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SOPa— solid seredace rockin (fet) fre so feria Cee Se es Ho agai: surdae frickin *% hw de work LENS some kinekic eee» Freer actancenk Fluid Losere a excwomge — Proce: Tho AL velocity F TAle Ale hemodks Gf Solid Aryere SOW deere VS " bool ok & cerckain poi ahe boundary Cayere sip be Ser mye Le able Av keep skicking odkkere Worn AzL Lumdany Laver i) be Fee) From zAhe surehoce Théyn Phenomenon in led kha eal dose re serarakion - “ The point on hAa by ees heundery Layerr 12 On ane, to AKin called Verge of Separcakion from areal a poink of Separekion- oss a iw WD Derive“ 4enertel | Von Kerman Pakeattel — Mewes Nea aytdon, 4. Ori Bene tee erm 72 cafe lade ne on R Stat pUrhe © wrckhed bared om # Ao Non caeerac Sty a | Of Which Ae teak : EPL Work eaunkion by nm dug Plaka, RAx aun of a bounkry Aayere alors coMd be rey forece Sheare Skruen and “Khe dakaruvined { Sharching freon corn be old fo He Gaining OF Ake ple ee dod Lamina and 7 Ae Webbed Kurcbutewk — baandary AVEM)- Lek — A®up be a ama =e fins pounder €lemenk of A boundary " foster (he edue ep =; Lv c Terreenemks AKL owkere alee — fate eo Thin smooth Plaka | dott re > cs Fig phown ~ Fluid Flowing over. ¢ — A a Bee Blake WI Frees. = rem = vilecity U- Gnaidac a a mel) *mBAW da of Lin Alakes ah om he eat . ea Ahe deading ede ao shay In Fiauree, The enbreaed view of AM PMA Length Of Zhe plate in ain Sho” ° Consider UNTA WILK Of Ahn plake rerpondic me KD Virce hen, Ff Ling ° an- —_ Jin Lier reake of Ak flnid evdenivg Argh AP ré J eudy Min © how uw feaving, Aare Be a iia (fF Bt Gaia iice [ur Flos rdf fia ewker'mg AK ent S - é on aly 4 E [Seon] + [eK dn ue & ae 2 in desgrod ee NERA isan oe STE a Pounderey condihion, Ak we % $e O- “ 9 Isun 2 & Agim Wr enon, medic ay Zz Vincont Vz A isn 2 - a -—o_ = Ant Renold Wo’ > isin | Se Rae CPN Ow oS 78 » go 25 OK e v a Ge _ S4FIZ2 sy SS a Ren Ren a - S99 Bale = 6S RteIN V Ron Lounckry Leer fh sn Rak PIA in gevertcy Aros — Baandary Layer FleN Over by Covdinuity amd Kh Neviet shone eruatiom: Fe, Ano dimensional | Sfheacty ARAL, Invcomeransivie Hon Ith Zerte preamrce acadienk overt a Fink Plake , DU 41 Qv =o —Do . “DM DB A v ov oH ua yoy at ay ay nw The Sound condi Kiem ACL Yeo, O2¥e0, Ya, + U=% pondivy ectan of Ae plate ir dem can be Doplisied We have 4% Asssomvsy het Ae reo and 4 plake is infivifely Lora, Ahir 299 fourth, ea (ODE + Te ole Ahi weanakioyy Ahh teerdr, = Was be Vas ; it Te yaar khin quanckiay climenienlan 1% can te by 3 S$ £ i we y o e« JY Ee gore 1 Heres, y Fim) is Mi dimemiontey 5k Learn kr Te Velotihky caw 2 NWA UA Whi in ual A BS 4Boundary Layer Theory and Flow Over Surfaces 325 {twas assumed that no body forces or pressure forces are present. Only surface forces due to viscosity is considered. du At the bottom surface shear = dey 2 mu ata At the op surface shear ary St 2 [24a] dy 5 au ‘The net shear on the element is Wye Ady, noting v= wp au au au juating, and simplifying, 2% « 2% 10.1.3) ie ting, and simplifsing, woE + St = 0 10. ‘This is known as momentum eq tion for the boundary layer. v is also called as ‘momentum diffusivity. In ease of pressure gradient along the flow — : Ea has to added on the RUS, 10.1.4 Solution for Velocity Profile The continuity and momentum equations should be simultaneously solved to obtain the velocity profile. The boundary conditions are au w= 0, Wi) aty= uu, 5 =0 (aty [The solution for these equations was obtained by Blasius in 1908 first by converting the partial differential equation into a third order ordinary differential equation and then using numerical method. ‘The two new vaiables introduced were where y is the stream function giving and f Gp = w/foxu (0.1.4) ay us gy and on (10.1.8) ‘The resulting ordinary differential equation is ap df ae */ Gat = 10.1.6) the boundary conditions with the new variables are at y=0, n=0 and x Chapter 10cone A” Dero hed Fiid Mechanics a 326 ‘The results where plotted with wi_as the depe independent variable resulting in a plot as shown in Fig. 10.1.4 why = 099 ‘Slope 0.392 5 19 20 30 40 50 Win Ry Figure 10.1.4 Velocty distribution in boundary layer id Machinery e ortnyas the ndent vairable and yy- "The value of ys)"= where wit, = 0.99 is found to be 5. This y value is taken as the boundary layer thickness 5 as per the definition of thickness of boundary layer. 5 Sx_ 5x ie, reece 7 : = 6x Re, (10.1.7) : Blea Toe = 6, or B= Emre Tale Urer Res ‘This equation was more precisely solved in 1983 by Howarth. The significance of Reynolds number has already been explained under dimensional analysis es the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Velocity gradient at the surface is of greater importance because it decides the shear on the surface at y = 0 au 2 equals the value of pw, faux ss, atn=0 ef dy’ is obtained as 0.332 Substituting this value and replacing » by wp and simplifying p= 0.982 pu,?/ JF Defining skin fiction coefficient, C, as +,(W/2)pu_2, we obtain Cpe = 0.664 Re,-05 ‘The average value over length L can be obtained by using From the solution, at 1 = 0, the value of 1 1 om 7] ee = 1.828 Re,-06can b= Se Wetremed ~~, = 8 _ de 2% ao h ip en B= BE ene SONG yp U~ Us $'C) Trenmeranse EET 1 (ae Cot 09 er) ao ~ 28 = 2 AS Now from ean CO (ty divs Ae abr, Hr KO) ~ Ue afin OO Fe (G@euce ~foo) a z: iy wn Sf") » Fa) & Soy £CN =, Wik odandarry en neo f= aE A = VAL Yeo, Koo Y Ak Yoo, VAP, iti) Ak dnd, UU 5 _ NO 4, sesth = ( > Traomneeng with Phitia, boundaay Grd Fem he ceeh, & % \ oe = 6-405 2 La’ =o «SUVS os ma Zn -\= Bd sh. tn dhe sat? Vw / Way Accmneahe saV8 have brem ObAn\nad by Monee} iMesradion . Some daruteled Valunn of hemy Fol{ows— Clock dey ' OL are (4) = ; Bvape f WG cou VAR a ppreachas f. only A be aes J206 ar lo ae on S2qp Si cuntomany 26 selerk AM 64 og. weM2 | BL rtivenen § 09 Mek | 0.8 59928 ( , 0.99 Pork — Whore om 2099+ | fee From AK Bain Kir -—— ~ _ oar when Wes i) 0: 9 1S” 4.cu Nad NES “ 5 NE 98 oF a - 58 oe & - ox Vow NG « Dehn gn Frickion Frekore. Derive Ale enrranion ent Sten Forkor Fore Lamina Leo Am. ke skin Arciction Foon (y) In defined av Aha teakio of Shean tan at th Plaka 0 the dy warmie Load ZIT cevned br Free Hrrcem veleclty ] 2u Ea 4 * feo ao vin Keremen en Ga rovds — Were, Am ee&& o 2 ae og o Ge) c Me abe = 2a 5.50 View = 4aN(Re s.sKw ah Dye PAWN Rew <6 5.5% x CUT 2 0: 23« (Rm i For vin Varcman 20% hue dye Leow, uw oe uw 20 (%-£ ) a = = “z= da ed S “7s = feli-g) 9 fen i any w 8-S is § ss and, a ED = geo 1Chap 7: Boundary Layer If the movement of fluid is not affected by its viscosity, it could be treated as the flow of ideal fluid , therefore its analysis would be easier. The flow around a solid, however ,cannot be treated in such a manner because of viscous friction. Nevertheless conly the very thin region near the wall is affected by this friction. Prandtl identified this phenomenon and had the idea to divide the flow into two regions. They are: 1. the region near the wall where the movement of flow is controlled by the fictional resistance 2. the other region outside the above not affected by the friction and, Development of boundary layer The distance from the body surface when the velocity reaches 99% of the velocity of the main flow is defined as the boundary layer thickness 6. The boundary layer continuously thickens with the distance over which it flows. This process is visualized as shown in the below Figure. However, viscous flow boundary layer characteristics for external flows are significantly different as shown below for flow over a flat plate: Uso laninar t0 edge of boundary layer (x) I ~——l ‘The most important fluid flow parameter is the local Reynolds number defined as : 2X UX pe, Vek Vat nae Transition from laminar to turbulent flow typically ‘occurs at the local transition Reynolds number which for flat plate flows can be in the range of $00,000 < Reg 2 3,000, 000 bvlered, it is useful to use the When the flow distribution and the drag oe gates following displacement thickness 8* and momentum Displacement thickness 6* ye same "= distance the solid surface would have to be displaced to maintain thi mass flow rate as for non-viscous flow. ‘Therefore, with an expression for the local velocity profile we can obtain 5* = (3) Example: =(2)- =e \5 determine an expression for 8 = (5) 3 Note that for this assumed form for the velocity profile: 1. Aty =0, u=0 correct for no slip condition 2. At y= 5, u= Uso correct for edge of boundary layer let ney, aty= u 0: aty=5. nek: dy=5dn Therefore: =29-17 7 > Substituing: iG-27 + Sanaa) 1 un oat 6. This closely approximates flow for a flat plate. which yields Momentum Thickness 0: The concept is similar to that of displacement thie i the loss of momentum du to viscous effect inthe Baaedac ™ oe pU70= of ww —wdy -f4{ -4) . eat 7a UT i aThe momentum thickness 0 equates the momentum decrease per unit time due to the existence of the body wall to the momentum per unit time which passes at velocity U through a height of thickness @, The momentum decrease is equivalent to the force acting on the body according to the law of momentum conservation. Therefore the drag on a viscosity can be obtained by using the momentum thickness body generated by the Drage on a flat plate Consider the viscous flow regions shown in the adjacent figure. Define a control volume as shown and integrate around the control volume to obtain the net change in momentum for the control volume. If D = drag force on the plate due to viscous flow, we can write =D =E( momentum leaving cv.) -¥ (momentum entering ev. ) “The drag force on the plate is given by the following momentum integral across the exit plane pdt? Dix) = pb | u(U — a) dy, where bis the plate width into the paper - was derived in 1921 by Karman, who wrote it in the ‘The above Equi convenient form of the momentum thickness 0 : Dix) = phe o- [Eli He js thus a measure of total plate drag. Karman then noted that the ‘Momentum thickness stress along the plate drag also equals the integrated wall shear Dix) =b [ aul) de 7a Kérmin arrived at what is now called the ns 5 By comparing the above equatio ser poundary-lyer ow momentum integral relation for yu 0 “" - flat-plate flow It is valid for either laminar or turbulent pl famine fer med that the velocity To get a numerical result for laminar flow, Karman assu profiles had an approximately parabolic shape By substituting (2) into(1) and integrating from 0 to x, assuming that 6= 0 at x=0, the leading edge fa ss(q)"= (3) Rey? This is the desired thickness estimate. We define the boundary layer thickness 8 as the locus of points where the velocity u parallel tothe plate reaches 99% of the external velocity so that the above value of 68 is represented about 10% higher than the known exact solution for laminar flow, the accepted formulas for flat-plate flow 6 50 Blasius (1908) By combining this Equation and (2), we also obtain a shear i along the plate @ shear-stress estimate (4)The dimensionless quantity of called the skincfriction coefficient, is analogous to the friction factor fin ducts. Again this estimate, in spite of the crudeness of the Profile above assumption is only 10% higher than of exact solution . So the known exact laminar-plate-flow solution of of as the following : 0.664 With the profile known, Blasius, of course, could also compute the wall shear and displacement thickness (5) 45 Thee eotimnis ar only 6 percent avay from the exat solutions for laminar flat pl 6 72 ( Exact solution of the displacement thicknesss ) Notice how close these are to our integral estimates, Eqs. (3), (4), and (5). we have O.a22p!2 hs TA) = a ye 332pu? Rep? 0. TAN) = we compute the total drag force a) Day sb |) rtar dv = 0.664p"3p!2U "2 The drag increases only as the square root of the plate length. The nondimensional drag coefficient is defined as ‘Thus the drag on one side in the airflow is D=Cpxp"bL EXAMPLE ‘A sharp flat plate with L= | m and 6= 3 m is immersed parallel to a stream of velocity 2 m/s. eeeer Find the drag on one side of the plate, an 8%, and @ for (a) air, p= 1.23 kg/m’ and v p= 1000 kg/m’ and v=1.02« 10% m/s and atthe trailing edge find the thicknesses § 1.46% 10% m/s, and (b) water, VE _ (2.0 m/sy/1.0 m 3 = 137,000 vy 16x 1078 ris Since this is less than 310°, the boundary layer is laminar. The drag coefficient is : 0.00359 ‘Thus the drag on one side in the airflow is, D= CospU"bh. = 0.00359 11.2312.0)°3.04 1.0) = 0.0265 N Dp : We find the other two thicknesses simply by ratios: B= 405 mm 6 = >= 1.79 mm ot Part (b) ‘The water Reynolds number is 2.01.0) Re; “ed = 1.96 x 10" = an x 19% = 196 X 10" This is rather close to the critical va x108 free steam Metical value of3 x10, so that a rough surface or noisy might trigger transition to turbulence; but le is might ap © furbulence; but let us assume that the flow is laminar. The coefficient is = 0.000949 D= 0.00094913)(1000)12.0)%3.0\(1.0) =S570N ‘The drag is 215 times more for water i water in spite of the hi lower drag ‘Pit of the higher Reynolds number and coefficient because water is 57 times mo ‘iscou and - vd i nser From Ea(),ia laminar flow, it shoud oe GN (arnt dese than ie times more drag, The boundary-layer hicks wen? " =7.53 (285) =215 = 0.003571.00857¢ 1000 mm) 1721 5.0 ad 6=1.23 mm ‘The water layer is 3.8 times thinner than the air layer, which reflects the square root of the 14.3 ratio of air to water kinematic viscosity, Turbulent flow A Prandtl, is pointed out that the turbulent profiles can be approximated by a one-seventh-pawer law yur (aan 7 (3) There is no exact theory for turbulent flat-plate low, the most widely accepted result imply an integral analysis similar to our study of the laminar-profile approximation . We begin with the same equation , which is valid for laminar or turbulent flow With this simple approximation, the momentum thickness can easily be evaluated: 5) y\ty Ww (2) x ae (3) ['- (3) Oia one From the definition of cy, it can be rewritten as _ de oe ds ‘A Prandtl is simplified the friction law as the following a suggestion of power-law approximation > Rez! = 6) = 0.02 Reg” = 24Ne ; flows at 201 mvs past a wing At sim and a wingspan of 12m, smaber for correlating the lift = 1.66 * 10° ke/m.s. + Air, equivalent to a Standard Altitude o whic has a thickness of 18 em, a chord length of i What is the appropriate value of the Reynolds and drag of this wing? Take p=0.819 kg/m’ + Ans: 1.5% 10" i it of immersed in a flow of water at as is encountering (a) creeping (0007 For water, take p = Qs: A smooth ceramic sphere (6.2 = 2 velocity 25 em/s. What is the sphere diameter if iti + (b) transition to turbulence, Rey = 250, ee Ans: 105m I motion, Red= 998 kg/m’ and pt Qu: Air, p “1.2 kg/m’ and = 1.8% 10° kg/m, flows at 10 m/s past a flat plate. At the trailing edge of the plate, the following velocity profile data are measured: ym 0105 ois Ome Oa Oe 24.0} 5.0 60 ams 0 175 347-658 «= «8.70 9.681000 100 MU —w.ms: 0 14H 22.66 H3t 310 0.0 00 [f the upper surface has an area of 0.6 m”, estimate, using momentum concepts, the fiction drag, in newtons, on the upper surface. Take the relation of | F = pil ut! ny friction drag as Ans: 0.073 b Qs: Given the parabolic profile with the the flat-plate momentum analysis : a sin( 3) Compute momentum-integral estimates of, ‘more accurate sinusoidal profile and repeat Os, 3x. and 8/0 ‘kg/m? and = 1.8%10° kom, .s. Estimate: (H) the local shear stress at the pad ence om, 5Reg! = 9,79 8 9,7) dikes dy ~ diRey Separate the variables and integrate, assuming 8 = 0 at x= & 016 Res ~ 0.16 Re or ‘we obtain the friction variation 00 Rey? of Writing this out in dimensional form, we have s _ 0.0135 pp 7 UN Fossa f y Turbulent plate friction drops slowly with x, increases nearly as p and U", and is rather insensitive to viscosity. We can evaluate the drag coefficient ee 0031 Cp = - ae Rel Re} Then the drag on both sides of the plate : D = 2Cptypl" yl. XAMPLE hydrofoil 0.366 m long and 1.82m wide is placed in a water flow of 12.9 m/s, with p = 1025.3 kg/m? and v =1.02x 10% m/s. (a) Estimate the boundary- layer thickness at the end of the plate. Estimate the friction drag for (b) turbulent smooth-wall flow from the leading edge, (c) laminar turbulent flow with Reres = Re, = Ea 4.30 10" Thus the trailing-edge flow is certainly turbulent, The maximum boundary-layer thickness would : occur for turbulent flow starting at the leading edge. ee § = 0.0065 m Reve For fully turbulent smooth-wall flow, the drag coefficient on one side of the plate is, 0.031 0.031 = = p= — =. 0.00349 Co= Rel Co = (436 x 10") 7 ptlirigegeniaiaeicU, (b) the boundary layer thi Element, and (¢) the boundary-layer velocity 1, in m/s, at $ em above the element take P= 12 ky/m” and 7= LSE Cope q Py wh Kaya Palen A so mm din electric Se w connected ee sted ona oom Ord Dokermine Kh citag Forte eneied oe EX jar Sockun of Ake NIT during Se dicey Con @Sficienk ta os and AAR aid In Shore & @ tA OS Ae aceon Kh @irce ak Qokemhe Big demity 12 9/ni- Sle Here, @ we nor, vo oom ve An the boundary Layer» Cganinar ro Aerator on tie Aorttom ef Le cance Aurefae ce. 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