>\ t (ii) BC > This part of graph is decreasing order graph. pels So, velocity decreases and acceleration is negative. From this discu: sion, itis clear that during AB velocity is constant and maximum. max = Slope of AB portion of graph 28D 2d mysct5em 24D =} myse25emvsDISCUSSION PARTY, ty is given by slope of a point on se! graph straight line OP is tangent at the point Pin fig. L4 A. dim hstantoncous velocity at point Psequal to average vel ime is ty = lo see between O to P. The correspon. YOUR STEP Tivo stones A and B are dropped from a multistoreyed building with a time interval fo, where gis smaller than the timetaken by Ato each the loor. Att =, stone is dropped. After striking the floor, stones come to rest. Draw the graph between separation between the stones versus time. vas EN CONCERT If vo particles collide after time j then relative separation between particles after time fois zero. It ‘means after time fy, position vectors of both particles are same to each other. & soueTion iin They collet pnt Parkes potion ewe es Here 7 oB- ay B= Go Accontingtoadation awe of ects, Pee Hm =(2- vo fl) ‘a rae Resa iat ao ea “ From equation @) and (i) we obtain YOUR STEP ‘Atthe instant the traffic light turns green, a bus starts with a constant acceleration 2m/s*, At the same instant a truck, travelling with a constant speed of 10 m/s, overtakes and pastes the bus. How far beyond the starting point will the bus overtake the truck ? (100 mly KINEMATICS vie © CONCEPT Ifa ship is moving at equator on the Earth's surface with a velocity 3p relative to Farth's sul 1 point on the surface of Earth with velocity 3 relative to its centre, then or ¥5=Vse+ VE ‘The direction of motion of earth on its axis is from west to east. Ifthe ship moves from west to cast Us=UsE+ UE (in scalar form) and if the ship moves from east to west. But the given problem is based upon relative velodity in two dimensions. In this case, itis easy to solve the problem by vector method. "= SOLUTION Here Equator 2 y?. 1} + vB - 204 vp cosa mm or v=o" +09 ~2009 cos (r- 9) 7 F u2 + 2009086 or wa Ve + of + 200p cas} In4OAB, 2 yo? vp ed-v cos 9 = 28+ t= A10 DISCUSSION (PART) YOUR STEP The velocity ofa ship in still water is 20 km/h. What is the velocity of a motor boat approaching the ship at right angles to its course if it appears to people on board the ship that the motor boat heads towards the ship at 60° (346 km/hr} viz © CONCEPT This problem is based upon relative motion in two dimensions. The motion of first swimmer is based upon crossing the river along shortest path (Shown in fig 17 A). 8 B Pea actual i. path at yeas ——?v, vd — actual —> =" SF path = tane8 * Fig 7A Fig. 70, a Inthis case, = and vsinO=0, “The motion of second swimmer is based upon crossing the river in minimum time. Shown in fig.17B) In this case: |= DISCUSSION First swimmer starts at an angle 0 with AB, a component of v4 along horizontal (ié., v4 sin ®) is balanced by river flow velocity and resultant velocity v4 cos 8 is along AB, 2 p22 y= Gq, osinO=0, — sind=— , cos 9=—PA— ‘A= Gyeos6’ °A mm UA seco emacs hao Ab et due rr route ec bog AC 2 1 oo and BC=0,tp = sowmion ‘According to problem, Fe Er aenin walking fom Ct 8 taster pga tn or ‘a= t+ Calking speed = 8, Here vp=vp=0/, v¢= 0KINEMATICS 1" dd mle dd Aacos8 vp” x “yp Dp ‘Remarks: In the case of shortest path, time is not minimum. Similarly, in the case of minimum time, resultant path is not shortest. YOUR STEP 1. Abst which rowed th cons losis om pint Aon he ak of ver hich fo srtvaconsint cy pend oestowsdss pont Ben coor ak os oppo eat Bilt egntorerponefece ve tramene( un) shee civa ost 2. Thane ofa er sfwidth Skis fling with ey ef hh: Armes one ofa bank eh er nate acho en apport scl Blea he pc poston He can swan wis vccyo Silane tener Inara hls 1120" with river flow} vis "© CONCEPT é - The concept is same as previous problem. © DISCUSSION The motion of boat A : Att =0, both boats are at O. ae The boat A moves along stream velocity upto point A (OA=Nintime ty (Shown in fig. 1.8.4) c 1 f= w Aaa, ‘Again, the boat A retums from A to O (in upstream) in time fy a Susan 1 velacy wane oy, ‘According to problem: ; reir +h o Prec ae rors ‘The motion of boat B: Theresultantpathofboat bby 2, Shown in fg. 18 B). Jong OC. Thisis possible only when thecomponent yg sin Bis balanced 2,=0gsin@ (i)R DISCUSSION (PART) ‘The resultant velocity of boat B is along OC which is equal to vg cos, The time taken by boat B to move from 010 Cis ct pcos ‘Similarly, the time taken by boat to return from C to O is apes According to problem: and i Tpeos8 © SOLUTION From eqn (i) (i) and (i, we obtain ow) sin (from eqn. i) cose Nth=o? Nigoyo? Vata ° ne, a ve ae 20s 02h gay = Vy? xa, From equation (iv), we have 1 ae u_wte me Gee Ge eat _i pcos 8 Wet, Iqy-1+n+0 YeP—1 a an iV? =1 0, © ay, =1) YOUR STEP ‘Twoboats were going downstream with different velocities. When one overtook the ‘was dropped from one of the boats. Sometime later both boats turned back simul eothera ring buoy fanart ‘Phen sponte een tote wate othe pot he ang ee a tir tine Bats wilsenche tng boy Be Uatthesan et vis oe concert ‘When the velocity of river is greater than the velocity of boat or swimmer Then the motion o or swimmer without dating set possible etaterasKINEMATICS a "= DISCUSSION x ‘Fig. 1.94 +%,=The velocity of river flow, v= velocity of boat, At! =0, the boat i at point O. ‘The boat starts at an angle with river direction and at =f he reaches atthe point Z.The drifting of boat is (shown in fig 1.9 A) AB=x= (0005840) fo a0) ‘A cross the river, the component of resultant velocity is» sin 8. OA ‘Along OA, component of resultant velocity is in & OAZI=0sin Oxy =oigsine ti) "= SOLUTION From (and (i) we get x=0¢08 0+))lg =(vcos8 +0) or x=(weost+n) 1G peosO-+nv _(cos0+n vsin® For minimum drifting, #020=10" YOUR STEP A-swimmer heads upstream towards the opposite bank ofa 200 m wide channel ina direction which forms an angle of 60° with the bank. At what angle tothe bank must the swimmer head in order to reach its destination ifthe velocity ofthe boat relative to water is 18 km/hr and the flow-velocty of water in the channel is 05 m/s@ How long does it take forthe swimmer to reach its destination ? For small angles it can be assimed that sin d= tan a= radian. (55°49,,15 min) vii0 "= CONCERT ‘The problem based upon the motion in two dimensions (planar motion) with constant acceleration. ‘This type of problem is solved easily by vector method. articles are projected ftom the same point. The point of projection is taken as origin. The vertical direction is taken as y-axis and horizontal direction as x-axis, Since, acceleration is constant. So, kinematics equations in vector form are applicable.4 DISCUSSION (PART) Inthiscase piscussio rr bot Bates ae aon Oo th co-edgate se nn >, i ody move long y-axis but second body moves in x-y plane on a parah~"" sth When | >0, separation increases. © SOLUTION “The situation is shown in fig 110A. at 120,R ‘The initia veloc of frst particle 9 f (along wax) pathot YaeYo _ pathot fist body second body y, Fig. L104, The initial velocity of second particle is -vpcos 0 T+ v9 inf elie voy ffi body with spt tsezond body =npsin) fm cost ‘The acceleration of ist bodys i test Simul Zang} 7 ar ae After time t= 17 second, Separation is 51 at (=v sin) f= mp cos hit Vi(v9=vo sin 6) 1}? + (—U9 1 cos 6)* yp EC =sin 8) =22mKINEMATICS 15 YOUR STEP I re fre at each other, one upward at an angle the other af the same angle of depression, the ig 30 m apart as shove in fg, (110 B). HE the sgn areshot with velowitles of 1501/s apparel andl 300 20 u/s doyyniwand respectively. Find when and where the K_| ballets may meet, (Take g = 981 m/s! A“ ny met (Tae y ie (008625, 16m, 807m} Fig. 1.108 vin "8 cONcErT When the velocities of both bodies become perpenticular to each other, vevie0 where Vand V*are velocities of bodies after time t. © DISCUSSION Att=0, both bodies are at point O. Acceletations of each body are same and constant and initial velocities are not in the direction of accelerations. So both bodies move on parabolic paths. At = to, the ition of bodies are A’ and B’ and velocities are ¥’and ¥” respectively. 7 In this case, kinematics equations in vector form are used. - yeaa "© SOLUTION From gure LILA, a ES a a=a--sf ots cn hen h Vau} +a oan t-s tah PeH+Rlo=-vat-gtoh but and Ware perpndiiat osach oer . 2-9-0 Pe ttia fo Sorat Wet to+ At 1 | Soret = Tort aa=0 So, a= yee, be ed tyt : P, ) -eute Nore16 DISCUSSION PART) YOUR STEP se withthe same acceleration. Two minutes after the ‘covered by the first car by this (minute ‘Two cars start off witha certain time gap and mov start of the second car, the distance covered by itis 4/9 of the distance ‘moment. How long after the departure ofthe frst car does the second car start ? vin "© CONCEPT i ‘The problem is based upon the concept of relative velocity of approach. Fig 112A ‘The relative velocity of approach of B to A is v= 0p C08 8 ~ 04 C088 the separation between points A and B. Then the time of converging of points A and B is, 1 l ' 79608 02 IF 7A, a = DISCUSSION ‘Since, the magnitude of velocity remains constant. So, instantaneous tangential acceleration is zero for each particle. So, only centripetal force is present on each particle. The vector sum of forces acting on the particles is. Zero. So, at every instant the momentum of system remains constant. Ifthe g, 7 ‘mass of each particle are same. Then the momentum of the system is zero Atevery instant, So, the centre of mass (centroid) of system remains in rest. Wigan: ‘Hence, collision takes place atthe centre of mass of system (centroid). Q vey) vv) time of converging = The| rein = 5 where vj = velocity of approach.KINEMATICS 7 ‘Remarks : This problem may be generalized for regular polygon of n-sides. ‘where vis speed of each particle. oft YOUR STEP Eight particles are situated atthe vertices ofa regular octagon having edge length 10cm. They al start ‘moving simultaneously with equal constant speed 1 cm/s heading towards each other all the time. (@) How soon will the points converge? ( Find the distance travelled by each particle before convergi 10 10¥2_ [oo ect AP timate} vam = concert ‘The concept is same as previous problem. "© DISCUSSION ‘At!=0, points are at A and B. At an arbitrary time_, the position of points are A’ and B’ respectively. So, ‘BB’ = distance travelled by B in time l= wy (i) For point 4, 6 {if vcosadt=58'=ulo e [rewsanat where fg isthe time after which both points converge. ‘The relative velocity of approach of A to B at instant isv=0-u cosa For converging the points A and B, iy - =f" oat ’ 1 J % in Jo vegsanat 0 4 ar) No fod [" wcosaat or i 14 cos 0) df= f° at — | wcosa or Ieotonu J" cosadt Fig. 13. A Putting the value of | ‘+ cos adt from eqn. (ii), we get fo, the separation between particles again increases. "© SOLUTION ‘The situation of problem is shown in the figure 1.16 A. y 8 ee ye Fig. 1164 to problem, a distance travelled by first particle in time t BB’ = distance travelled by second particle in time Osh, OB=h ‘Atan instant the separation between partic 1-48 = Noa + (OB OA-AA’=1= 0 B- BB’ =f, ro! eV oF h- 0 or Path-v10F +(h- v2? For minimum separation, 0 riterdi-mnemeets nemKINEMATICS or hy-vpt=-h- ost or (oP +e2) th the hathy oP +0) * ting arcane Ea went ove 1 mb eed icone dapeondentesianas pice YOUR STEP ‘An insect runs from a hill in a straight line so that its velocity is inversely proportional tothe distance from the centre of hill. When the insect is at point A at a distance I; = 1m from the centre of the hill, its velocity vy = 2 em/s. What time will tke the insect to run from point A to point B which is at a distance [z= 2m from the centre of hill. [t=75 sec), via. "© CONCEPT “The problem is based upon motion ofa body with zero acceleration In this case, Fs Pon mpl = displacement time oo o= mnscussion A — ION ith velocity spon highway. ‘Mer time atycarisatC f ACeeph and CD Cee an dong Ca is rdecy areas amr The fom i nbeijcinvohat DOR EE es ary = sownon. ‘o Total time taken by cartoreach at Bis, f= +h But AD is constant, Let AD=Ip Also, For the minimum value of fy,2 DISCUSSION (PART) After solving, x = J for ‘minimum time. Vat YOUR STEP Acar2 m wide s moving witha uniform speed of 8 m/s along the edge ofthe road. When the ca is 2maveay rom hiny a gitar to cost oad witha uniform Vel diretd such hat shecan ‘cross the road safely with minimum speed. Calculate v. wm} vis "= concer ‘The area of v<-! graph gives magnitude of displacement. The slope of v,~ graph gives acceleration cans aoe Inereasing ardor of raph ‘Decreasing order of graph (cope increases) (slope decreases) Fig: 118 A. Fig. 1188, Positive consent ope graph = DISCUSSION a In the given vy-t graph, at = Otot = 1 second, slope is positive, ‘means acceleration is positive and constant. At¢=1 to t=3 sec the slope is zero. So, acceleration is zero. At! =3 s tot=6s, slope isconstant and negative. So, acceleration isnegative. Att= 6 secto 157 sec, slope is positive. So, acceleration is positive, agave Gtr "= SOLUTION. eet graph Fig. L18D. w,| a or 1 Fig LgeKINEMATICS 2B x-t graph — Fig, 118 F YOUR STEP 10 ‘Atrain starting from rest is accelerated and the acceleration at any instant is 10> m/s where v is the velocity of the train in m/s at the instant, Find the distance in which the train will atain a velocity of 54 km/h, {12375 meter) via. "© CONCEPT “The displacement of particle depends upon only inital and final positions. t does not depend upon path followed by the paride 5 DISCUSSION 'At!=0, the point starts from A is moving along circle, after time t point B, 10 sec, point reaches at the © SOLUTION (a) o 6 .e magnitude of displacement = 2R Yo (oy Memagntlet oon“ seucenmy af iy IPA werage velocity =""""Tofal time __ change in velocity. (6) w= Average tangential acceleration = Panes in wees y roan * x xeof-mf_=2% 5 ° Here Fig. 119 B [Remark ; Correction: In (a, read the mean velocity as mean speed (average speed). YOUR STEP ‘Acar moving at a constant speed of 60 km/h moves towards exst for 40 min, then i the direction of, (60° east of north for 20 minute and finally west for 50 min. What isthe average velocity ofthe tain during this trip? Hint tan 5387" (676 kro hr, 364 ‘east of north}2a DISCUSSION PARTY, v120. "= CONCERT ‘The problem is based upon variable motion in one dimension. In this case motion t..nes place in the position of particle atan instant at (1 ~ cd) ~2aat=a(1—2at) yt ae We Pa-20) w= 82-200 ‘1-20 200 ft (b) From the equation F341 - at), Va, reaatt=0 and also at 1 2 = 4(a~2an |fort s Asv=3%-2a).S0,v=w i ae a @at—1) [for t> Za wa nara are] seat—ne v2. vdt= i Simplifying, we gets =32- YOUR STEP sin 2at f+2cos2ntf The position of a point mass is given by r= where Fis in metre and tis in second. (@) Plot the path ofthe point mass in the -y plane. (©) Find the velocity. (©) Find the acceleration. (@) Find the time for which the speed is a maximum or minimum, {(b) 6r.cos 2nt t- Ansin 2x0 9, (c)—4n? Fper se (4) vis maximum at t= vis minimumat t= vin ‘© CONCEPT enfeh gem t Is(-4)] == DISCUSSION ‘Att =0, the particle is at origin. When 1>0, particle moves along axis. ‘At t= ly, particle comes in test for an instant. When f> fy. parce stats to move in negative sdirection. Fort= tg 0=KINEMATICS 25 = SOLUTION (@) For x-coordinate in time t, or Here v= 10nvs,t=5s When 1=10 sec, x=0 (atthe starting point) When t=20,x=~ 400m (@) When particle iat distance 10cm from origin x= 10cm o 4102108 or P-101+10=1 P-101+10=0 (i) and P-10t-10=1 ‘solving eqn. (), we get Taaiienee Chore 5 154-9 -VToM we By solving eqn. (i), we get 1-54-5246 (approximately) Butt never be negative. 2546211 sec z.The values oft, for x= 10cm. are 1.1 see, 9 sec, 1 ec. {@ Instantaneous speed i given by magnitude of velocity. So, speed never be negative. speed = vl dt, Prone etaf al ja When <3, w(t io t wil [asdf When #>, Ci is negative. “(-3) ("te 2 sft tatefo( 1} when tse = went when t2+o DISCUSSION PART, : fe-]] Se YOUR STEP Appatticle moves along x-axis according to law »'=~ A wo cos ot, where » is velocity of point mass at ‘time f Find the distance travelled by the particle during the time interval t= 0 to! =F. x (sea | net or t=2E teen ea{nesn(w-%)}, ween ivot viz "© CONCEPT The problem is related to one dimensional motion with variable velocity. When o=f(2), acceleration is w= 0 veloc E, ayrage vey "© SOLUTION. @ or 0 Here ‘Acceleration, Average velocity is given byKINEMATICS 27 Ans. YOUR STEP ‘Tre displacement of a particle moving in one dimension under the ation of forces related tothe ume bythe equation, tae +3. Find the displacement of the particle when its velocity is zero. (Zero) vas == concert Here acceleration =f) Inthiscase, (velocity decreases with distance) == soLuTION @ or = ao dx &) do Bae given wave 9 do. rhe -[LBoefea to=2a. a ‘YOUR STEP Apattietsinone dimensional motion withanaccelerationgiventy t= 324. Thetnitalconditions BersOandvedatt=0- Find (@) vasa function oft. (8) asa function oft, and (xa function of 1-an(Z-2)) (G9) 9242-64) ret t 14" x=28 DISCUSSION PART!) v1.2. "= concer Problem is based upon motion in two dimensions. It is easy to solve the problem by component method. The applicable formula are y ax ry AG a ( o i ¥-* graph gives eqn. of trajectory, * DISCUSSION o - Letatan instant t, the co-ordinates ofthe point A is (x). Fig. 124A rexteyf = SOLUTION. 1m the given problem, % Peat tor} ‘The shape of trajectory is shown in igure 1.24 ds 9 dy dt dt fete (eta + C2 )= Vs Gin? 2h cosa 48t= 26 Va? + 48? P cosa ett * : ODN asa29 xavewarics (Psa? a jen EE Hon the oye _, iva feta (@ Average velocity =¥2y=-2-— 2-2 — aa ttf fa fa 1a Nat cant Var PP Remarks : It is easy to find angle between two vectors by taking dot product of the vectors, YOUR STEP ‘The position vector of a particle A relative tothe origin varies with time tas rat f+bsin at f ‘Show that the value ofthe acceleration is proportional to the distance ofthe body tothe x-axis. Make a plotof the path. v1.25, "= CONCEPT If the expression for co-ordinates of position of particle is given. Then itis easy to solve the problem by component method. Applicable formulae are : a * ‘The relation between y and x independent of time gives the equation of trajectory = soLUTION . © reat to¥ Also," y=at (lat) For y-x graph:30 DISCUSSION (PART) Comparing with standard equation of parabola, ‘The vertex ofthe path of parle lying 5-7} At x=0,y=0; Fig. 125.4 : Remark :In the answer sheet of the book the answer of graph is not given. o) (at (= on)} =a ~ 2act ang mee Veo, bey fats (20 F LP aNeFaof Ves = on fy lo? + (a ~ 2208)? ais a2" Acceleration #5 0, wy =, dt dt i acceleration ofthe partile= : I |= (Heea=Z, t=%5 Pew= IV wl cose (a+ (@-2aatg) f) + aaa) = + (283%) a0) cos ® 2, (a 20 te) 220 = SENG + 020 After solving, we get ‘YOUR STEP ‘The co-ordinates of a moving particle at any time tare given| xa @t+sin2),y =a (l-cos2h ‘Show thatits acceleration is constant and find the direction of motion. (The direction of motion makes an angle f with the x-axis)KINEMATICS 31 v126. "© coNcErT ‘The concept is same as previous problem. = SOLUTION. (@) The distance travelled in time tis given. sa flv lat Here, x=asin ot, =aosin ot, $2.0 0s a, 2y= cos ot Pa wsin at f 0 (©) The acceleration ofthe point des, a w= (aut sin at 420 cosa }) (aw cos at t+ 00 sin ot fy : Ve 11 Vt cos a= — 620? sin ot cos +a sin wt cos ot =0 = coon Oman 3. YOUR STEP ‘A particle moves in xy plane as such v= 50~16 t and y =100~41, when v, isin metre per second and y is in metre. Itis also known that x = 0, when t=O. Plot the path of the particle and determine its velocity and acceleration when the position y= Os reached. (We-30 t-40f, Acceleration =—164-8 4) viz. "= CONCEPT “The trajectory of particle is similar to the trajectory ofthe point in 1.25. © DISCUSSION [At=0, the particle is at the origin. Letts velocity atthe origin iso which makes an angle 8 with the x-axis i: y In vector ¥ = cos 04+ opsin of ‘Theacceleration wisconstantand directed alongnegative axis, This motion is just like projectile motion. Since, acceleration is constant. So, Kinematics equation in vector forms applicable. The displacement of particle in time fis32 and and or DISCUSSION (PART1) afeyt Awe ate} 2 oat lies xfeyf=(eycos0 t+ opsin0fyt—3 wh fF Equating the coefficients According to problem ‘Comparing equation (i) and (i), we get From (ii): Fromeqn. (iv), we get ‘The velocity of particle at the origin is, a eal) ii i) =m cos 0 ‘The magnitude of velocity of particle gt the origin ig 4 we ce sos 2bKINEMATICS YOUR STEP Apaidenoreinacrey low: chat gntoteciernteunom Stow that the resultant acceleration of the particle varies as the square ofthe radius of curvature. vis = concert The problem isbased upon projectile motion. y = piscussion | Ltthebody isprojectedatananglea with horizontal ax) gravitational acceleration acts along negative y-direction. Atan 9 fe Instant thebody ia at point Ps) ge an oA . tey} Fig. 128A @s (0) The velocity ofpartilein tie isgiventy Pete i oe Pa [erea Bake 8 [iva farina Bele go > a 5 ‘The time of flight is given by 2epsina g Theangle between Vand is" +a) * WB Se0g 08 0 +a)=— npg sin togsina=- 3-8) (8 Jee So average velocity ovér total time of fight «is given by Vv Here 12GB, Bya soumion peordingtoprblen, $08 eat aa dopa y= R22 RA Qa =20R 2 Also, y= Buty Tota acecleration is = Ve vo Putting the value of w =2at, we geta DISCUSSION (PART) YOUR STEP A point mass P moves along apath, givenby r= (0), whownin fig 1.44 Awhich is symmetrical bout thelineG =O. As the partie psss the position 9=0 where the rmanotcananrelpaiopietasy ops Phe ‘value of 4. a Dea o. | BF Fig. 144A meine Soi acte bitin encima oy a and o-("28%} — ‘According to problem, «®)=0,u=0,5=1, 0 -() and Ie nist © |B ti) From eqn. (i) and eqn. (ji), we get YOUR STEP An insect craws ata constant rte along the spoke of crt wheel of rau 4 the art moving elo Find the acreration slong an perpendicular foie spohs in the eat ie Fomctnise of whee, - v1.46 "© CONCEPT ‘The problem is based upon kinetnatics of rotational motion about the fixed axis, do de, In this cage a,KINEMATICS = SOLUTION Here According to problem gaat— be : 4, 2 . o=$¢ =a- 367 Let at fo angular velocity is zero. @=0 or a-3btj=0 ‘Average angular velocity is iy) = In the sense of magnitude, Average angular velocity is (&) vas 6b ‘At the moment of stop, In the sense of magnitude, ‘YOUR STEP The motion ofa circular plate rotating about a fixed axis is defined by relation @ = (1~¢""). Where isexpressedinradianand tin second. Itis given that 8) = 12 rad. Find the angular coordinate, velocity and acceleration of disc when (a) = 0 (6) f= 3 sec (€) == (@) Orad 0-40 rad/s, ~ 01333 rad/s? (©) 0759 rad, 1472 rad/s, 00491 rad/s (9120 a4; 0;0.5a DISCUSSION (PART), v14a7 "= concrer Ifa rigid body rotates about a fixed axis. Every point ofthe body moves on a citeular path, The tangential acceleration is given by w= RB = Rel ‘i ‘And normal acceleration is given by ty, =R The velocity vector will be in the direction of tangential acceleration, y We oT where 8is angle between velocity vector (in the direction of tangential accelera- tion) and resultant acceleration Solistion. Here wy; = Rf tan Fig. L474 YOUR STEP ‘Adisc rotating freely at 1500 rev/min clockwise i subjected toa variable anticlockwise torque that is first applied at time f= 0. The torque produces an anticlockwise angular acceleration = 4 rad/s’, ‘Where isthe time in seconds during which torque is applied. Determine (a the time require forthe dise to reduce its clockwise angular speed to 900 rev/min, (b) the time requited for theates weceverne its direction of rotation and (c) the total number of revoiutions, clockwise plus anticlockwise, torned bythe dis during the fist 14 seconds of torqueappliaton. [a ease@o7l ty eo oe v148 *= SOLUTION Here Be 50, Baio; of =A one (cgative sign indicates angular velocity decreases with respect to tim) do gla or DVO? = ie Stank vole, =k or (Nay -Va}= 2. Wwe vay where t= fo, 0=0rawenaicd 8 2Nay f= 25. Mere tis the time afar which body comes in est fra moment row (aH a ag ‘Average angular velocity is @y fea fa F ; YOUR STEP Aen italy era aces in cel pao cos 13m soodig to option B= 120 1" -48¢ +16. ma ys pape ite anlar ely ncn tine (ihe argent se {€) the centripetal acceleration: {(a) 0 = 108" 81°+ 87, (b) w= 408-241" + 168 (9156 62.4r-+ 208 avs", (4) 8320 5-31-42)? mvs!) vias "= SOLUTION Here (a) w YOUR STEP ‘A tigid body is spinning at wy = 36 x 10° rpm. The power is shut off, and the body begins to stow down with ts angular velodty described by = wpe with ¢=100% 10's (@) How long does it take for the body to reach half its original angular velocity (b) What is the original angular acceleration ofthe body ? {6) What isthe average angular acceleration between the time the power is cut off and the instant it reaches half speed ? (2) Through howmany revolutions does the body turn during this time ? {(a) 1.93 hour (6) 3:77 x 10"? rad/s? (¢) -272.x 10°? rad/s? (d) 30 x 10* revolution}56 DISCUSSION (PART D vise Here according to problem * JF oda=y* cos oa * o=4 pane , — — Fig 1504 ‘YOUR STEP The anigl 0 through which wheal tums is given by 9) =a +E +c? wherea, band care constants Calculate angular acelerstion as function of time ae vist ®= coNcerT OT is ck jm cay ttn cy ce nosy cpa ut tn ogy Hp ey pit owl nse pot of er ety tel hangs yt roa Fig trcagh eso wy Caen eee ee ene ara eatin Areal ace ing arbitrary point P of the body with respect tothe instantaneous fixed axisis given by ¥” =a x r'where aie tte dy pe ie tener ned wei vay eevee oe eon i Ss lethal fae seems ae Tracts hn yy fpr Pao ie , a PY From the figure fig. 151A. 7 b ei oy “) i move witconnsiy sg i metstaKINEMATICS 57 tt i) From eqn. i) and (i) we get v=yBt or vayBz e yt = Thisis an equation of hyperbola. ©) In this case,,=0='ot (Since, disc moves with constant acceleration 12) i) Also, (ere wis constant) Forpoint P, or from equation (ii) fi (his isan equation of parabola) YOUR STEP 7 represents the postion vector of point A fa igi lab which moves in plane motion, show that the postion vector 7 ofthe nstantancous centre of tation is aig Bae Where isthe angular velcty ofthe sab and ve the velocity of point A. (chown nig 1.528). » : j Fig 1523 vase == concert Tin the case of pure rolling motion, it is assumed that the centre of body moves translatory and the body performs rotatory motion about the centre of mass. The relative velocity and acceleration of contact point should be zero. The velocity of every point of the body is resultant of velocity of centre of mass and Fangential velocity. Also, acceleration of a point of the body will be resultant of radial acceleration, tangential acceleration and acceleration of centre of mass.DISCUSSION (PART 38 = soLUTION (@) The acceleration of point Ais 4= Wet Wi +r v=Ro Here w .= The acceleration of centre of mass Since, the velocity of centre of mass is constant. So, the acceleration of centre of mass will be zero, Wad Also; for pure rolling motion, the velocity of point of contact should be zero. vp=0 or y-Ro=0 i v-Ra=0 ek om thi eaten angular vetecty vento -ause » is constant. So, angular acceleration ‘Tangential acceleration y= B ‘The radial acceleration is acted towards the centre. The magnitude of radial acceleration is eRe “ake, 2 \é «. The net acceleration of the point A is w = Oe -¥, Fig. 1828 : w= w, = towards the centre (©) The resultant velocity of point Ais, |, 19 = Vor oF + 20¢ 0, c08 (180° 6) Vo + Riu — 2037, c08 0 For pure rolling motion orgs KINEMATICS (a YOUR STEP ‘A.wheel is rolling without slipping along a plane with angular velocity 0. Points A and Bare taken at different distances from the centre on two different spokes, Prove that at any time the velocity of relative to Bis @x AB in a direction perpendicular to AB. v1s3 "© CONCEPT ‘The concept ofthis problem has given in previous problem, Ue {a) Discussion of velocity ( For point O: Sinceballis in pure rolling motion. So, the relative velocity between cantact point and surface will be zero. Since, surface isin rest. $0, ytR» 0 Ve velocity of contact point (point O) will be zero. (Shown in fig 153 (A). v0 * we-R Fig. 153A Here % A Uetr=Va Gi) For point A: At point 4, tangential velocity and velocity of centre of mass are in the same direction. So, the resultant velocity of point A is given by v4 = c+ op =0¢ +R w= 2¢ =2wt [Shown in fig. 1.53 (B)] i) For point B : At point B, tangential velocity and the velocity of centre of made are perpendicular to each other [showin on fig. 153 (3) “The resultant velocity of the point B is coe m=VEre Ndr b= Nioe (6) Discussion of acceleratio (i) The acceleration of point O: The acceleration of any pointis given byWeawrtw,tWe In this case, r=Ro ee serrate According o figure (1.53 D) xc and war opposite teach othe. Sp they cancclle fo eachother Hence, resultant acceleration of pointy oa Obsmo=w, Fig 1590 of _ ot _ cw? wt RoR ss aceleration is directed towards the centre the acceleration of point wt Here (towards centre) = wc (From discussion of acceleration of point O) (according to problem) wr: weDISCUSSION (PART, A From fig. (1.53 E), the resultant acceleration of point A is wre Gea ateee, I“ wa=Vewp +e) + ut = woe =2wV14( 80 ‘The acceleration of point B : The acceleration of point B is given by eer p= VecrwyPse Ghownin fg. 1537) Putting the values, we get YOUR STEP 5 ‘The free end ofa thread wound on a bobbin of inner radius r and outer radius R moving without slipping (Shown in figure fg. 153 G) is pulled at a constant velocity 0. Find the velocity of centre of the bobbin atthe instant when the thread forms an angle a with the vertical, oR (Rin a7} Fig. 1536 vise "= CONCEPT 2 ‘As we know, radius of curvature p = el Where w =net acceleration of the point. 3'’=net velocity of the point. G) For point A: ‘ee According to fig. (1.54 (A), A Theangle between net velocity 24 and netacceleration wis Also, w= Vea any i 3 vA A - Pam ayoa sin Accurding to figure L54 A, w, cos @ =tr+ we = 20 ra? Fig 154AKINEMATICS a (2) For point 8, taking origin at point 8, ay foc t==n0 fer tee fig 154 B) Similarly, Waewt-w, twp From previous problem, w,= w= W;,w,=r0" y Wa=(w-rad) tw __ lp _¥e ve Pen TV axwa! 7 ob meee “TCrahe re xara twh ry ‘After solving, pa =2V2r YOUR STEP ‘Thedouble gear shown in ig. 1.54C rolls on the stationary. lever rack; the velocity of ts centre A is 12 m/s directed to the right Determine (@) the angular velocity ofthe gear (@) the velocities ofthe upper rack Rand of point D of the ear Here ry = 100 mm acum ((0)8 rad/s; (6) v=, yp = 1.697 m/s £45", og=2 08) vss "© CONCEPT “The direction of angular velocity ofa rotatory body is along the axis of rotation (according to screw rule) (Shown in fig. 153 A and B). + — ep Firstbody ‘Second body \ ws al reise = SOLUTION “Let first body rotates about an axis along 2-axls and the second body rotates about a fixed axis along y-axis. Bg= relative angular velocity of frst with repect to second is Bz @=8)-32=0, f- oFea DISCUSSION PART * ah; | Vat +- 0) = Norra % For relative angular acceleration 40 B= tim 42 aot a wae Fig. 155 YOUR STEP ‘Two links O,P; and OP, rotate in parallel planes, one immediately above the other as shown in fi. 1.55 (¢) Determine the velocity and the acceleration ofthe ‘point of crossing’ P forthe given orientation ‘Assume that = 5 rad/s and w= 10 rad/s. re Bs 6 o A Tn & oe a Fie 1ssD [Velocity » = 4.38 m/s, Acceleration =! 156 = concert 7 Angular.acceleration, Pa (2) 2 According to question Baa tet LPL = Var ay 0 14(2F tors after taking scalar product between vectors. LIB cosa aug HereKINEMATICS on Here a=05 rad/s", b=0.06 rad/s", cos c= 0.9563 c= 17" (By the help of table of the book on page 366). YOUR STEP Acylinder rolls inside a second hollow cylinder shown in fig (1.56 A). Ifa cord wrapped around the ‘outside of the larger cylinder is pulled at a velocity v and acceleration a. Find the magnitude of the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the inner cylinder. ine ra] Fig. 1564 v 1.37 "= CONCEPT ‘As we know, Earth rotates about ts own axis (spining motion) and also rotates about an axis pass through centre of sun. In similar fashion, the cone is rotating about its own axis and also central line OCis rotating about an axis passing through point O. Assume, x-axis along axis of cone (along OC). ‘Let the cone is performing pure rolling motion in x-y plane. ‘The angular velocity of central line OC about z-axis passing through point is @ = 2 & Herein 0c, tan OC=Reota4 DISCUSSION (PART, Fig LSTA a=? hari i= qera hee For pure rolling motion, » = R w, where «is angular velocity about its own axis OC. B=2t ‘The angular velocity of cone is @=@) + ti) tar ae pian a ¢ ;. .— 0 conan: to But the direction of @7 is continuously changes. The position of central line in time f is shown in fig, 157 (B). Atinstant Gq=02c0s0 f+ 0p sin 0 F Position of OC in time i, ad na Here Spo gy ot) =0) = 104, sp cosa 24 - sin FF 4+ ab cos 088 f zsin oa t+-0p0 co 0}KINEMATICS 6s at : ~ c @; sin 0 £4 200, cos OF LBP 1 VC e028in 9+ (oo, cos 0)” plang Ba a = 040) = Putting the values, | 8" | =23 rad/s? YOUR STEP ‘Aright circular cone of base 1 m diameter and height 2m rolls without slip ona flat horizontal surface such that its central line OA rotates at a constant angular velocity of 3 radian per second about the vertical axis OZ as shown in figure. 157 (C),Determine the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the cone relative to the ground ‘when it is in the y-z plane as shown. | Angular velocity =75:25 rad/s; ane aceon = 0 alg a J v158 == CONCEPT ‘The problem is similar to previous problem. y A at att 5 Fig. 158A In this case, angular velocity of body about z-axis passing through point O is ty B= Bat & ‘The angular velocity about axis OA st instant! i along OA, whichis equal to ay =a c050 F+aysin Of Total angular velocity of the body is = +, = Pot R + ap cos 8 7+ ap sin Of 1B 1 = Bo Can c0s 0) + (op sin 0 = VB a =ay V+ ‘Also, angular acceleration isDISCUSSION (PART 406 209 fc sino £2 Fe oycon0 22 f = fp Vie ah? =02 ma/sec YOUR STEP Derive an expression fr the angular acceleration of rod ABin terms of v8, land a, knowing that the acceleration of point Bis zero. (asin a sin | FooseTHE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS vss = CONCEPT “This problem is solved in two steps. ae @) Step: Draw free diagram without reducing the mass and write the dynamics equation. ‘WW here F is upward thrust on the aerostate which is independent from the mass of [mn | acrostate. mg -F=mw oni) w ‘When some of the mass is blasted from the aerostate, the down force (weight of ¥ma acrostite) dsereases, Dut upward force F remains constant. According to problem, net force on aerostate i in upwara direction. mip tee “Step Il Draw force diagram, when mass my from aerostate is blasted. ae ‘The corresponding equation is. F=(m=my) g=(m= m4) 0 ee) x Solving the equation (1) and (i) we get =m] f m= dn= 2 | - : ere) Konda Remarks : F’= 3 formula is only applicable, when mass of system remains Fig. 1598 ; then P= mY + Wt is us constant. When mass of system continuously changes; then F”= m 4-4 vis used, YOUR STEP _Aballoon of mass nis found to accelerate up the rate of &- How much water shouldbe pu inside the baoon so that it may accelerate doven atthe rate off p} 5 v1.60 == concerr “This system can be treated as follow {re} on) Farina ip 1604 “The acceleration of al blocks are in similar manner, sothat all | Tam blocks can be assumed as a single system = pas Ee ml, But per ‘sxom)9 Fig. 1.60 where aplied force mg > fi, (limiting “ on)os DISCUSSION (PART ‘Then, blocks start to move. ‘When mag emg (omp=m g>2kg 2kg 3, acceleration of blocks willbe zero. When kc, lcs havenon zo seen qa n magne " = sowuTion For non-zero aceleraton ti Step I: Draw force diagrams ofall bodies separately. es] | Step II: Write all possible dynamics equations: 1 From ig. 160 (©)! m0 mog-T=mge ” Fig. 1.60 From fig. 1.60(D): ym 1s T=T\-l=me efron ToT,tmg=me To m9 Fig, 160 From fig 1.60(E): Ng= Mg Ty-1Ng= mg 4% ie Ty kamg = m0 Step IIT: By solving eqn. (i), (i) ii), we get ma} Hie ss “e _ tto= Kem + mg Tg 1 petit moms Fig. 1.60 mot + 2 4 ‘Remarks : If pulley is massless and frictionless, across pulleys the force of tension will remain constant. (shown in fig 1.60 F). The direction of force of tension i always away from the pulley. ae ‘YOUR STEP m7 In figure 1.60, the strings and pulleys are masts, and theres po fiction Find (the tensions inthe srngs. G)iheacceeration ofthe system{ ang _Sme. gy 8 (a) T= =D" Tae Gos YG Fig. 1.606“TH FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS e vist «= concer In this type of problem, find the accelerations of bars without contact. From fig (1.514), vo emssina iN) kymg eos a 1 7 or wiagsina-k geo a o Similarly, from fig (1.61 B): w= gsin ah gcos a “ When ki . Fig. LOLA Fig. L618 In this case, both bars move separately with respective accelerations w and wp, Also, interaction force between bars will be zero When Ky > ky then my <1. I means both bars move together with common acceleration. | SOLUTION ky>hy 2 wi=%2=tw (common acceleration) In this case, both bars are treated as a system of mass (m; +m) [shown in fig. (1.51 C)]: Here Fy=0 Ny=mg cosa Na=Mgg cos a (om, + mg) g sin. kyNy — Na = (my +9) ww Fig. L61€ Fig. L6LD70 DISCUSSION PART, alt Ma) sn. ky $605 kya §cO8 Gm +m) (@) From the free diagram ofbar of mass my : (shown in fig. 1.61 D) Putting he value of, my gsina+F—kymgcos a= my patching cos aa a ne ttt ma in fy cos aKa 608 (om +) ‘As we know when ar decreases, the value of sin a decreases but that of cos o increases from the ‘xprssion of acceleration wit seer that for minimum value of 2 shouldbe minimum. fut 2 a (mm) sin. a= ym ¢c08 = Hama g OS 5 (im, + mg) or (om, gg sin 2 hy mg c08 a+ a rg cos sym + Hama or tang 2 mt tat mt tan omay = hae ‘yp YOUR STEP For the arrangement shown in the figure 1.61 E, if (0 kg, mi, = 10 kg, M = 20 kg and the co-efficient of friction between the wedge and the floor is1= 0-4 then. (@) Determine the acceleration of block (© Find the magnitude and direction of friction on the wedge. ( (a) Zero; (6) 501N (rightwards)) Fig. L61E v162 © SOLUTION “This problem can be solved in two steps : Step I: When the body is moving up on the inclined plane (shown in fig. 1.62 A) Here Nemgcosa ‘The acceleration of the body is ‘mg sin +N wy =( MRS SFEN ). _ (sin a+ kg cos a) Let body is projected with speed tp along the inclined plane (along the x-axis). After time f, body reaches at point P (v=0) (shown in fig. 1.62 B). Let OP=s 0), o-(292)ueBs‘THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS af 2s = Veamarigana ’ M27 @sin ag cosa) Step II: When the body starts to return from point P, the acceleration is y= BEBO H EOS Gn 1.62) =gsin a kgcosa. along PQ. y Fig. 162 Fig. 1.62 > an DISCUSSION (PART) Eig oat af ieeeeceaa eee . (= Ving ~ Vgsina— kg cos a : bent Putting the viaue of f and ts from equations (i) and (i), we get rfienfan -o According to the problem, wren Remarks : When resistance is taken in account, the time of ascent is lesser than the time of descent. ‘YOUR STEP Asmallbody s projected directly up aplaneindined aan angleato the horizontal with inital velocty Up given by, = 2gh sin a+ pcos a) ‘Where x is the coefficient of friction. Show that it traverses a distance and that it stays atthe highest Position iftan a u, find its velocity when it returns to the starting point and explain the difference between the initial and final kinetic energies. 1 : [2gh (sin ap cos ays v1.63 a rac aptie al Mencia dame ti Ronnies te OM, bee ieee pied nono en ofgeday rles pag Thecoien ees eee eae te ae Fig. 1.63.8, Fisk e080) $$ sss, magsina, * 7 Fagrkamg 0080, Fig. 1638 Case 1: For moving m in downward direction along inclined plane ‘Condition I: mig sin 6, > mt g sin 8 Condition I: mr g sin 8 ~ mp @sin 8p >kym,g cos 8, +Kyma g cos 8» ‘Case II: When m moves in downward direction along inclined plane. For th Condition 1: m; g sin 0, Kym g €08 0, + Fama g cos 0, ‘Case III: For remaining the system in ret. (accelerations, w = 0,102 =0) Condition : | my g sin 8 ~ mg sin @ | < kyr, c0s 8 + korg gc0s O = SOLUTION (a) The given system can be represented as fig. 1.63 (C)‘THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS Fig 163 For moving ma, in downward direction : im g> mig sin Also, “smag=mt gsin a> Fy or mg gy g Sin > ko COs ck Dividing both sides by my. We get or Fae gsin a> hg cose or My gin a +keos a m (©) For moving m, in upward direction : mgsin o> mg Also, mm gsina—mag> Fr, or my g sin a~ my g> km; g.cos & Dividing both sides by my, we get sina-">keosa or “2 mg, then Im gsina—mg | =mg sina—mag amy g sin a ma g

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"2 (sino keo8 2B ii) eadiv) Ans.DISCUSSION (PART) ™ ‘YOUR STEP (1 Block A of mass m and block B of mass 2m. are placed on a fixed Inlangular wedge by means of a masses, inexensble string and frictionless pulley as shown in igure 163 D. The wedge is inclined at 45° to the horizontal on both side. The coefficient of friction between bck A and wedge sand that between block Band the wedges 3. I the system of A and Bis released from rst, ind (a) the acceleration of A Fig. 468 (©) tension inthe sting () the magnitude and cretion of et acting on A. mg (©temapnneand detent teem ang.) za, @) MEME) BE downward) vis "= concert This problems fully based upon problem 1.63 = sowuTION ‘According to equations of solution of problem. but Also, From egn. (i), (i) and (ii), we get Fae keosassing ‘This condition satisfies the condition of problem. So, the acceleration of min downward direction (ale orm previous problem From force dagram of my hown nig L648) tv) T=myg sin r= him g c00 a ‘After solving eqn. iv) and (v); we get faeces “N)‘THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS 5 oe) nosina-keosa)” TH =005 5° YOUR STEP Blocks A and Bof masses mi, and mis reston the fixed wedge. The coefficient of friction between the wedge and the blocks, k< tan 30°, Find the range of the ratio mg tomg so that there will be no motion. (as). S) vies = SOLUTION Since, applied force F=at depends upon time. So, ths problem is divided into two steps. Step 1 Att =0, applied force Fis zero. When f increases, applied force increases. Lat at! = fo the applied force is equal to force of limiting friction between blocks. When ¥< fo then applied force isles than limiting friction. It means no relative motion is found between the bar and plank. So, both move with common acceleration 1. ‘ wsm=0 When <0 In this case, both (Plank + bar) can be taken as a system. or F = mgt ~ kag = (w2~ wy) => Fag = mya F-kng 7 atkmng am bb of) Calculation for ots the time at which a just starts tostide on m Tt means at! =fy =O From equation (li) Femi wy when ff, wa =0 Hom mae P 9 or ty=kmg-+ mn mg tgskmg + mn a wong EEE albus seat Theses ip esr ef bg Fr crete nad6 DISCUSSION (PART, ‘YOUR STEP 4) In the given fg. 1.65 B, find acceleration of block 4B.Cand. 2) Atrain of mass 311° ig is originally at rest ona level Sack Iisscted on by ahontonal force Fwhih unlormly ogy a —~ A 1] increases with the time, in such a way that F=0, when * Caer Teoraswhentsls;Fbangmenuredintinweighttin — pye0 Second, When in motion, the rain may beast fo be e 31] Beted on by fictional force of 3 tone: Find the tant of #303 sarting. Clog loelog es (Qyonvs' gms gg ms TpAVs yet @)t=9sec.) Fig. 1.653 v1.56 "© SOLUTION ‘The acceleration of block is 7a nal ‘g(sina-Kcosa) For being to minimum, !?is also minimum 409 * ie“THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS {sea dad § dai | sina—Keosa or delame tesa cos a+ k sin a) sec a— tan asec a (sin a—K C080) _ 9 (in a keos oy? or cosa +ksin a =tanasin ak tan «cos o or 05 a tan arsin a= —2k-sin or cos? a sin? a = 2k sin cos a. ay ww(-1) After putting the values an! YOUR STEP ‘oad ots st bere by ape romeo rt hough hight he maximum sion Ae ea ag lw lik mnium anim whch emertcanbe made oft} ag 7167 "© SOLUTION ‘Step I: Draw force diagram of the bar (shown in fig. 1.67 A), Tain 7 nt ‘Step II: Write the possible dynamics equation. For just starts the motion of bar, acceleration should be negligible (w= 0), s BFy=0 or N+T sin B=mg cos « or Nemg cosa-T'sin Ako, "eee =e 2 Teos B= mg sin a+ kN or Teos B= mg sin a+ k (mg cos a~T'sin B) or T cos B+KT sin B=mg sin a-+k mg cos & or T (cos + ksin B)= mg sin +k mg cos ings kg os @ 7 cos B+ksin B* DISCUSSION (PART) Btan a (608 cf) Cs = "cos Bos a+-sin P sina _ (rag sin o-+ k mg cos a) cos cos (B= a) Forbeing Trin 0s (B~0) should be maximum bi ae (For minimum value of T) ss “ rocmatena A, [danreare| Jaren mag 1+ tan? minds ae as YOUR STEP “Aheavy particle is placed on a rough plane inclined at an angle ato the horizontal and is connected. bby stretched weightless string AP toa fixed point Ain the plane. If AB be the line ofthe greatest slope and 6 the angle PAB when the particle ison the point of slipping, show that sin @ = y cot a. Vie "© CONCERT ‘The value of normal reaction is Butk=tana T, Neo [tthe time of break off the surface, N=0 "= SOLUTION ‘Step I: Draw the force diagram, N/EsnaaF Roy C_Feonn x ie Ine} y Fig. 1.68.4 Step II: Write possible dynamics equations :‘THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS Here Let after time fg, the kody is breaking the surface. Att=to.N=0. From eqn. (i), N+Fsina=mg Nemg-at sina, (O=mg—alpsin mg Step IIT: Apply differential formula of acceleration : Here from eq. (i) 80, (a) Atthe time of break off, Putting the value of fg, from e9. =) lil) forbreak off the surface (iy YOUR STEP ‘The collar of mass m slides up the vertical shaft under the action of a force F of constant magnitude but variable direction. If (0 =Ht, determine the magnitude F ofthe force that will result in thecollar coming toresta 0 reaches. The coefcent of knee ee elope fenthn Fig. 1.468DISCUSSION (PARTI) v169 ‘Step I: Represent the position att =O and at =! (shown in fig. 1.69 A) y 79 te ns * ave Fig. L694 #8 Step Il: Write the dynamic equations at instant : Fsina+N=mg (from fig. 1.69 B) os 2 Nemg-Feing Also, Feosa= me or ccoesmm or "Ecosse =m Foosa Fe 3 ae w=$ cosas a ‘Here acceleration w= f(s) ete “or YOUR STEP If the minimut force required to drag a heavy body on a rough horizontal surface be n een aed hen be edoed to tbe hoseonta tc angie of Ceten nd he coin of friction. O21) v1.70 a a "= CONCEPT m bor metor| “The figure of problem is shown i fig. 1.70 (A) oy ‘Step I: Draw force diagram separately. mena ye ‘Step I: Write all possible dynamics equations. t From fig. (1.70 B) perk ef ce‘THEFUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS a1 T—fy=2mo, According to problem, 1 =w © From fig. 170(C): Thong = muy i) ‘Subtracting eqn. (ii) from (i) we get = T= 2kmg = 2m T=kmg= men, = kmg = 2mw — mw Gili) w= 20+ hg Step IM: Use kinematics relation: Letafter time t, they collide to each other. #1 = distance travelled by bar in time: que 52 =distance travelled by motor body in time = For collision, stqel 1 ypPel eye Lopate! Putting the value of w, from eq, (ii) we get \(qea) ‘YOUR STEP Find accelerations of i,m and 3 m as shown in fig 1.70 C. The wedge is fixed. The coefficient of friction between wedge and 3 m is 05, Fig 1706 {All other surfaces are frictionless. {82 DISCUSSION (PART v171. Wo oe i The problem is based upon the pseudo force, Pseudo force only deperids on acceleration of reference frame and mass of body Tacs on the body in f ‘opposite direction of acceleration of reference frame. Pseudo force F = muy Here m=mass of body (mass of pulley) 19 = acceleration of reference frame. The figure of problem is shown in fig. 171 (A). Step T: Draw the force diagram of bodies and pulley in the frame of elevator From fig. (1.71 B) Fig 171A a 7] | mo m2 Fg 1718 ‘zip +m §~T = Wt efi) To From fig (1.71C) T= (omag + my106) = my Wye i) Here tg = acceleration of bodies with respect to clevator cat 1 From fig. (171 D) rt Ty=2T + mw eam but pulley 1s massless. m=0 Fig. L71D, To=2T Here Ty= force of interaction between pulley and celling of car. (2) Adding equation (i) and (i), gig + my ¢-T= M21 T= g mytvp = tpt Gia ma) WO (2 28 )e~dG) aah)1g FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS 83 m—my, m2[fsal- 2 =[am rm |B ol > fm=m 9 =» Sau Se om |@ Wo Fy ‘Acceleration of, with respect toclevatorshaft Elevator shafts fixed to ground. So, the acceleration 1 of my with respect to elevator shat is actual acceleration of my. wo ‘According to fig. 171 E, \e- Wo+wo _(om= ma) +20 wo (my + mg) (@) Putting the value of wt in ean: (i), we get _ 2mm @—) mm Penn Pci =o ° my + my Fe20t YOUR STEP The masses of bodies shown in figure 171 F are iq =1 kg, mp=2 kg and mc =1 kg: ‘A variable force F = 201 is applied on the massless pulley ‘as shown. Find the relative velocity between body B and ‘A, when body C has acquired a velocity of 25 m/s. (g=10mvs) (20 m/s} ‘smooth Fig L71F vin ‘Step I Draw force diagram of bodies separately From fig. 172A, Ty- mg sin =m A) From fig. 1.72 B Ty=2h nil)84 DISCUSSION (PaRT) An Fig: L72A, From fig. 1.72.C Step II: Find the relation between accelerations : Itis basic idea that the total work done by the force tension on a system is zero. Let in small time t, 1m shifts upward for small distance xy and my shifts downward for small distance x2. Lup=0_ of Tyx-Tr or By Tyy=0=2y 7) ‘According to problem, mnt on lv) “After solving eqn. (i), (i), (ii), (iv) and (v), we get, “os en “net sea <. Butw) =W and gare in the same direction. = -2@n-sina) > we ¢ Remarks If movable pulley of pulleys ae present ina system then for sling the problem, the relation among accelerations of blocks are required. YOUR STEP In fig. .72 D, the mass m, rests on a horizontal surface of coefficient of friction k. Initially ma is held in position by hand and strings are taut ‘mais now released. (efor what minimum value cof mz does m move ?(b) lfm is greater than this, rminimum value calculate acceleration of my. 7 ee mm Fig.‘THUFUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS a vin : Step 1: Draw force diagram separately For force-iagram of mand my we ature that observer isituntd at movable pulley (sonnet reference frame). From fig. 173 (A), Ty= mo -() From fig. 1.73 (8), To=2T nN Re w Th 4m foe he C0 y fe pet mei & L 9 Movabe pulley pe ye FipW3A Fig L73B Fipc Fig 73D From fig.1.73 (©), T+ muy mg = mito From fig. 173 (D), imag = T= mag = matt From eqn. (i) and (i), we get Putting the value of Tin eqn. 8 my mg = Ms lv) ag =m wt Malipying eqn. 0) by mand (i) by m hen subtracting. PP yma mya F= ME mime z HORA ay smay — mya 8 Mya 4+ = (engaig + mymg + Army) ty = mya & Amyma mymg. +mymv9 2 mo 4mymg *) im (SB (sagem rim J" mm86 DISCUSSION (PART) Lat the actual acceleration of mis 2 * WeeWi-Wo Wi = 24 + 1p ag, maa + mg rm, = ma R1= Bret #O=T ntg mg my Fa) mde 5 _ Lamia +g (mn WA amig + thy (nh + m1) ap. YOUR STEP ra In the fg. 1.73 F, for what value of my does the pulley Pfemains a rest? Given (Ps that my =2 ig. m= 4 kg 533 ke! el Fig. 173 F viz Step I: Draw force diagram separately In fig. L74D, Pisa point on the string From fig 174A, ng = f= m0, mat 4) From fig. 1.74 B, Tf ) + if T wed | ' | ™ fod Ww es 2 1 ne Fig 174A Fp 1740 Fig. 74 From fig. L74C Mg~T= Mw, Mg —f=Mio, Me=f wy ti) ‘Step 1: Apply kinematic relation : lay ae Sr =Mred +5 Mra (Shown in fig. 1.74 D) Here Sree‘THEFUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS 87 Wat == teh om-wy)? a oa # : Ae ws * “Vig Me I Putting the value of wy and 12, mg Oba 2M Fig. 174 Q YOUR STEP, ‘Aheavy uniform chan of length 2 hangover small moth pulley, the length (+) beng on one ‘lds and (=e) on tue other lf the endothe shorter peton beheld and thn let go, show tat the chain will sip off the pulley in time‘) p w( ES) m) vis =F SOLUTION ‘Step I: From the figure, itis clear that when ball moves . Wy = +1, 5 Lye srt} ef VE Ve ® Step IT: Draw the force diagram separately, In fig. 1.75 A, Ty — mg =n, i) int 1758 neh a In fig. 1.75, wv) thom la | a i ‘Movable pulley iat Fig, 175A Fig. LSB Fig. L.75C Since, pulley is movable. So, relation among accelerations is essential. Let in small time f, ball moves upward a small distance x; and rod moves downward a small distance x. net workdone by force of tension = 0 Tin Taxa=0 2x1 -Te= or88 DISCUSSION (PART) wy =20 ) Also, m= nM Solving he ean (, (8.6 are (iv) and (x), we obtain wy +9: [ae 3@-mg Asec From eqn. (1), we get Putting the values we get ‘YOUR STEP ‘Thering m, and thebblock my are held in the position shown in the figure 1.75 D. Now the system is released. If my >, find ‘when the ring m; slides down along the smooth fixed vertical rod by the distance h [ou Wat fe |) ~ —+—__ Fig. L75D_ — v1.76 ‘Step I: Draw force diagram separately. According to problem, my = 171. From fig. 176A, 7 m9 7 m8 Fig. 1768 Fig. 176 B Fig-.76¢ From fig.1.76B, Since pulley is massless and frictionless, My=T, Gi) From fig. 1.76 C Ta mag = qh or Fag =miog or T= 2g =2r0 a) Since, pulley is movable, the relation between acceleration of m; and mis required. Letin small time tam moves downward a distance x and nz moves upward a distance x» Net work done by force of tenso Thx + Tex 2px +Tyx =0 Dey‘THETUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS 8 oa (lv) Discussion of motion : When m; will travel a distance k downwards, it Bree will come in contact with surface. (abruptly in rest). Also string becomes slack. During this time interval, the distance travelled by mig = 2 A fe After this time interval, string becomes slack and mz moves under an sravitational acceleration. “The velocity of my after traveling distance his v=; Qh) =2 Veo a For further motion, Fig 1.760 Putting the value of a, at ‘The maximum height attained by mis Ho=2+H dedi we qe emt ‘YOUR STEP In the pulley system shown in the fig. 176 E, the movable pulleys A,B, C are of mass 1 kg each, D and E are fixed pulleys. The strings are ‘vertical and inextensible. Find the tension in the string and the acceleration ofthe pulleys. Neglect any friction and mass of the string. Fig. L768a DISCUSSION (PARTH, vin "© SOLUTION ‘Step I: Draw force diagram separately. From fig. 17 B, mag-Nacosammau, “ Infig. 1776, npcosa Nasina=nisty ‘pMacose i) [me E ae tm Fie 17 Fi 177 In fig. 1770, tang=a4 (ii) According to problem, 1 a ‘After solving eqn. i) (i), (i) and iv), we get Nasina oe ay 8 Fig L77D (+n ecot® a) & Tana+neotoy YOUR STEP The mass ofeach ofthe three blocks is 10kg (shown in figi77E) tne a Coefficients of static fiction and dynamic friction at each surface of contact are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Determine the acceleration Si fenat of each block when the three horizontal forces are applied (shown inthe igure) {a4 =0.162 m/s" ap=4.11 mvs" a¢=0.162 mvs" ssn c Fig oT E“THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS, viz "© CONCERT This problemis solved by the help of force diagrams (as previous problems). We may also solve these types of problems by using work energy theorm. Ww=aK Igebrai sum of work done by all types of forces AK= change in Kinetic energy Step I: Determine the displacement ofeach body pardculatly ™ form Fig LBA When mass m moves downward a distance x, thesystem (m + M) moves forward withsameamountsx. fy wt Fig. 78 B Fig. LI8C Step Il: Show the forces on each body clearly Work done on triangular block due to vertical forces is zero because no displacement in triangular “| 4Ny | 7 “HER tale} vials | : Te block takes place in vertical direction. Only work is done on triangular block due to forces in horizontal direction. Work done on triangular block is W; ‘work done on block of mass mt is Wo= Ne ~kNe— Tx + mig ke oT r= Nx Initial kinetic energy =0 Final kinetic energy moBot ey Met AK= change in kinetic energy =m +} mo? 2DISCUSSION (PART), According to work-energy theorems weak oy 49,= mo +} mt puting the value of an Te NeeNe-ite-Teomgeoimt eva reget EMD Differentiating both sides with respect tot, From fig, 1.78 E, or or Step HIT: Draw acceleration diagram of bodies separately : ewan | w Fig. L78F ‘The acceleration of triangular block is ‘The acceleration of block of mass mis tq = Vo" +0? = Vw Ye 2akeM ™ wyew“THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS 93 ‘YOUR STEP Inthe pulley system shown n fig. .78G, thebottom surface of A is smooth, while coefficient of fiction, between bottom surface of B and floor is 02. and that serve A and Cis ples ae masses and tones Tnd he action tek Cen that mas 1B5ip.m=Bkeme= 1 She = ey 2 Fig. 1.78G eee ime : vip = concert Ir sceleration in bat is zero. Then the boy (1) wil slip on bar rightward and the body (2) moves dowmarsl To preven sipping ne free on eich body sald be zee in the frame of bar (owner Saeranc eae = soLUTION inf LDA, Tem +h Teneo Nemw iN sr ‘es meat so Jw Ob. tro Fie LDA Fie 1298 ‘From (ii) and (iii), we get asefiv) From (and (iv), we get » ot) +h Since, relative acceleration of body with respect to bar (Ww) is zero : So, the valive of w in eqn. (v) is minimum value of w. YOUR STEP Inaytershownin fg1.79C the coefcet otatiton serweonm ands $andthat between mand ts 3A ether suaces ae fins, Given that M= 1h a teens a andy Bhp 1) Wht mininu orce Fnat be ppd oso that does not slip on M. (©) What is the maximum value of F for which m, does not slip on mz ? {(@) 17.71N@) 14715 N)