Unit-1

1. Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which is broadly defined

as the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human Behavior. based on this
explain the types with example & concepts learning tasks.

2. Bias is a phenomenon that skews the result of an algorithm in favor or against an idea.
explain the concept of Bayesian learning with example

3. The candidate elimination algorithm incrementally builds the version space given a
hypothesis space H and a set E of example .based on that explain candidate
elimination algorithm each step
Sky Temp Humid Wind Water Forest Output
Sunny Warm Normal Strong Warm Same Yes
Sunny Warm High Strong Warm Same Yes
Rainy Cold High Strong Warm Change No
Sunny warm high strong Cool Change Yes
4. Describe the ID3 algorithm for decision tree learning. Draw the decision tree for i) A
XOR B ii) A AND (NOT B).

5. Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which is broadly defined as the

capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human Behavior. based on this explain the
below types with example
a)supervised learning
b)unsupervised learning
c)reinforcement learning
d)version space

6. Bias is a phenomenon that skews the result of an algorithm in favor or against an idea.
explain the bias and types of bias with example

7. Consider the following set of training example :

Instance Classification a 1 a 2

1 + T T

2 + T T

3 - T F

4 + F F

5 - F T

6 - F T
 i. What is the entropy of this collection of training example with respect to the target function
classification?

ii. What is the information gain of a2 relative to these training examples?

UNIT-2

1. What do you mean by a well–posed learning problem? Explain the important features that
are required to well–define for a below learning problems.
a. Checkers Learning Problems
b. Handwritten Recognition Problem
c. Robot Driving Learning Problem
2. Restaurant A” sells burgers with optional flavours : Pepper, Ginger, and Chilly .Every day
this week you have tried a burger (A to E) and kept a record of which you liked .Using
Hamming distance, show how the 3NN classifier with majority voting would
classify { pepper: false, ginger: true, chilly: true}

Num Pepper ginger chilly Liked

A True True True False

B True False False True

C False True True False

D False True False True

E True False False True

3. Illustrate the operation of ID3 for the following training example given in the Table given
below. Here the target attribute is playTennis. Draw the complete decision tree. Calculate the
entropy
DAY OUTLOOK TEMPRATURE HUMIDIT WIND PLAY
Y
1 SUNNY HOT HIGH WEAK NO
2 SUNNY HOT NORMAL STRONG NO

3 OVER CAST HOT HIGH WEAK YES

4 RAIN ILD HIGH WEAK YES
4. ) In machine learning, a kernel refers to a method that allows us to apply linear classifiers
to non-linear problems by mapping non-linear data into a higher-dimensional space without
the need to visit or understand that higher-dimensional space. Based on this concept explain
a)SVM algorithm
b) Different combine classifiers

5. ) Illustrate the operation of ID3 for the following training example given in the Table
given below. Here the target attribute is playTennis. Draw the complete decision tree.
Calculate the entropy
DAY OUTLOOK TEMPRATURE HUMIDIT WIND PLAY
Y
1 SUNNY HOT HIGH WEAK NO
2 SUNNY HOT NORMAL STRONG NO

3 OVER CAST HOT HIGH WEAK YES

4 RAIN ILD HIGH WEAK YES

UNIT-3
1. ) Linear Regression is the supervised Machine Learning model in which the model finds
the best fit linear line between the independent and dependent variable. explain the concept of
Linear models and types with example and perceptron concept.

2. Perceptron is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers. Design a two-layer

network of perceptron to implement
a) X OR Y
b) X AND Y

3. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a class of feed forward artificial neural

network (ANN).explain the Back propagation algorithm with each step and example.

4. Multilayer perceptron network for a two-class classification problem is given below. The
units at the hidden and output layers are sigmoid (sign) functions. The weights determined
through training are: W00=0.5; W01=1, WO2=0.7; W03=1; W045-0.6; W05=1; W10=-0.5;
W11=-1; W12=1. Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer x2 WOS W04 WO3 Output W02
WO1

(a) [5 points) Classify (x1,x2)=(0,0)

(b) [8 points) Classify (x1,x2)=(1,1)

4. Linear Regression is the supervised Machine Learning model in which the model finds the
best fit linear line between the independent and dependent variable. explain the concept of
Linear models and types with example and perceptron concept.
5. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a class of feed forward artificial neural
network (ANN).explain the Back propagation algorithm with each step and example

UNIT- 4
1. Principal Component Analysis is an unsupervised learning algorithm that is used for the
dimensionality reduction in machine learning. Explain
a)LDA (linear discriminant analysis)
b) ICA (Independent component Analysis.

2. Clustering is an unsupervised machine learning task. It involves automatically

discovering natural grouping in data .explain the Mean- Shift clustering algorithm
with suitable example.

3. Explain the below

i) Apply the association rule for market basket analysis to identify the potential
customers for Amazon.
ii) For the example of Bank providing loans to customers, Explain classification.
iii) Considering the example of document clustering, the aim is to group similar
documents, Explain clustering.
4. ) Use the k-means algorithm and Euclidean distance to cluster the following 8 examples
into 3 clusters: A1=(2,10), A2=(2,5), A3=(8,4), A4=(5,8), A5=(7,5), A6=(6,4), A7=(1,2),
A8=(4,9).

5. K-Means Clustering is an Unsupervised Learning algorithm, which groups the un

labeled dataset into different clusters. Explain the K-means algorithm with suitable
example.