CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN

ANATOMY
OF THE BRAIN

Ivana Galinovic, MD MSc

Center for Stroke Research Berlin November 2011
 OUTLINE

The healthy brain

- ultra-quick return to embryology
- segmental nature of the brain
- brainstem
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- telencephalon
- motor and sensory pathways
- special senses
- limbic system
- basal ganglia
- summary
 OUTLINE

When things go wrong

- congenital
- ischemic
- locked-in vs apallic syndrom
- Foix-Chavany-Marie-Syndrom
- cortical blindness
- inflammatory
- MS
- neoplastic
- pituitary adenoma
- glioblastom / metastasis
- degenerative
- Alzheimer’s disease
- global atrophy
 OUTLINE

When things go wrong

- congenital
- ischemic
- locked-in vs apallic syndrom
- Foix-Chavany-Marie-Syndrom
- cortical blindness
- inflammatory
- MS
- neoplastic
- pituitary adenoma
- glioblastom / metastasis
- degenerative
- Alzheimer’s disease
- global atrophy THE AFTER-BREAK SESSION
 EMBRYOLOGY:
THE CEREBRAL VESICLES

The cavity inside the vesicles creates the ventricle system!

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002
 THE BRAIN:
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT

Brain development occurs in the direction from caudal to cranial!

Kahle W & Frotscher M “Nervous system and sensory organs”, Thieme 2003
 THE SEGMENTAL BRAIN

The story of our evolution from simpler beings to highly developed

and complex ones
Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994
 BRAINSTEM

Cranial nerve nuclei – long tracts – cerebellar circuitry – reticular

formation
Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002
 BRAINSTEM

12 cranial nerves arising from 15 nuclei in the medulla + pons +

mesencephalon
Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002
 BRAINSTEM:
MESENCEPHALON

Tectum (colliculi) – Tegmentum (c.nuclei III-V) – (aqueduct)-

(substantia nigra)- Pedunculus cerebri
Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994
 CEREBELLUM

Input from the cerebral cortex, vestibular system and ascending

pathways- output that directly or indirectly influences all the
descending pathways
Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994
 CEREBELLUM

Hemispheres- limbs
Flocculonodular lobe- balance and eye movements
Vermis- trunk
Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994
DIENCEPHALON:
THALAMUS

Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994

DIENCEPHALON:
THALAMUS

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

 DIENCEPHALON:
HYPOTHALAMUS

Regulating the autonomic nervous system, sleep, temperature,

appetite, sexual function, circadian rhythm
Netter’s concise neuroanatomy, Elsevier Inc 2007
DIENCEPHALON:
HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND

Netter’s concise neuroanatomy, Elsevier Inc 2007

TELENCEPHALON:
BASIC DIVISION

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
BASIC DIVISION

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
MOTOR PATHWAY

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
MOTOR PATHWAY

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
SOMATOTOPIC MOTOR MAP

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAY

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
SENSORY PATHWAY FOR PAIN

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
SOMATOTOPIC SENSORY MAP

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
VISION

Netter’s concise neuroanatomy, Elsevier Inc 2007

TELENCEPHALON:
HEARING

Netter’s concise neuroanatomy, Elsevier Inc 2007

TELENCEPHALON:
LANGUAGE

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
TASTE

Netter’s concise neuroanatomy, Elsevier Inc 2007

TELENCEPHALON:
OLFACTION

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
OLFACTION

Netter’s concise neuroanatomy, Elsevier Inc 2007

TELENCEPHALON:
LIMBIC SYSTEM

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
BASAL GANGLIA

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
BASAL GANGLIA

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

TELENCEPHALON:
BASAL GANGLIA

Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994

 SUMMARY:
DEVELOPMENT

Brain development occurs in the direction from caudal to cranial!

Kahle W & Frotscher M “Nervous system and sensory organs”, Thieme 2003
 SUMMARY:
BRAINSTEM

Cranial nerve nuclei – long tracts – cerebellar circuitry – reticular

formation
Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002
 SUMMARY:
CEREBELLUM

Hemispheres- limbs
Flocculonodular lobe- balance and eye movements
Vermis- trunk
Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994
SUMMARY:
THALAMUS

Sobotta “Atlas of human anatomy”, 12th English Edition 1994

 SUMMARY:
HYPOTHALAMUS

Regulating the autonomic nervous system, sleep, temperature,

appetite, sexual function, circadian rhythm
Netter’s concise neuroanatomy, Elsevier Inc 2007
SUMMARY:
TELENCEPHALON

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

SUMMARY:
SOMATOTOPIC MAP

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

SUMMARY:
TELENCEPHALON

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

SUMMARY:
LIMBIC SYSTEM

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

SUMMARY:
BASAL GANGLIA

Blumenfeld H “Neuroanatomy through clinical cases”, Sinauer Ass. 2002

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

ivana.galinovic@charite.de