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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12944-2
Second edition
2017-11

Paints and varnishes — Corrosion

protection of steel structures by
protective paint systems —
Part 2:
Classification o f environments
Peintures et vernis — Anticorrosion des structures en acier par
systèmes de peinture —
Partie 2: Classification des environnements

Reference number
ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part o f this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country o f
the requester.
ISO copyright o ffice
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 Corrosion stresses due to the atmosphere, water and soil ...................................................................................... 3
4.1 Atmospheric corrosion .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 Corrosion in water and soil .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2.2 Structures immersed in water ............................................................................................................................. 3
4.2.3 Structures buried in soil ............................................................................................................................................ 4
4.3 Special cases .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
5 Classification o f environments .............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Atmospheric-corrosivity categories ..................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1
5.2 Categories for water and soil ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Annex A (informative) Climatic conditions .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Annex B (informative) Special cases ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and
expressions related to con formity assessment, as well as in formation about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee
SC 14, Protective paint systems for steel structures.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12944-2:1998), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the normative references have been updated;
— 4.2.1 "General" has been added;
— the units in Table 1 have been corrected;
— the bibliography has been updated;
— the text has been editorially revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 12944 series can be found on the ISO website.

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ISO 1 2 944-2 : 2 01 7(E)

Introduction

Unprotected steel in the atmosphere, in water and in soil is subjected to corrosion that can lead to
damage. There fore, to avoid corrosion damage, steel structures are normally protected to withstand
the corrosion stresses to which they will be subjected during the service li fe required o f the structure.
There are di fferent ways o f protecting steel structures from corrosion. ISO 12944 (all parts) deals with
protection by paint systems and covers, in the various parts, all features that are important in achieving
adequate corrosion protection. Additional or other measures are possible but require particular
agreement between the interested parties.
In order to ensure effective corrosion protection of steel structures, owners of such structures, planners,
consultants, companies carrying out corrosion protection work, inspectors o f protective coatings
and manufacturers of coating materials need to have at their disposal state-of-the-art information in
concise form on corrosion protection by paint systems. It is vital that such in formation is as complete as
possible, unambiguous and easily understandable to avoid di fficulties and misunderstandings between
the parties concerned with the practical implementation of protection work.
ISO 12944 (all parts) is intended to give this information in the form of a series of instructions. It is
written for those who have some technical knowledge. It is also assumed that the user of ISO 12944 (all
parts) is familiar with other relevant International Standards, in particular those dealing with surface
preparation.
Although ISO 12944 (all parts) does not deal with financial and contractual questions, attention is
drawn to the fact that, because of the considerable implications of inadequate corrosion protection,
non-compliance with requirements and recommendations given in ISO 12944 (all parts) can result in
serious financial consequences.
ISO 12944-1 defines the overall scope o f ISO 12944. It gives some basic terms and definitions and a
general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944. Furthermore, it includes a general statement on
health, sa fety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 (all parts) for a given
project.
This document describes the environmental impact on steel structures. It covers structures exposed
to the atmosphere as well as those immersed in water or buried in soil. For different atmospheric
environments, a classification system based on corrosivity categories is also presented. Di fferent
environments for immersed and buried structures are also described. All these environments are
relevant to the choice o f protective paint systems.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel

structures by protective paint systems —
Part 2:
Classification o f environments

1 Scope
T h i s do c u ment de a l s with the cla s s i fic ation o f the pri ncip a l envi ron ments to wh ich s te el s truc tu re s are

exp o s e d, and the corro s ivity o f the s e envi ron ments . T h i s do c u ment

— defi ne s atmo s pheric- corro s ivity c ategorie s , b as e d on ma s s lo s s (or th ickne s s lo s s) b y s ta ndard

s p e c i men s , and de s c rib e s typic a l natu ra l atmo s pheric envi ronments to wh ich s te el s truc tu re s are

e xp o s e d , givi ng advice on the e s ti mation o f the corro s ivity,

— describes different categories of environment for structures immersed in water or buried in soil, and
— give s i n formation on s ome s p e ci a l corro s ion s tre s s e s that c an c au s e a s ign i fic a nt i nc re a s e in

corro s ion rate or place h igher dema nd s on the p er formance o f the pro te c tive p a i nt s ys tem .

T he corro s ion s tre s s e s a s s o ci ate d with a p ar tic u lar envi ron ment or corro s ivity c ategor y repre s ent one

e s s enti a l p arame ter govern i ng the s ele c tion o f pro te c tive p ai nt s ys tem s .

2 Normative references
T he fol lowi ng do c u ments are re ferre d to i n the tex t i n s uch a way th at s ome or a l l o f thei r content

con s titute s re qu i rements o f th i s do c u ment. For date d re ference s , on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s . For

u ndate d re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d do c ument (i nclud i ng a ny amend ments) appl ie s .

ISO 12944-1, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 1: General introduction
ISO 12944-3, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 3: Design considerations
ISO 12944-4, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 4: Types of surface and surface preparation
ISO 12944-5, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 5: Protective paint systems
ISO 12944-6, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 6: Laboratory performance test methods
ISO 12944-7, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 7: Execution and supervision of paint work
ISO 12944-8, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection ofsteel structures by protective paint systems —
Part 8: Development o f specifications for new work and maintenance
ISO 12944-9, Paints and varnishes — Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint
systems — Part 9: Protective paint systems and laboratory performance test methods for offshore and
related structures

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

3 Terms and definitions

For the pu rp o s e s o f th i s do c ument, the term s and defi n ition s given i n I S O 1 2 9 4 4 -1 , ISO 1 2 9 4 4 -3 ,

I S O 1 2 9 4 4 - 4, I S O 1 2 9 4 4 -5 , I S O 1 2 9 4 4 - 6 , I S O 1 2 9 4 4 -7, I S O 1 2 9 4 4 - 8 , I S O 1 2 9 4 4 -9 and the fol lowi ng apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
corrosivity
abi l ity o f an envi ron ment to c au s e corro s ion o f a me ta l i n a given corro s ion s ys tem

[SOURCE: ISO 8044:2015, 2.14]

3.2
climate
we ather prevai l i ng at a given lo c ation or i n a given are a, as e s tabl i she d s tati s tic a l ly b y me te orolo gic a l

parameters recorded over a prolonged period

3.3
atmosphere
m i x tu re o f ga s e s , a nd norma l ly a l s o aero s ol s and p a r ticle s , that s u rrou nd s a given obj e c t

3.4
atmospheric corrosion
corro s ion with the e ar th's atmosphere (3.3) at ambient temperature as the corrosive environment
[SOURCE: ISO 8044:2015, 3.4]
3.5
type of atmosphere
characterization of the atmosphere (3.3) on the basis of the corrosive agents present and their
concentration
N o te 1 to entr y: T he m a i n co r ro s i ve agents a re ga s e s (e s p e c ia l l y s u l fu r d ioxide) a nd s a lts (e s p e c ia l l y ch lo ride s

and/or sulfates).
3.6
local environment
atmospheric conditions prevailing around a constituent element of a structure
N o te 1 to entr y: T he s e cond ition s de ter m i ne the corrosivity (3.1 ) c ate go r y a nd i nclude b o th me te orolo gic a l a nd

pollution parameters.
3.7
micro-environment
environment at the interface between a constituent element of a structure and its surroundings
N o te 1 to entr y: T he m ic ro - envi ron ment i s one o f the de c i s ive fac tors i n the a s s e s s ment o f cor ro s io n s tre s s e s .

3.8
time of wetness
p erio d when a me ta l l ic s u r face i s covere d by ad s orp tive a nd/or l iqu id fi l m s o f ele c trolyte to b e c ap able

of causing atmospheric corrosion

N o te 1 to entr y: Gu ida nce va lue s fo r ti me o f we tne s s c a n b e c a lc u l ate d from temp eratu re a nd rel ative hu m id ity

b y s u m m i ng the hou rs du ri n g wh ich the rel ati ve hu m id ity i s ab ove 8 0 % a nd , at the s a me ti me , the temp eratu re

is above 0 °C.
[S O U RC E : I S O 9 2 2 3 : 2 01 2 , 3 . 5 , mo d i fie d — No te 1 to entr y h as b e en adde d .]

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

4 Corrosion stresses due to the atmosphere, water and soil

4.1 Atmospheric corrosion

Atmospheric corrosion is a process that takes place in a film o f moisture on the metal sur face. The
moisture film can be so thin that it is invisible to the naked eye.
The corrosion rate is increased by the following factors:
— an increase in the relative humidity;
— the occurrence of condensation (when the surface temperature is at or below the dew point);
— an increase in the amount of pollution in the atmosphere (the corrosive pollutants can react with
the steel and can form deposits on the surface).
Experience has shown that significant corrosion is likely to take place i f the relative humidity is above
80 % and the temperature above 0 °C. However, i f pollutants and/or hygroscopic salts are present,
corrosion occurs at much lower humidity levels.
The atmospheric humidity and air temperature in a particular region o f the world will depend on the
climate prevailing in that part of the world. A brief description of the most important climates is given
in Annex A.
The location o f the constituent element o f a structure also influences corrosion. Where structures are
exposed to the open air, climatic parameters such as rain and sunshine and pollutants in the form of
gases or aerosols a ffect corrosion. Under cover, the climatic influences are reduced. Indoors, the e ffect
o f atmospheric pollutants is reduced, although a locally high corrosion rate caused by poor ventilation,
high humidity or condensation is possible.
For the estimation of the corrosion stresses, an appreciation of the local environment and the micro-
environment is essential. Examples of decisive micro-environments are the underside of a bridge
(particularly over water), the roo f o f an indoor swimming pool, and the sunny and shady sides o f a
building.
4.2 Corrosion in water and soil

4.2.1 General
Special care shall be taken when considering structures that are partly immersed in water or partly
buried in soil. Corrosion under such conditions is often restricted to a small part of the structure
where the corrosion rate can be high. Exposure tests for estimating the corrosivity o f water or soil
environments are not recommended. However, different immersion/burial conditions can be described.
4.2.2 Structures immersed in water
The type o f water — fresh, brackish or salt — has a significant influence on the corrosion o f steel.
Corrosivity is also influenced by the oxygen content o f the water, the type and quantity o f dissolved
substances and the water temperature. Animal or vegetable growth can accelerate corrosion.
Three di fferent zones for immersion in water can be defined:
— the underwater zone is the area which is permanently exposed to water;
— the intermediate (fluctuating level) zone is the area in which the water level changes due to natural
or artificial e ffects, thus giving rise to increased corrosion due to the combined impact o f water and
the atmosphere;
— the splash zone is the area wetted by wave and spray action which can give rise to exceptionally
high corrosion stresses, especially with sea water.

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

4.2.3 Structures buried in soil

Corrosion in soil is dependent on the mineral content of the soil and the nature of these minerals, and
on the organic matter present, the water content and the oxygen content. The corrosivity o f soil is
strongly influenced by the degree o f aeration. The oxygen content will vary and corrosion cells can be
formed. Where major steel structures such as pipelines, tunnels, tank installations, etc., pass through
di fferent types o f soil, soils with di ffering oxygen contents, soils with di ffering ground water levels, etc.,
increased local corrosion (pitting) can occur due to formation of corrosion cells.
For further details, see EN 12501-1.
Di fferent types o f soil and di fferences in soil parameters are not considered as classification criteria in
this document.
4.3 Special cases
For the selection o f a protective paint system, special stresses to which a structure is subjected and
special situations in which a structure is located shall also be taken into account. Both the design and
the use o f the structure can lead to corrosion stresses not taken into consideration in the classification
system given in Clause 5. Examples of such special cases are given in Annex B.

5 Classification o f environments

5.1 Atmospheric-corrosivity categories

5.1.1 According to ISO 9223, atmospheric environments are classified into six atmospheric-corrosivity
categories:
— C1 very low corrosivity
— C2 low corrosivity
— C3 medium corrosivity
— C4 high corrosivity
— C5 very high corrosivity
— CX extreme corrosivity
NOTE CX covers di fferent extreme environments. One specific extreme environment is the o ffshore
environment covered by ISO 12944-9. Other extreme environments are not covered in the other parts o f
ISO 12944.
5.1.2 To determine corrosivity categories, the exposure o f standard specimens is strongly
recommended. Table 1 defines the corrosivity categories in terms o f the mass or thickness loss o f such
standard specimens made o f low-carbon steel and/or zinc after the first year o f exposure. For details
of standard specimens and the treatment of the specimens prior to and after exposure, see ISO 9226.
Extrapolation o f the mass or thickness losses to one year from shorter exposure times, or back-
extrapolation from longer times, will not give reliable results and is therefore not permitted. The mass or
thickness losses obtained for steel and zinc specimens can sometimes give different categories. In such
cases, the higher corrosivity category shall be taken.
I f it is not possible to expose standard specimens in the actual environment o f interest, the corrosivity
category may be estimated by simply considering the examples o f typical environments given in

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Table 1 . T he exa mple s l i s te d are i n formative a nd m ight o cc a s iona l ly b e m i s le ad i ng. O n ly the ac tua l

me as u rement o f mas s or th ickne s s lo s s wi l l give the corre c t cla s s i fic ation .

NO TE C or ro s ivity c ate gor ie s c a n a l s o b e e s ti m ate d b y con s ider i n g the co mb i ne d e ffe c t o f the fol lowi ng
envi ron menta l fac to rs : ye a rl y ti me o f we tne s s , ye a rl y me a n concentration o f s u l fu r d ioxide a nd ye a rl y me a n

deposition of chloride (see ISO 9223).

Table 1 — Atmospheric-corrosivity categories and examples of typical environments
Corrosivity Mass loss per unit surface/thickness loss Examples of typical environments
category (a fter fi rs t ye a r o f e xp o s u re) (i n for m ati ve on l y)

Low-carbon steel Zinc Exterior Interior

Mass Thickness Mass Thickness
loss loss loss loss
g/m 2 µm g/m 2 µm
C1 ≤ 10 ≤ 1,3 ≤ 0 ,7 ≤ 0 ,1 — Heated buildings
ver y low
with clean atmos-
f
p here s , e . g. o fice s ,

shops, schools, hotels

C2 > 10 to 200 > 1,3 to 25 > 0,7 to 5 > 0,1 to 0,7 Atmospheres with Unheated buildings
low low level of pollution: where condensation
mo s tl y r u ra l a re a s can occur, e.g. depots,
sports halls
C3 medium > 200 to 400 > 25 to 50 > 5 to 15 > 0,7 to 2,1 Urban and industrial Production rooms
atmospheres, mod- with h igh hu m id ity

erate sulfur dioxide and some air pollu-

pollution; tion, e.g. food-pro-
coastal areas with low cessing plants,
s a l i n ity laundries, breweries,
dairies
C4 > 400 to 650 > 50 to 80 > 15 to 30 > 2,1 to 4,2 Industrial areas and Chemical plants,
high coastal areas with swimming pools,
mo derate s a l i n ity coastal ship and
b o atya rd s

C5 > 650 to > 80 to 200 > 30 to 60 > 4,2 to 8,4 Industrial areas with Buildings or areas
1 500 - with almost per- h igh hu m id ity a nd ag
ver y h igh
gressive atmosphere manent condensa-
and coastal areas tion and with high
pollution with h igh s a l i n ity

CX > 1 500 to > 200 to > 60 to 180 > 8,4 to 25 Offshore areas with Industrial areas with
extreme 5 500 700 h i gh s a l i n i t y a nd e x treme hu m id ity

industrial areas with and aggressive at-

extreme humidi- mosphere
t y a nd ag g re s s i ve

atmosphere and sub-

tropical and tropical
atmospheres
NO TE T he lo s s va lue s u s e d fo r the co r ro s i vi t y c ate go r ie s a re ide ntic a l to tho s e gi ven i n I S O 9 2 2 3 .

5.2 Categories for water and soil

For s truc ture s i m mers e d i n water or bu rie d i n s oi l , corro s ion i s norma l ly lo ca l i n natu re and corro s ivity

c ategorie s a re d i ffic u lt to defi ne . H owever, for the pu rp o s e o f th i s do c u ment, variou s envi ron ments c an

be described. In Table 2, four different environments are given together with their designations. See 4.2
for more details.

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Table 2 — Categories for water and soil

Category Environment Examples of environments and structures
Im1 Fresh water River i n s ta l l atio n s , hyd ro - ele c tr ic p ower p l a nts

Im2 Sea or brackish water Immersed structures without cathodic protection (e.g. harbour areas
with s tr uc tu re s l i ke s lu ice gate s , lo cks or j e ttie s)

Im3 Soil Buried tanks, steel piles, steel pipes

Im4 Sea or brackish water Immersed structures with cathodic protection (e.g. offshore structures)
N O T E Fo r co r ro s i vit y c ate go r y I m1 a nd I m 3 , c atho d ic p ro te c tio n c a n b e u s e d wi th a p a i nt s ys te m te s te d acco rd i n gl y

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Annex A
(informative)
Climatic conditions

Us ua l ly, on ly genera l conclu s ion s as to the l i kely corro s ion b ehaviour ca n b e d rawn from the typ e o f

cl i mate . I n a cold cl i mate or a d r y cl i mate , the corro s ion rate wi l l b e lower tha n i n a temp erate cl i mate; it

will be greatest in a hot, humid climate and in a marine climate, although considerable local differences
can occur.
The main concern is the length of time a structure is exposed to high humidities, also described as time
of wetness. Table A.1 provides information on calculated time of wetness and selected characteristics
o f variou s typ e s o f cl i mate .

Table A.1 — Calculated time of wetness and selected characteristics of various types of climate
Mean value of the annual extreme values
Highest Calculated time of
Type of climate Low High temperature with wetness at relative
temperature temperature relative humidity humidity > 80 % and
> 95% temperature > 0 °C
°C °C °C h/ye a r

E x tremel y co ld –65 +32 +20 0 to 100

Cold –50 +32 +20 150 to 2 500
Cold temperate –33 +34 +23 2 500 to 4 200
Warm temperate –20 +35 +25
War m d r y –20 +40 +27 10 to 1 600
M i ld wa r m d r y –5 +40 +27
E x tremel y wa r m d r y +3 +55 +28
Warm damp +5 +40 +31 4 200 to 6 000
Warm damp, constant +13 +35 +33

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Annex B
(informative)
Special cases

B.1 Special situations

B.1.1 Corrosion inside buildings
Corrosion stresses on steel structures located inside buildings sheltered from the outside environment
are genera l ly i n s ign i fic a nt.

I f the i nterior o f the bu i ld i ng i s on ly p ar tly sheltere d from the outs ide envi ron ment, the corro s ion

s tre s s e s c an b e a s s u me d to b e the s a me as tho s e as s o c iate d with the typ e o f atmo s phere s u rrou nd i ng

the building.
T he e ffe c t o f corro s ion s tre s s e s due to the cl i mate i n s ide the bu i ld i ng c an b e con s iderably i nten s i fie d

by the u s e to wh ich the bu i ld i ng i s put, and the s e s tre s s e s shou ld b e de a lt with a s s p e c ia l s tre s s e s (s e e

B.2). Such stresses can occur in indoor swimming pools with chlorinated water, livestock buildings and
other special-purpose buildings.
C o oler are as on s tr uc tu re s c a n b e s ubj e c t to h igher corro s ion s tre s s e s as a re s u lt o f s e as ona l formation
of condensation.
I n ca s e s where s u r face s a re we tte d b y ele c trolyte s , even i f s uch we tti ng i s on ly temp orar y (e . g. i n the

ca s e o f s atu rate d bu i ld i ng materia l s) , p ar tic u l arly s tri ngent corro s ion re qu i rements are ne ce s s ar y.

B.1.2 Corrosion in box members and hollow components

Hol low comp onents that are herme tic a l ly s e a le d and thu s i nacce s s ible a re no t s ubj e c te d to any i nterna l

corro s ion, where a s tightly s e a le d c a s i ngs wh ich a re op ene d o cc a s iona l ly a re s ubj e c t to s ma l l corro s ion

stresses.
The design of sealed hollow components and box members should ensure their airtightness (e.g. no
d i s conti nuou s weld s , tightly b olte d j oi nts) . O ther wi s e, dep end i ng on the outs ide temp eratu re, moi s tu re

from pre cipitation or conden s ation c an b e d rawn i n a nd re tai ne d . I f th i s i s l i kely to h app en, the i nterna l

surfaces have to be protected. Note that condensation is often observed even in boxes which have been
de s igne d with tightly s e a le d c a s i ngs .

Corrosion is to be expected inside box members and hollow components that are not closed on all sides,
and appropriate measures taken. For more information on design, see ISO 12944-3.
B.2 Special stresses
B.2.1 General
Special stresses, for the purposes of ISO 12944 (a l l p ar ts) , are s tre s s e s wh ich c au s e a s ign i fic ant i ncre as e

in corrosion and/or wh ich ma ke h igher demand s on the p er formance o f pro te c tive p ai nt s ys tem s . O wi ng

to the d ivers ity o f s uch s tres s es , on ly a s ele c te d numb er o f examples can b e pre s ente d here .

B.2.2 Chemical stresses

C orro s ion i s aggravate d lo c a l ly b y p ol lutants derivi ng from the op eration o f a pl ant (e . g. ac id s , a l ka l i s or

salts, organic solvents, aggressive gases and dust particles).

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ISO 12944-2:2017(E)

Such stresses occur in the vicinity o f e.g. coking works, pickling shops, electroplating plants, dye mills,
wood-pulp works, tanneries and oil refineries.
B.2.3 Mechanical stresses

B.2.3.1 In the atmosphere

Abrasive stresses (erosion) can occur due to particles (e.g. sand) being entrained by the wind.
Sur faces which are subject to abrasion are considered to be exposed to moderate or severe mechanical
stresses.
B.2.3.2 In water
In water, mechanical stresses can be produced by boulder movement, the abrasive action o f sand, wave
action, etc.
Mechanical stresses can be divided into three classes:
a) weak: no, or very slight and intermittent, mechanical stresses, for example due to light debris or
small quantities of sand entrained in slow-moving water;
b) moderate: moderate mechanical stresses, due, for example, to
— solid debris, sand, gravel, shingle or ice entrained in moderate quantities in moderately fast-
flowing water,
— a strong current without entrained matter flowing past vertical sur faces,
— moderate growth (animal or vegetable), and
— moderate wave action,
c) severe: high mechanical stresses due, for example, to
— solid debris, sand, gravel, shingle or ice entrained in large quantities by fast-flowing water over
horizontal or inclined surfaces, and
— dense growth (animal or vegetable), particularly i f, for operational reasons, it is removed
mechanically from time to time.
B.2.4 Stresses due to condensation
I f the temperature at the sur face o f a structure remains below the dew point for several days,
the condensation produced will represent a particularly high corrosion stress, especially i f such
condensation can be expected to recur at regular intervals (e.g. in water works, on cooling-water pipes).
B.2.5 Stresses due to medium or high temperatures
In this document, medium temperatures are those between +60 °C and +150 °C, and high temperatures
are those between +150 °C and +400 °C. Temperatures o f this magnitude only occur under special
conditions during construction or operation (e.g. medium temperatures occur during the laying o f
asphalt on roads, and high temperatures occur in chimneys made o f sheet steel, flue gas ducts, or gas
off-take mains in coking works).
B.2.6 Increased corrosion due to combinations of stresses
Corrosion can develop more quickly on sur faces exposed simultaneously to mechanical and chemical
stresses. This applies particularly to steel structures near roads on which grit and salt have been spread.

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ISO 1 2 944-2 : 2 01 7(E)

Pa s s i ng veh icle s wi l l s pl as h s a lty water a nd th row up grit on to p a r ts o f s uch s truc ture s . T he s u r face i s

then exposed to corrosion stresses from the salt and at the same time to mechanical stresses due to the
impact of grit.
O ther p ar ts o f the s tr uc tu re wi l l b e we tte d by s a lt s pray. T h i s a ffe c ts , for exa mple, the u nders ide o f

flyovers ab ove ro ad s th at have b e en s a lte d . T he s pray z one i s genera l ly a s s u me d to e xtend to a d i s tance

of 15 m from the road concerned.

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Bibliography

[1] ISO 8044:2015, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Basic terms and definitions
[2] ISO 9223, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivity of atmospheres — Classification,
determination and estimation
[3] ISO 9226, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosivity of atmospheres — Determination of
corrosion rate of standard specimens for the evaluation of corrosivity
[4] EN 12501-1, Protection of metallic materials against corrosion — Corrosion likelihood in soil —
Part 1: General

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ICS 87.020
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