom, strategic fighting, OTHER GREEK GODS & GODDESSES

inspiration, courage, justice,
civilization, mathematics, strength, KRATOS - STRENGTH
& skill
● zeus’ favorite child ● law enforcer

17
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A
○ bro of nike, bia, zelus
MORPHEUS - DREAMS & MESSAGES
● main task is to place gods’
messages in dreams
○ child of hypnos sleep &
pasithea relaxation
CHARON - FERRYMAN TO HADES
● river leading to the underworld
● one of the oldest gods
○ child of nyx & erebus
PAN - SHEPHERDS & MAGIC
● has the body of a man but the back
legs & horns of a goat
● invented panpipes
○ child of hermes
ZEPHYRUS - WEST WIND
● tigers could be his children
○ hubby of chloris flowers
○ father of carpus fruit
ASCLEPIUS - MEDICINE
● demigod
● killed by zeus bc of his masterful
skills
○ son of apollo
DEIMOS - DREAD & TERROR
● messes w/ people’s minds
○ child of aphrodite
HELIOS - SUN
● massive statue is one of 7 wonders
of ancient world
○ son of hyperion & theia
ALASTOR - RETRIBUTION & JUSTICE
● zeus used this name for his
avenger persona
○ grandson of poseidon
○ child of neleus (demigod)
PROTEUS - PROPHECIES
● symbolized the matter used to
create the world
● can answer any question (past,
present, future)
● can shapeshift
CASTOR & POLLUX - TWIN GODS
● sport - hospitality
○ twin sons of leda
○ bro of helen & sparta
● had different fathers
a. tyndareus castor (dgod)
b. zeus pollux
PALLAS - WARCRAFT
● another ancient god existed
before the olympians
○ father of kratos & nike
AEOLUS - WIND
● minor god of winds
● controlled winds were
horse-shaped
GERAS - OLD AGE
● inspired geriatric elderly
○ son of nyx & erebus
NIKE - STRENGTH & VICTORY
● charioteer of zeus during battle w/
titans
○ sister of kratos
○ daughter of pallas at styx
NEMESIS - DIVINE RETRIBUTION
● mostly deals with matters of the
heart
○ daughter of nyx
IRIS - RAINBOWS
● described by homer as messenger
of gods
● has fun realm
○ daughter of electra
18
MYTHOLOGY & FOLKLORE
BSEE33 Midterm Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

HECATE - MAGIC, WITCHCRAFT ● saturn cronus sowing, seed

● supernatural creatures
● holds the most magical realms
● valued by zeus above all other oly
gods acc to hesiod
○ daughter of zeus
TYCHE - CHANCE & RISK
● palamedes invented the first pair of
dice & dedicated them to tyche
○ child of zeus (?)
○ child of oceanus & tethys
(?)
MANIA - MENTALLY ILL
● name is used to describe insanity
or excessive excitement
● raised by a fam who only
expressed themselves w/ negative
emotions
○ daughter of erebus & nyx
PERSEPHONE - SPRING & NATURE
● queen of the underworld
● abducted by hades
● had many important cults in the
ancient world
○ daughter of demeter & zeus
● neptune poseidon sea
● pluto hades underworld
● jupiter zeus sky god, supreme god
● juno hera consort of jupiter
● minerva athena wisdom & war
● mars ares war
● venus aphrodite love
● mercury hermes commerce,
divine messenger
● apollo apollo healing, poetry,
music
● diana artemis hunting
● cupid (young) eros (grown)
● ceres demeter crops
● bacchus dionysus wine
● vesta hestia hearth
● vulcan hephaestus fire & forge
● greek gods predated roman gods
over 1000 years
● homer greek
○ the iliad
○ the odyssey
● virgil roman
○ the aeneid

ROMAN PANTHEON

● gods divine immortal beings;

sometimes out of unorthodox
nativity

● demigods minor deities; usually

have superpowers & can be raised
to divine status
a. dionysus zeus-semele
b. neleus poseidon-mortal
c. asclepius apollo-mortal
d. castor leda-tyndareus

● heroes exalted mortals;

sometimes offspring of god &
human or just lucky

19