*

1-0 izLrkouk
1-1 tutkfr 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk
1-2 Òkjr esa tutkfr;¨a dh tulkaf[;dh v©j forj.k
1-3 tutkfrv¨a dh ifjÒk"kk v©j ladYiuk
1-4 ikfjÒkf"kdh dh leL;k,a
1-5 lkjka”k
1-6 lanÒZ
1-7 vkidh Áxfr dh tk¡p djus d¢ fy, mÙkj

bl bdkà d¨ i<+us d¢ ckn f'k{kkFkÊ fuEu ckr¨a d¨ lh[kus esa l{ke g¨ax%s
 Òkjrh; tutkfr;¨a dh tulkaf[;dh; v©j Ò©x¨fyd :ijs[kk(
 ^tutkfr* 'kCn dh ifjÒk"kk v©j ladYiuk rFkk bld¢ ifjÒkf"kdh; leL;k,a(
 vkfnoklh lekt dh fo'ks"krk,a(
 vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a] fu:fir leqnk;¨a v©j fo'ks"k :i ls det¨j tutkrh;
lewg¨a tSls Jsf.k;k¡ dh tkudkjhA

Ò©x¨fyd ifjos'k v©j lkekftd&lkaL—frd fo'ks"krkv¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij] Òkjrh;

lekt d¨ vkfnoklh] xzkeh.k v©j 'kgjh lekt¨a esa foÒkftr fd;k x;k gSA
vkfnoklh leqnk; Òkjrh; lekt dk vfÒé vax gSaA vkfnoklh@tutkfr dh
vkcknh nqfu;k d¢ yxÒx lÒh fgLl¨a esa ikà tkrh gSA vÝhdk d¢ ckn Òkjr esa
nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h vkfnoklh@tutkrh; vkcknh gSA Òkjr fofÒé Ádkj
d¢ ikfjfLFkfrd ra=¨a d¢ lkFk ,d tfVy lkaL—frd dqfÍÒfp= ¼e¨t+sd½ dk fp=.k
djus okyh fofo/k tutkrh; vkcknh d¨ ÁLrqr djrk gSA vkfnoklh vkcknh igkM+k]s
taxy¨a ;k buls vyx laL—fr] Òk"kk] /keZ v©j etcwr uSfrd igpku d¢ lkFk
fpfàr lhekafdr {ks=¨a esa lkis{k vyxko esa jgrh gSA vkfnokfl;¨a d¨ Òkjr esa ewy
fuoklh d¢ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] t¨ Òkjrh; Ák;}hi esa lcls igys cls FksA Òkjr
esa tutkfrv¨a d¨ vDlj vkfnoklh ¼ewyfuoklh½ dgk tkrk gSA ledkyhu nqfu;k
esa] os lkekftd&vkÆFkd :i ls fiNM+s ekus tkrs gSaA tutkfr;¨a d¨ ifjÒkf"kr v©j
ladfYir djuk dfBu gS D;¨afd os fofÒé Ádkj d¢ lkekftd&vkÆFkd ifjos'k esa
ik, tkrs gSa v©j O;kid lkekftd lajpuk d¨ vkRelk/k dj ysrs gSA gkyk¡fd
fo}ku] tutkfr;¨a dh dqN lkekU; fo'ks"krkv¨a ij lger gSa ftud¢ vk/kkj ij

*
;ksxnku& M‚- ds-vfuy dqekj] lgk;d çksQslj] ekuo foKku ladk;] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bafnjk xka/kh
jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh A 11
 mUgsa ifjÒkf"kr v©j vo/kkj.kkc) fd;k tkrk gSA ;g bdkà tutkfr dh vo/kkj.kk
d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djus ij ,d O;kid le> Ánku djrh gSA

"tutkfrÞ 'kCn dh mRifÙk xzhd flVh LVsV d¢ le; v©j j¨eu lkezkT; d¢
'kq#vkrh xBu d¢ vklikl mRié gqvk FkkA ;|fi ^tutkfr* 'kCn ySfVu 'kCn
ÞTRIBUSÞ ls fy;k x;k Fkk] rc ls bldk vFkZ ß,d leqnk; d¢ xBu djus okys
O;fä;¨a d¢ lewg v©j ,d lkekU; iwoZt ls oa'k dk nkok djus okyk lewgÞ g¨
x;k gS ¼v‚DlQ¨MZ bafXy'k fMD'kujh] IX] 1933] i`"B la[;k 339½ | tSlk fd ÝkbM
us ] 1975] i`"B la[;k 7 esa m)`r fd;k x;k gS] ßtutkfrÞ 'kCn dk bLrseky vke
r©j ij ,d ßlkekftd :i ls lkeatL;iw.kZ bdkÃÞ d¢ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] t¨ ,d
{ks= ls tqM+h g¨rh gS] ftld¢ lnL; [kqn d¨ jktuhfrd :i ls Lok;Ùk ekurs gSa
¼fe'ksy] 1979%232½A ;wj¨i esa jk"Vªokn d¢ mÒkj d¢ lkFk] ^tutkfr* 'kCn dk
bLrseky ,d fuÆn"V {ks= d¢ Òhrj ,d fufÜpr Òk"kk c¨yus okys y¨x¨a d¢ leqnk;
d¢ lkekftd&jktuhfrd mi;¨x esa ,d fo'ks"k fLFkfr d¨ n'kkZus d¢ fy, fd;k x;k
FkkA ;wj¨ih; 'kCnkoyh esa mnkjoknh fopkj/kkjk ls jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjk d¢ Øfed
voLFkk d¨ ÁdV djus d¢ fy, dchys] tutkfr v©j jk"Vª tSls 'kCn¨a dk mi;¨x
fd;k x;k ¼js] fugkj jatu% 1972½A baihfj;y xt+sfV;j v‚Q+ bafM;k] 1911] ,d
tutkfr d¨ ß,d lkekU; uke j[kus okys ifjokj¨a d¢ laxzg d¢ :i esa] t¨ ,d
lkekU; c¨yh c¨yrk gS] ,d lkekU; {ks= ij jgrk gS ;k j[kus d¢ fy, d¨f'k'k
djrk gS v©j vker©j ij ;g bruk cM+k ugÈ g¨rk fd ewy :i ls ,slk g¨Þ d¢
:i esa ifjÒkf"kr djrk gSA j¨eu¨a d¢ fy,] tutkfr ,d jktuhfrd foÒktu FkkA
ekuofoKku d¢ 'kCnd¨'k esa ,d lkekftd lewg d¢ :i esa tutkfr dk mYys[k gS]
vker©j ij ,d fufÜpr {ks=] c¨yh] lkaL—frd le:irk v©j ,dh—r lkekftd
laxBu d¢ lkFk mudk lEcU/k g¨rk gSA Òkjr esa tutkfr;¨a d¢ {ks=] Òk"kk]
jhfr&fjokt] laL—fr] /keZ] uLyh; y{k.k vkfn d¢ vk/kkj ij ,d&nwljs ls fÒé
g¨rs gSaA vDlj ,d tutkfr d¢ ikl ,d vyx c¨yh v©j vyx lkaL—frd y{k.k
g¨rs gSaA ifÜpeh ns'k¨a v©j Òkjr esa Òh tutkfr 'kCn dk vFkZ igys ls fÒé g¨
x;k gS ¼oekZ] vkj-lh-% 1990½A

Òkjr esa tutkrh; y¨x¨a d¨ fofÒé uke¨a ls tkuk tkrk gS tSls ^vkfnoklh*
¼ewy fuoklh½] ^vuqlwfpr tutkfr*] ^tutkfr*] ^tutfr* ¼y¨d leqnk;½]
^fxfjtu* ¼igkM+h fuoklh½] ^ouoklh*] ^outfr*] vkfnetkfr] ^igkM+h tutkfr*
¼ioZrh; fuoklh½ v©j Lons'khA Òkjr d¢ tutkrh; y¨x¨a d¨ Òkjrh; lafo/kku esa
^vuqlwfpr tutkfr* dgk tkrk gSA Òkjr d¢ Lons'kh y¨x [kqn d¨ vkfnoklh
¼ewy fuoklh½ dgykuk ilan djrs gSaA vkfn 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ßigysÞ] ßewyÞ ;k
ßÁkphu dky lsÞ] v©j oklh 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ßjgus okykÞ] ßfuoklhÞ v©j
ßckÇ'knk"A vkfnoklh d¢ :i esa ;g Lo&igpku Lons'kh y¨x¨a dh vk/kqfud
vo/kkj.kk ls esy [kkrh gSA

12
iatkc] gfj;k.kk v©j d¢aæ'kkflr Áns'k paMhx<+] fnYyh v©j iqnqpsjh d¨ N¨M+dj
Òkjr d¢ lÒh fgLl¨a esa tutkfr;k¡ ikà tkrh gSaA Òkjr d¢ ,UFkz¨i‚fyftdy
losZ{k.k d¢ rgr ihiqy v‚Q+ bafM;k Á¨tsDV us Òkjr esa 4]635 leqnk;¨a dh igpku
dh] ftuesa ls 461 leqnk; vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ FksA
Òkjr ljdkj us vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ fy, jk"Vªh; tutkrh; uhfr d¢ vius
Ák:i esa] t¨ igyh ckj Qjojh 2004 esa vk;k Fkk] d¢ vUrxZr Òkjr esa 698
tutkrh; leqnk;¨a dh igpku dhA Mªk¶V dk nwljk laLdj.k tqykà 2006 esa
ifjpkfyr fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa ;g ns[kk x;k Fkk fd Òkjr esa 700 ls vf/kd
tutkfr;k¡ FkÈA
2011 esa gqà Òkjr dh tux.kuk us vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a dh la[;k ¼'Áeq[k
tutkfr;¨a* v©j mudh ^mi&tutkfr;¨a* n¨u¨a½ dh la[;k 705 crkÃA tSlk fd
vkfnoklh leqnk;¨a dh c<+rh la[;k ls /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS] le; chrus d¢
lkFk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a dh lwph esa vf/kd leqnk;¨a d¨ t¨M+k tk jgk gS A
2011 dh tux.kuk d¢ vuqlkj Òkjr esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a dh tula[;k
10]42]81]034 O;fä Fkh] ftlesa ns'k dh tula[;k dk 8-6 Áfr'kr fgLlk FkkA
lacaf/kr o"k¨± dh tux.kuk d¢ vuqlkj 2001 ls 2011 rd mudh tula[;k 8-2
Áfr'kr ls c<+dj 8-6 Áfr'kr g¨ xà gS ¼JhokLro oh- d-¢ 2015½A tux.kuk 2001
v©j 2011 d¢ chp tutkrh;¨a dh tula[;k dh n'kdh; o`f) nj 23-66 Áfr'kr gS
tcfd blh vof/k esa dqy tul¡[;k dk o`f) nj 17-69 Áfr'kr gSA dqy vkcknh d¢
fy, Çyxkuqikr Áfr 1]000 iq#"k¨a ij 940 efgyk,a gSa v©j vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a esa
Áfr 1]000 iq#"k¨a ij 990 efgyk,a gSaA 1961 dh tux.kuk d¢ ckn ls vuqlwfpr
tutkfr;¨a dh vkcknh esa o`f) gqà gSA 1961 dh tux.kuk esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr
leqnk;¨a dh la[;k fiNyh tux.kuk ls n¨xquh g¨dj 427 g¨ xÃA ;g 1971 dh
tux.kuk ls c<+dj 432 g¨ xÃA
Òkjr esa vkfnoklh tula[;k dk Ò©x¨fyd forj.k ,d leku ugÈ gSA gj txg os
thou thus d¢ LFkkuh; rjhd¨a d¢ vuqdwy g¨ x, gSa bl Ádkj ,d gh leqnk; d¢
Òhrj lkaL—frd varj dkQh fn[kkà nsrk gSA Òhy Òkjr esa lcls cM+k vkfnoklh
lewg cukrs gSa mld¢ ckn x¨aM] laFkky v©j eh.kk 'kkfey gSaA vuqlwfpr tutkfr
dk lcls cM+k d¢aæ iwoÊ] e/; v©j ifÜpeh {ks= esa ik;k tkrk gS t¨ fuEufyf[kr u©
jkT;¨a esa 'kkfey gS%
• e/; Áns'k ¼14-69%½]
• egkjk"Vª ¼10-08%½]
• mM+hlk ¼9-2%½]
• jktLFkku ¼8-86%½]
• xqtjkr ¼8-55%½]
• >kj[kaM ¼8-29%½]
• NÙkhlx<+ ¼7-5%½]
13
 • vka/kz Áns'k ¼5-7%½ v©j
• ifÜpe caxkyA
mÙkjiwoÊ {ks= esa yxÒx 12%] 5% nf{k.kh {ks= v©j mÙkjh jkT;¨a esa 3% vkfnoklh
jgrs gSaA vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ mPpre vuqikr okyk jkT; fet¨je ¼94-5
Áfr'kr½ gS v©j vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ mPpre vuqikr okyk d¢aæ 'kkflr Áns'k
y{k}hi ¼94-8 Áfr'kr½ gSA iatkc] gfj;k.kk v©j fnYyh rFkk d¢aæ 'kkflr Áns'k
paMhx<+ v©j iqnqpsjh d¨ N¨M+dj vkfnoklh ns'k d¢ lÒh fgLl¨a esa fuokl djrs gSa A
Òkjr esa mudh la[;k v©j vU; tulkaf[;dh; fo'ks"krk,a ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT;
esa fÒé g¨rh gSaA vkfnoklh leqnk;¨a dh lcls cM+h la[;k ¼62½ mM+hlk jkT; esa gS
¼tux.kuk 2011½A fofÒé jkT;¨a dh dqN Áeq[k tutkfr;k¡ uhps nh xà gSa%

vka/kz Áns'k vU/k] lk/kq va/k] Òxr] Òhy] psUpql ¼psad¢Üoj½] xnkcl] x¨aM]
x©Mw] tVkiql] dEekjk] dVquk;du] d¨ykoj] d¨yke] d¨aMk]
eék /k¨jk] i/kkZu] j¨uk] lojl] MCck ;s#dqyk] uôw lqxkyh
v#.kkpy Áns'k vikrkuh] vc¨j] MkQyk] xSy‚Ux] e¨Eck] 'ksjMqdisu]
Çlx¨Q¨
vle pdek] pqfV;k] fMeklk] gkt¨ax] xzkl] [kklh] xaxVs
fcgkj vlqj] cSxk] fcjg¨j] fcjft;k] psj¨] x¨aM] ijS;k] laFkky]
lkoj
NÙkhlx<+ vxfj;k] ÒSuk] Òrjk] c;kj] [k¨aM] eoklh] uxkfl;k
x¨ok <¨fM;k] nqfc;k] ukbdM+k] flÌh] ojyh
xqtjkr cjnk] cEpk] Òhy] pkj.k] <¨fM;k] xerk] ikj/kh] iVsfy;k
fgekpy Áns'k xÌh] xqTtj] [kl] ykack] ykg©y] iaxokyk] Lokaxyk
tEew v©j d'ehj cdjoky] cyrh] csnk] xÌh] xjkZ] l¨e] iqjhxik] flIih
>kj[k.M fcjg¨j] Òwfet] x¨aM] [kkfj;k] eqaMk] laFkky] lkoj
dukZVd vkfn;ku] cjnk] x¨aM] Òhy] b#fyxk] d¨jxk] iVsfy;k]
;sjok
d¢jy vkfn;ku] vjaMu] ,jkoyu] dq#Eckl] eykà vjk;u] e¨iyk]
;wjkfyl
e/; Áns'k cSxk] Òhy] Òkfj;k] fcjg¨j] x¨aM] dVdkjh] [kkfj;k] [k¨aM]
d¨y] eqfj;k
egkjk"Vª ÒSuk] Òqaft;k] <¨fM;k] dVdjh] [k¨aM] jFkok] okÆyl
ef.kiqj vkbe¨y] vaxkeh] fp#] dwdh] ejke] e¨ulkax] ikbV] iq#e]
FkkM©
esÄky; pdek] xkj¨] gkt¨ax] t;afr;k [kklh] yk[k] ioÃ] jkck
fet¨je pdek] fnelk] [kklh] dwdh] yk[kj] ioÃ] jkck] ÇlVsax
ukxkySaM vaxkeh] xkj¨] dpkjh] dwdh] fefdj] ukxk] lsek] y¨Fkk
14
v¨fM'kk xMkck] Äkjk] [kkfj;k] [k¨aM] efV;k] mjkao] jktqvkj] laFkky
jktLFkku Òhy] Mefj;k] <kdk] ehuk ¼feul½] iVsfy;k] lgkfj;k
flfôe ÒwfV;k] [kl] ysipkl
rfeyukMq vkfn;ku] vjanku] ,jkoyu] b:yk] dknj] dkuhdj] d¨Vk]
V¨Mk
rsyaxkuk x¨aM] ijnku] d¨yke] d¨;k] psUpql
f=iqjk Òhy] ÒwfV;k] pk;ey] pdek] gyke] [kfl;k] yq'kkÃ]
fet+sy] ueVs
mÙkjk[kaM Ò¨fV;k] cqDlk] t©ulkjh] d¨y] jkth] Fkk:
ifÜpe caxky vlqj] [k¨an] gt¨ax] g¨] ijS;k] jkÒk] laFkky] lkoj
vaMeku v©j v¨jkv¨al] v¨Utsl] lsafVufyt] 'k¨Eisal
fud¨ckj
N¨Vk vaMeku% tkjok

lz¨r http://tribal.gov.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File722.pdf

ekuofoKkuh v©j lekt'kkL=h vius fof'k"V tulkaf[;dh;] ikfjfLFkfrd] vkÆFkd]

jktuhfrd] ,sfrgkfld v©j lkekftd&lkaL—frd ifjos'k ij fopkj djrs gq,
Òkjrh; tutkfr;¨a dk v/;;u djrs gSaA Òkjr esa vf/kdka'k Lons'kh tutkfr;k¡
ou¨a] iBkj¨a ;k igkfM+;¨a esa Ò©x¨fyd :i ls vyx&Fkyx LFkku¨a esa ikà tkrh gSa
v©j muesa ls cgqr ls eSnkuh bykd¨a esa jgrh gSaA muesa ls T;knkrj vÒh Òh
f'kdkj] laxzg] eNyh idM+us] LFkkukarj.k dh [ksrh ;k >we [ksrh djrs gSa] v©j
i'kqikyd] dkjhxj v©j etnwj vkfn dk dke djrs gSaA os T;knkrj æfofM+;u]
v‚LVª¨&,f'k;kfVd] phu&frCcrh v©j eax¨fy;kà Òk"kk c¨yrs gSa v©j vius fpfUgr
LFkkuh; lewg¨a d¢ Òhrj 'kknh djrs gSAa os vius vkfnoklh usrkv¨a ;k ljnkj¨a }kjk
funsZf'kr g¨rs gSaA mud¢ ikl lkekftd&lkaL—frd laLFkku gSa v©j viuh [kqn dh
ekU;rkv¨a v©j jhfr&fjokt¨a d¨ cuk, j[kus dh iwjh d¨f'k'k djrs gSaA vy©fdd
'kfä esa foÜokl] tknw v©j V¨uk vkfnoklh lkekftd&lkaL—frd thou dk ,d
vfÒé vax gS ¼jes'k Fkkij% 1996½A

1½ fdu jkT;¨a v©j d¢aæ 'kkflr Áns'k¨a esa vkfnoklh ugÈ ik, tkrs gSa\
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15
 ,y-,p- e‚xZu] es;j Q¨V~lZ] Ã- Ã- bokal&fÁpMZ] cz‚fuLyko ekfyu¨oLdh] v©j ,-
vkj- jsMfDyQ&czkmu tSls ekuooSKkfud¨a us vÝhdk] v‚LVªsfy;k] ,f'k;k] esyusf'k;k
v©j nqfu;k d¢ vU; fgLl¨a esa tutkfr;¨a ij xgu lw{e&Lrjh; v/;;u fd,A
mUg¨aus ifjokj] ukrsnkjh] fookg] /keZ] tknw] vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfrd laLFkku] dkuwu
v©j vkfne tutkfr;¨a d¢ lkekftd laca/k¨a d¨ le>us dh d¨f'k'k dhA
ekuofoKkuh v©j lekt'kkfL=;¨a }kjk rS;kj tutkfr dh ifjÒk"kk fodkloknh <kaps
esa fufgr gSA fodkloknh yqÃl ,p- e‚xZu v©j O;okgfjdrkoknh ,fey nq[kÊe }kjk
vkfne lekt d¢ v/;;u¨a ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd lekt fLFkj ugÈ gS] ysfdu
/khjs&/khjs lkeatL; d¢ lkFk fodflr g¨rk gSA mud¢ fy, tutkfr 'kCn u d¢oy
,d Ádkj d¢ lekt cfYd fodkl v©j fodkl d¢ ,d pj.k d¨ n'kkZrk gSA tcfd
e‚xZu d¢ –f"Vd¨.k ls lkekftd fodkl d¢ ÁR;sd pj.k esa lkekftd laxBu dh
,d fof'k"V fo'ks"krk gS] nq[kÊe us ßtutkfrÞ d¢ ctk; ßcgq&oxÊ; lektÞ 'kCn dk
bLrseky fd;kA viuh iqLrd ßfMoht+u v‚Q+ yscj bu l¨lkbVhÞ ¼1839½ nq[kÊe us
lekt esa n¨ Ádkj dh ,dtqVrk ij Ádk'k Mkyk gS% e'khuh v©j tSoA vkfne
tutkfr;¨a d¢ lkekftd laxBu d¨ ;kaf=d ,dtqVrk d¢ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
¼bekby nq[kÊe% 1997 iqueqZæ.k½A
yqÃl ,p e‚xZu us viuh iqLrd ß,fUl,aV l¨lkbVhÞ ¼1877½ esa ,d iwjh rjg ls
laxfBr lekt d¢ :i esa tutkfr d¨ ifjÒkf"kr fd;k gS tgk¡ lÒh Ádkj d¢
lkekftd laca/k ukrsnkjh ij gkoh gSaA e‚xZu d¢ fy, vkfnoklh lekt d¨ bl rjg
ls O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS fd mudk lkekftd laxBu [kqn d¨ iqu% mRié djus
esa l{ke gSA mud¢ vuqlkj ,d tutkfr] dà dchy¨a dk ,d laxzg gS ftud¢ ikl
vyx&vyx ukedj.k] vyx Òk"kk] vyx jktuhfrd laxBu v©j vius Lo;a d¢
vf/kdkj d¢ rgr ,d {ks= gS ¼yqÃl ,p e‚xZu% 1877½A
Ã- Ã- bokal&fÁpkMZ vius dke esa ßvÝhdu i¨fyfVdy flLVeÞ ¼1940½ nf{k.kh
lwMku d¢ uwvlZ ij fy[krs gSaA uqvj dk ,d lkekU; uke] lkekU; Òk"kk] lkekU;
laL—fr gS v©j os vyx&vyx jktuhfrd bdkb;¨a esa foÒkftr gSaA mud¢ fy,
uqvj dh viuh fof'k"V jktuhfrd O;oLFkk gS t¨ mUgsa vU; tutkfr;¨a ls vyx
cukrh gSA bokal&fÁpMZ tutkfr;¨a d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djus d¢ fy, [k.M O;oLFkk
¼lsxesaVjh flLVe½ d¢ fopkj dk mi;¨x djus d¢ f[kykQ gS D;¨afd ßtutkfrÞ
'kCn d¨ [kaM O;oLFkk ¼lsxesaVjh flLVe½ d¢ cnys mi;¨x ugÈ fd;k tk ldrkA
¼Ãà bokal fÁpMZ v©j es;j Q¨V~lZ% 1940½
ek'kZy lgfyUl d¢ vuqlkj ,d tutkfr ,d laxBu dk ,d [k.M gS] t¨
lerqY; v©j fof'k"Vh—r cgq&ifjokj lewg] dchys ;k >qaM ls cuk gSA >q.M d¢
laxzg esa viuh vkÆFkd] lkekftd v©j /kkÆed xfrfof/k;¨a d¢ leUo; d¢ fy, ,d
eq[; Òkx gSA og jkT; v©j xSj&jkT; lekt d¢ chp varj djrk gSA xSj&jkT;
lekt¨a d¨ >q.M] tutkfr v©j ljnkjh esa foÒkftr fd;k x;k gSA ¼ek'kZy Mh
lgfyUl% 1968½
e©fjl x¨Msfy;j us lgfyUl d¢ >q.M] tutkfr v©j ljnkjh d¢ fl)kar¨a d¨
[kkfjt fd;k gSA mud¢ vuqlkj] tutkfr v©j ljnkjh¼phQMe½ O;oLFkk esa
16
vk/kkjÒwr varj gSA D;¨afd] tutkfrv¨a dk fodkl tc ljnkjh O;oLFkk dh rjQ
c<+rk gS r¨ oxZ esa vlekurk fn[krh gS x¨Msfy;j us mRiknu d¢ lk/ku d¨
ifjÒkf"kr djus v©j ladfYir djus okyh tutkfr ij t¨j fn;k gS A tutkfr d¢
mRiknu dk rjhdk vius lkekftd laxBu d¨ fu/kkZfjr djrk gS D;¨afd fodkl d¢
ÁR;sd pj.k esa mRiknu dk tutkrh; lk/ku mRiknu d¢ vU; rjhd¨a ls vyx gSA
¼e©fjl x¨Msfy;j% 1977½
jkYQ ÇyVu dgrs gSa] ßvius ljyre :i esa tutkfr ,d lehiorÊ {ks= ;k {ks=¨a
ij dCtk djus okys y¨x¨a dk ,d lewg gS v©j laL—fr esa dà lekurk,a] yxkrkj
laidZ v©j fgr¨a d¢ ,d fufÜpr leqnk; ls O;qRié ,drk dh Òkouk gS"A yqlh
es;j d¢ fy,] ß,d tutkfr ,d vke laL—fr d¢ lkFk vkcknh dk ,d Lora=
jktuhfrd foÒktu gSÞ ¼1972½A
ekuofoKkfu;ksa us tutkfr;ksa dks ifjÒkf"kr djus v©j bldh vo/kkj.kk dks
lkoZÒ©fed ekunaM Ánku djus dh d¨f'k'k dh gSA fof'k"V ikfjfLFkfrdh] vkÆFkd]
,sfrgkfld v©j lkekftd&lkaL—frd fo'ks"krkv¨a d¢ dkj.k] ÁR;sd tutkfr nwljs
ls fÒé g¨rh gS ysfdu fofo/krk v©j varj d¢ ckotwn] tutkfr;¨a d¢ chp lekurk
dh ek=k e©twn gSA ekuofoKkfu;ksa d¢ vuqlkj] ,d tutkfr vyx&vyx taxy¨a
v©j igkfM+;¨a esa jgus okys y¨x¨a dk ,d lewg gSA mudh Òk"kk] eq[;/kkjk d¢ y¨x¨a
}kjk c¨yh tkus okyh Òk"kk ls vyx gSA os f'kdkj] eNyh idM+us v©j Ò¨tu
tqVkus ij vkfJr gSaA lkekftd&lkaL—frd laLFkk,¡ mud¢ :f<+oknh laca/k ls
vR;f/kd ÁÒkfor gSaA mUgsa thookn] vfrokn v©j dqynsork esa foÜokl gSA mud¢
/keZ v©j vuq"Bku tknqà ÁFkkv¨a ls ÁÒkfor gSaA vÝhdk] v‚LVªsfy;k ;k nqfu;k d¢
vU; fgLl¨a dh tutkfr;¨a d¢ lkFk rqyuk esa Òkjr esa tutkfr;ka leku ugÈ g¨
ldrh gSaA Òys gh lkekftd&vkÆFkd thou d¢ lanÒZ esa mud¢ chp lekurk dk
,d cM+k fgLlk e©twn gS] ysfdu mud¢ foÜo –f"Vd¨.k d¨ lkoZÒ©fed ekunaM¨a d¢
lkFk ifjÒkf"kr ugÈ fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼n¨'kh ,l-,y- v©j ih-lh- tSu 2001½A
Òkjr esa tutkfr;k¡ viuh tula[;k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSaA osn] iqjk.k]
jkek;.k v©j egkÒkjr tSls Ákphu Òkjrh; lkfgR; Òkjr esa vkfnoklh lkekftd
xBu dh Á—fr v©j fo'ks"krkv¨a ij Ádk'k Mkyrs gSaA ,sls i©jkf.kd xzaFk¨a d¢
vuqlkj] Ákphu Òkjr esa tutkfr;¨a d¨ fu"kkn] fdjkr] nL;q v©j nkl tSls uke
fn, x, FksA jkek;.k esa mYys[k gS fd xSj&vk;Z ;k vkfnoklh tutkfr eq[; :i
ls Òkjr d¢ nôu {ks= d¢ fuoklh FksA mUgsa jk{kl] ;{k] okuj] fu"kkn v©j x`/kzt
dgk tkrk gS ¼Ádk'k paæ esgrk] 2006½A
Ákphu Òkjr esa Çgnw jktkv¨a d¢ 'kklu d¢ n©jku tutkfr;¨a d¨ eq[; Òwfe ls
vyx dj fn;k x;k FkkA os eq[;/kkjk d¢ lekt d¢ laidZ esa ugÈ FksA taxy¨a v©j
igkfM+;¨a esa jgus okys tutkfr;¨a ls laidZ djus dh vko';drk d¨ 'kkld¨a us
'kk;n gh eglwl fd;k g¨A gkyk¡fd] dqN tutkfr;¨a us Çgnw /keZ Lohdkj dj
fy;kA e/;dkyhu Òkjr esa eqxy¨a v©j iBku¨a d¢ 'kklu d¢ n©jku tutkfr;¨a d¨
le>us v©j lek;¨ftr djus d¢ fy, d¨f'k'k cgqr de dh x;h FkhA e/;dky d¢
n©jku tutkfr;¨a v©j xSj&tutkfr;¨a d¢ chp cgqr de laidZ Fkk mud¢ fy,
vyx ls uhfr cukuk cgqr nwj dh ckr FkhA ysfdu ml vof/k esa e/; Òkjr esa
x¨aM¨a v©j jktiwr¨a dh o`f) ns[kh xà t¨ ek'kZy jsl d¢ :i esa Qys&Qwys v©j
17
 tkfr inkuqØe esa ;¨)kv¨a d¢ in ij jgsA eqxy v©j vU; eqfLye 'kkld ;¨)k
tkfr;¨a dk laj{k.k djrs Fks v©j vius ljnkj¨a d¨ ukxfjd v©j lSU; Á'kklu esa
mPp in¨a ij fu;qä djrs Fks ¼ds-,u- Mk'k% 2004½A
Òkjr esa tutkfr dh vo/kkj.kk tfVy gSA ÁR;sd tutkfr viuh vyx&vyx
laL—fr] c¨yh v©j vkÆFkd xfrfof/k;¨a d¨ vius Lo;a d¢ ikfjfLFkfrd okrkoj.k esa
LFkkfir djrh gSA dqN tutkfr;ka vÒh Òh vKkr] vyx&Fkyx v©j foeq[k cuh
gqà gSa] tcfd dqN vU; y¨x¨a esa xfr'khyrk v©j ifjorZu vk;k gSA iwo¨ZÙkj esa
tutkfr;¨a lfgr Òkjr d¢ fofÒé fgLl¨a esa tutkfr;k¡] dqN le; igys rd eq[;
Òwfe ls vyx Fkyx jgÈ ¼lqdkar d¢- p©/kjh v©j l©esaæ e¨gu iVuk;d% 2008½A
fczfV'k dky d¢ n©jku] Òkjrh; tutkfr;k¡ v©ifuosf'kd Á'kkld] fe'kujh v©j
ekuofoKku d¢ v/;;u dk ,d mÌs'; cu xb±A gWVu] fjLys] ,yfou v©j vU; us
lkekU; v©j fo'ks"k :i ls tutkfr;¨a esa Òkjrh; lekt dh lkekftd lajpuk v©j
laL—fr d¨ le>us d¢ fy, tutkfr;¨a dk v/;;u fd;kA ,Q-th csyh v©j MCyw-
,p-fjolZ us Òh Òkjr esa tutkfr;¨a dk v/;;u djus esa :fp fn[kkà ¼vkaæs csrs%
2008½A 1930 ls 1950 rd fczfV'k fo}ku¨a v©j Á'kkld¨a us Òkjr d¢ vkfnoklh
y¨x¨a d¨ tkuus d¢ fy, v/;;u fd;k] ftUgsa os vius fu;a=.k esa ykuk pkgrs FksA
Lora=rk d¢ ckn 1950 ls 1970 d¢ n'kd rd dà Òkjrh; f'k{kkfon¨a us Òkjr esa
tutkrh; v/;;u d¢ {ks= esa ;¨xnku fn;kA x¨aM] Òhy] eqaMk] mjkao] g¨] ukxk]
[kklh] fet¨ v©j vaMeku }hi lewg dh tutkfr;k¡ vkfnoklh v/;;u d¢ Áfl)
fo"k; cu x,A fons'kh] jhfr&fjokt] tknw v©j /keZ] ifj/kku v©j J`axkj] xhr v©j
u`R; d¢ lkFk vkfnoklh laL—fr dh ,d jaxhu iPphdkjh yxkrkj fofÒé fo"k;¨a d¢
fo}ku¨a ¼fo|kFkÊ] ,y-ih- v©j ch-d-¢ jk;% 1976½ d¨ vkdÆ"kr djrh gSA bl lanÒZ esa
,l-lh j‚;] fueZy dqekj c¨l] Mh ,u etwenkj] lqjthr flUgk] Vh-lh- nkl] ih d¢
pͨik/;k;] ch-d¢- j‚;&ceZu] ih-,u- feJk] ,y-d¢-,- v¸;j] th-,l- Äqjs] ,l-lh-
nqcs] ,y- ih- fo|kFkÊ] v;Iiu] ,e ,e Jhfuokl] ,-vkj- nslkà v©j vkaæs csrs tSls
dà Áfrf"Br Òkjrh; fo}ku¨a d¢ uke gSa] ftUg¨aus Òkjrh; tutkfr;¨a dk xgu
v/;;u fd;k ¼fo|kFkÊ] ,y-ih-% 1978½A
tutkfr;¨a d¢ fof'k"V ikfjfLFkfrd] Ò©x¨fyd] lkekftd&,sfrgkfld v©j lkaL—
frd fo'ks"krkv¨a d¢ dkj.k ekuofoKkuh v©j lekt'kkfL=;¨a d¨ tutkfrv¨a dh
lkoZÒ©fed ifjÒk"kk v©j vo/kkj.kk cukus esa ck/kkv¨a dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA Òkjr
esa Òh tutkfr;¨a dk o.kZu fo}ku¨a] lq/kkjd¨a v©j Á'kkld¨a d¢ chp fooknkLin jgk
gSA fjtys] ySUlh] ,fYou v©j fxzXlu vkfnokfl;¨a d¨ ewyfuoklh ;k ouoklh crkrs
gSaA gWVu mUgsa vkfne tutkfr dgrs gSaA th] ,l] Äwjs mUgsa fiNM+s Çgnqv¨a d¢ :i esa
oÆ.kr djrs gSaA ,l- Vh nkl us mUgsa ‘tyeXu ekuork’ uke fn;kA dqN fo}ku
v©j lq/kkjd mUgsa vkfnoklh crkrs gSaA 1947 d¢ ckn Òkjr ljdkj us mUgsa
vuqlwfpr tutkfr Js.kh esa oxÊ—r fd;k ¼nslkÃ] ,%vkj 1978½A
Mh- ,u- etwenkj us [kklk d¢ chp ,d O;kid v/;;u fd;k v©j vkfnoklh&Çgnw
lkrR; dh fo'ks"krkv¨a d¨ lkeus yk,aA mudk dguk gS fd] tutkfr Çgnw
jhfr&fjokt¨a d¨ fons'kh v©j vfrfjä&/kkÆed d¢ :i esa ns[krs gS] Òys gh os muesa
fyIr gS v©j nsoh&nsorkv¨a dh iwtk djrs gSa] tgka tkfr d¢ O;fä;¨a d¢ :i esa ;s
18 /keZ dk vko';d fgLlk gSaA tkfr d¢ y¨x vke r©j ij vius Lo;a d¢ fof'k"V
O;olk; d¨ viukrs gS D;¨afd lkekftd&vkÆFkd dk;¨± d¨ tkfr O;oLFkk d¢
vuqlkj foÒkftr v©j l©aik tkrk gSA etwenkj ds vuqlkj] ,d tutkfr {ks=h;
lac)rk ds lkFk ,d lkekftd lewg gS] varghu] dk;ksaZ dh fo'ks"kKrk ds lkFk]
vkfnoklh vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk 'kkflr] oa'kkuqxr ;k va;Fkk] Hkk"kk ;k cksyh esa ,dtqV]
mu ls fdlh Hkh lkekftd vieku ds fcuk vU; tutkfr;ksa ;k tkfr;ksa ds lkFk
lkekftd nwjh dks igpkuus ¼tkfr lajpuk ds foijhr½] vkfnoklh ijaijkvksa]
fo'oklksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dk ikyu] fons'kh lzksrksa ls fopkjksa ds lehdj.k ds
vuqlkj] tkrh; vkSj {ks=h; ,dhdj.k dh ,d:irk d¢ Áfr lÒh tkx:d gSa
¼etqenkj] Mh ,u% 1937½A
'd¨a/k* v©j ^mfM+;k* jktuhfrd Á.kkyh dk v/;;u djrs gq, ,Q-th- csyh us
tutkfr v©j tkfr d¨ fujarjrk d¢ :i esa ns[kkA og O;ogkj dh lexzrk d¢ lanÒZ
esa ugÈ cfYd jktuhfrd vkÆFkd Á.kkyh d¢ laca/k esa vf/kd lhfer rjhd¢ ls Òsn
djuk pkgrs gSaA mUg¨aus lq>ko fn;k] ßge tkfr v©j tutkfr d¨ ,d gh iafä d¢
foijhr N¨j d¢ :i esa ns[krs gSaA bl js[kk d¢ vyx vyx Çcnqv¨a ij ,d [k+kl
lekt ;k r¨ viuh tkfr dh fudVrk Áfreku ;k [k.M tutkfr; Áfreku d¢
vuqlkj fLFkr gSÞA
csyh us mfM+;k tkfr lekt d¨ tSfod v©j vkfnoklh d¨a/k lekt d¨ [kaM d¢ :i
esa fpfUgr fd;kA mUg¨aus rdZ fn;k fd mud¢ ukrsnkjh ewY; v©j /kkÆed foÜokl
,d nwljs ls cgqr nwj ugÈ gSaA ysfdu ledkyhu Òkjr esa tkfr v©j tutkfr
n¨u¨a d¨ ,d vyx Á.kkyh esa feyk fn;k tk jgk gS] t¨ u r¨ ,d gS v©j u gh
,d nwljs ls vyx gSA Òkjr esa tutkfr;k¡ vius vklikl d¢ leqnk; ls ÁÒkfor
gSaA Áeq[k iM+¨lh leqnk; Çgnqv¨a dk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i vkjafÒd dky ls gh Çgnqv¨a
v©j vkfnoklh leqnk;¨a d¢ chp laidZ d¢ dà Çcnq jgs gSaA laidZ] ikjLifjd]
Òkxhnkjh v©j iquj¨)kj dh fo'ks"krkv¨a dh Á—fr v©j lhek Òkjr d¢ fofÒé fgLl¨a
ls fÒé g¨rh gS ¼csyh] ,Qth% 1957½A
,y- ih- fo|kFkÊ v©j fcu; dqekj jk; us Òkjr esa tutkfr;¨a v©j tutkrh;
thou ij ,d Áeq[k iqLrd Ádkf'kr dhA viuh iqLrd esa mUg¨aus Òkjrh;
vkfnokfl;¨a d¢ vkÆFkd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd v©j /kkÆed laxBu¨a ij ppkZ dhA
fo|kFkÊ v©j jk; d¢ vuqlkj] Òkjr dh tutkfr;k¡ ou¨a] igkfM+;¨a v©j i`Fkd {ks=¨a
esa jgrh gSaA os iM+¨lh leqnk;¨a d¢ lkFk fujarj laidZ esa jgs gSa v©j [ksrh v©j
m|¨x¨a esa dke djd¢ viuk thou ;kiu djrs gSaA vkt rd os viuh ijaijk v©j
fjokt d¨ cuk, gq, gSaA os vius iM+¨fl;¨a d¢ foijhr lkekftd :i ls fof'k"V
leqnk; cukrs gSaA mud¢ vuqlkj ;g os leqnk; gSa ftUgsa tutkfr;¨a d¨ uke fn;k
x;k gSA Òkjrh; lafo/kku us fo'ks"k lqfo/kk d¢ fy, ,d vuqlwph tutkfr;¨a d¨
lwphc) fd;k ¼fo|kFkÊ ,y-ih- ,oa fcu; dqekj jk;% 1985½A
vkaæs cssrs d¢ vuqlkj] le; v©j LFkku dh fLFkfr d¨ /;ku esa u j[kdj tutkfr
d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djrs le; nqfu;k d¢ fofÒé fgLl¨a esa ik, tkus okys ekuo lewgu
dks ,d fo'ks"k vuqÒotU; fo'ks"krkv¨a ij vk/kkfjr g¨uk pkfg,A oSpkfjd :i ls
,d tutkfr d¨ ,d vkn'kZ jkT; d¢ :i esa ifjÒkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ,d
vkRe&fufgr bdkà t¨ vius vki esa ,d lekt dk xBu djrh gSA ,d tutkfr
,d ,slk lekt gS ftlesa ,d vke ljdkj gS v©j tks ,d vke {ks= lk>k djrh
19
 gSA gkykafd] ;g ifjÒk"kk v/kwjh g¨ tkrh gS vxj d¨Ã tutkrh; jktuhfrd
laxBu okys tutkfr;¨a d¢ vuqÒotU; lk{; ij fopkj djrk gS] tSlk fd uqvj
v©j fnudk d¢ chpA blfy, ,d lekt d¢ :i esa tutkfr d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djus
d¢ fy, ikfjfLFkfrd v©j jktuhfrd ekunaM i;kZIr ugÈ gSaA
csrs dk dguk gS fd ekuofoKkuh vker©j ij Òk"kkÃ] lkaL—frd] vkÆFkd]
jktuhfrd] /keZ v©j ukrsnkjh ekunaM¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij tutkfr d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djrs
gSaA mud¢ vuqlkj] Òkjrh; tutkfr;¨a d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djus d¢ fy, mij¨ä ekunaM
i;kZIr ugÈ gSaA Òkjr esa tutkfr;¨a d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djuk vf/kd tfVy gS D;¨afd
vc 'kk;n gh d¨Ã tutkfr vyx lekt d¢ :i esa e©twn gSA os lÒh O;kid
lekt esa vyx&vyx ek=k esa vo'k¨f"kr g¨ x, gSaA bld¢ dkj.k Òkjr esa dÃ
tutkfr;¨a us viuh jktuhfrd v©j Òk"kkà igpku [k¨ nh gSA blfy, Òkjrh;
tutkfr;ka laØe.k esa gSa v©j fdlh d¢ ikl vuqÒotU; vuqla/kku esa mi;¨x d¢
fy, rS;kj ifjÒk"kk ugÈ gS ¼vkaæs csars 1986½A
d¢-,l- Çlg d¢ vuqlkj] v©ifuosf'kd dky d¢ n©jku mÙkj&iwoZ d¢ ckgj d¢
vkfnoklh vFkZO;oLFkk v©j Á'kklu dh e©twnk v©ifuosf'kd Á.kkyh d¢ lkFk Äfu"B
:i ls tqM+s gq, FksA iwoZ&v©ifuosf'kd dky esa fdlku¨a v©j tutkfr;¨a d¢ ijLij
laidZ us fuokZg d¢ ÁkFkfed lk/ku d¢ :i esa —f"k dk fodkl fd;kA ;g ÁfØ;k
v©ifuosf'kd dky esa 'kq: gqà ftlls vkfnoklh fdlku¨a dh lgk;rk gqbZ ¼Çlg] d¢-
,l-% 1994½A
fueZy dqekj c¨l us Òkjr esa fofÒé tutkfr;¨a d¢ lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk v©j
laL—fr dk foÜys"k.k fd;kA mUg¨aus tutkfr;¨a dh vkthfodk d¢ fofÒé ek/;e¨a]
mud¢ lkekftd laxBu] /keZ] dyk] laxhr v©j u`R; dk v/;;u fd;kA Òkjr esa
tutkfr;k¡ vius iM+¨fl;¨a d¢ foijhr lkekftd :i ls fof'k"V leqnk; cukrh gSaA
c¨l crkrs gSa fd] vkfnokfl;¨a v©j mud¢ iM+¨lh fdlku¨a d¢ chp vkÆFkd thou
yxÒx leku gSA varj d¢oy mud¢ vyxko v©j vkÆFkd fiNM+siu dk gS] ftld¢
dkj.k mUgsa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA ;|fi tutkfr;¨a us
xSj&tutkfr;¨a d¢ lkFk lkekftd laidZ d¢ ckn vius O;olk; d¨ cny fn;k]
ysfdu ckn d¢ le; esa] fo'ks"k :i ls fczfV'k dky d¢ n©jku] tutkfr;¨a d¨ /ku
egktu v©j Òwfe d¢ O;kikfj;¨a }kjk 'k¨"k.k dk f'kdkj g¨uk iM+kA ¼fueZy dqekj
c¨l% 1971½A
foÆtfu;l [kk[kk d¢ vuqlkj] ßtutkfrÞ 'kCn dk mi;¨x fczfV'kksa }kjk ,d ls
vf/kd vFk¨± esa fd;k x;k FkkA ,d vFkZ esa ;g 'kCn mu y¨x¨a d¢ lewg d¨ n'kkZrk
gS ftud¢ ikl ,d lkekU; iwoZt gSA ,d vU; vFkZ esa ;g ÁkFkfed fLFkfr;¨a esa
jgus okys y¨x¨a d¢ ,d lewg d¨ lanÆÒr djrk gSA mud¢ vuqlkj] tutkfr d¨
ifjÒkf"kr djus d¢ fy, ekuofoKkfu;ksa }kjk mi;¨x fd, tkus okys fofÒé ekunaM
Li"V ugÈ FksA vius rdZ d¨ lgh Bgjkus d¢ fy, og vkxs dgrs gSa fd igys dh
tutkfr;¨a d¨ mud¢ /keZ d¢ vk/kkj ij xSj&tutkfr;¨a ls vyx fd;k x;k Fkk]
ysfdu /keZ tutkfr d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djus d¢ fy, ,d lar¨"ktud ekunaM ugÈ cu
ldkA ;g rc gqvk tc tux.kuk vf/kdkfj;¨a us Çgnqvksa d¢ fupys rcd¢ d¢ /keZ ls
lokZReokn d¨ vyx djuk eqf'dy ik;kA QyLo:i] tutkfr;¨a dh igpku d¨
lokZReoknh ls fiNM+s Çgnqv¨a esa cny fn;k x;kA Òkjrh; lkekftd okLrfodrk dk
20
o.kZu djus esa tutkfr 'kCn d¢ mi;¨x d¢ ckjs esa dqN cs<ax ckrsa gSa ¼oÆtfu;l
[kk[kk% 2008½A
foÆtfu;l [kk[kk] tutkfr;¨a d¨ Lons'kh d¢ :i esa ifjÒkf"kr djrs gSA mud¢
vuqlkj] buds rhu igyw gSa] t¨ Lons'kh y¨x¨a dh vo/kkj.kk esa d¢aæh; gSaA
1½ Lons'kh ¼ns'kt½y¨x os y¨x g¨rs gSa t¨ ns'k esa jgrs Fks ftlls os ns'k ;k
Ò©x¨fyd {ks= ls ckgj d¢ y¨x¨a }kjk mifuos'khdj.k ;k fot; ls igys FksA
2½ {ks= d¢ ckgj d¢ y¨x¨a }kjk fot; v©j mifuos'k d¢ ckn os gkf'k, ij g¨ x,
gSaA
3½ Lons'kh y¨x vius thou d¨ vius lkekftd] vkÆFkd v©j lkaL—frd laLFkku¨a
d¢ lanÒZ esa lekt ;k ns'k esa ykxw dkuwu¨a dh rqyuk esa vf/kd fu;af=r djrs
gSaA ¼[kk[kk% 1999½A
uhgkj jatu js dk dguk gS fd vkfnoklh ekuo'kkL=h v©j lekt'kkL=h }kjk
dYiuk dh xà ,d vyx Js.kh ugÈ gSA blfy, mud¢ fy, rFkkdfFkr
vkfnokfl;¨a d¨ tu d¢ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS v©j vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh iwjh
vo/kkj.kk d¨ Òkjrh; –f"Vd¨.k ls xaÒhjrk ls ns[kk tkuk pkfg, ¼ujgkj jatu js%
1972½A
ekuofoKkfu;ks us Òkjr esa tutkrh; thou dk foLr`r v©j xgu v/;;u fd;k
gSA v/;;u dh ÁkjafÒd vof/k d¢ n©jku fo}ku¨a }kjk tutkfr;¨a dh
u`oa'kfoKku¼,Fksu¨xzkQh½ tkap dk ,d Áeq[k fgLlk cu x;kA ekuofoKkuh v©j
lekt'kkfL=v¨a d¢ chp Òkjrh; tutkfr;k¡ ges'kk xgu fopkj&foe'kZ d¢ d¢aæ esa
g¨rh gSaA Òkjr esa vkfnokfl;¨a dk v/;;u fczfV'k dky d¢ var esa 'kq: gqvk]
[kkldj 1930 d¢ n'kd d¢ cknA ml le; tutkfr;¨a d¢ lkekftd&lkaL—frd]
jktuhfrd v©j vkÆFkd thou d¨ 'kkfey djrs gq, v/;;u eq[; :i ls o`gn
Lrj rd lhfer FksA
v©ifuosf'kd dky d¢ ckn d¢ v/;;u xgu] v©ipkfjd] lexz v©j Ásjd Fks]
ekuofoKkuh *tutkfr* d¨ ,d v©ifuosf'kd fuekZ.k d¢ :i esa ns[krs gSa] t¨
fufÜpr :i ls Áfriknu djrs gSa v©j mu igpku¨a d¨ dB¨j cukrs gSa t¨ igys
vis{kk—r rjy v©j Áklafxd FkÈA tutkrh; leqnk;¨a d¢ ekuo'kkL=h; fooj.k us
dkQh gn rd tutkfr dh dk;Z'khy ifjÒk"kk,¡ Ánku dh gSa t¨ vDlj mud¢
v/;;u LFky d¢ fy, fof'k"V jgh gSa] ;g ns[krs gq, fd tutkfr;k¡ mudh
tula[;k d¢ vkdkj] vkthfodk d¢ rjhd¢ v©j iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk d¢ Òhrj
,dhdj.k d¢ Lrj esa dkQh fÒé gSaA
ekuofoKkuh v©j lekt'kkfL=;¨a us 'kS{kf.kd lqfo/kk d¢ fy, dqN ekinaM¨a d¨
viukrs gq, tutkfr dh vo/kkj.kk d¨ ifjÒkf"kr fd;kA ;s ekinaM /keZ v©j tknw]
ifjokj v©j ukrsnkjh] vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfrd laLFkku] dkuwu v©j vU; lkekftd
laLFkku FksA tutkfr;¨a d¢ ikj&lkaL—frd ;k varj&jk"Vªh; ifjÁs{; ij dke djus
okys lac) ;k }a}kRed fo"k;¨a d¢ ckn d¢ fo}ku¨a us Òkjrh; tutkfr;¨a d¢ chp
fo"kerk dk vuqdj.k fd;kA blfy, Òkjrh; lanÒZ esa tutkfr d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djus
dk d¨Ã Òh Á;kl bld¢ lkFk leL;kv¨a dh cgqyrk d¨ –f"Vxr :i ls
21
 lqfo/kktud cukus dh lqfo/kk Ánku djrk gSA vÒh Òh fo}ku tutkfr;¨a dh dqN
lkekU; fo'ks"krkv¨a ij lger gSa ftud¢ vk/kkj ij mUgsa ifjÒkf"kr v©j
vo/kkj.kkc) fd;k tkrk gSA
;wj¨i esa tutkfr 'kCn fdlh fn, x, {ks= d¢ Òhrj y¨x¨a dh tkfr d¨ fu:fir
djus d¢ fy, vk;k FkkA Òkjr d¢ ifÜpeh ys[kd ftUgsa vker©j ij ÁkP;oknh dgk
tkrk gS] Òkjr e]sa ekuofoKkuh v©j lekt'kkL=h vc ml vFkZ esa tutkfr 'kCn
dk mi;¨x djrs gSaA Òkjr esa tutkfr;k¡ d¨ pkj Jsf.k;¨a ls lEcaf/kr gSa%
• usfxzV¨l]
• n e¨ax¨y¨bM~l]
• esfMVsjsfj;u
• Á¨V¨&v‚LVªy‚bM
ekuk tkrk gS fd usfxzV¨l Òkjrh; Ák;}hi d¢ lcls 'kq#vkrh fuoklh gSaA usfxzV¨
tutkfr;¨a d¨ vaMeku v©j fud¨ckj }hi lewg esa ik;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa vksax]s xzsV
vaMekuh] lsaVfyt v©j tkjok d¢ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS v©j d¢jy esa dknj] b:yk
v©j ifu;Ul d¢ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
eax¨y¨bM tutkfr;¨a d¨ n¨ Jsf.k;¨a esa foÒkftr fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ isfy;¨
e¨ax¨y¨bM~l v©j fVcsV¨ e¨ax¨y¨bM~lA vle] esÄky;] fet¨je] ukxkySaM v©j
ef.kiqj esa jgus okyh tutkfr;¨a d¨ iSfyv¨ e¨ax¨y¨bM~l dgk tkrk gSA flfôe
v©j v#.kkpy Áns'k esa jgus okyh tutkfr;¨a d¨ fVcsV¨ eax¨y¨bM tutkfr;¨a d¢
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA esfMVsjhfj;u y¨x tutkrh; vkcknh dk cM+k lewg gSa v©j
bUgs vker©j ij æfoM+¨a d¢ :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA
ekuk tkrk gS fd æfoM+ tkfr ls lacaf/kr tutkfr;k¡ N¨Vkukxiqj iBkj] jktegy
igkM+h {ks=] vjkoyh ioZrekyk] e/; Ço/;kpy] nôu iBkj {ks= v©j uhyfxjh
igkfM+;¨a esa ikà tkrh gSa ¼oekZ] vkj-lh-% 1910½A
Òkjrh; vkcknh d¢ lcls iqjkus y¨x yacs flj okys] xgjs jax d¢] p©M+s ukd okys
y¨x FksA mudh Ò©frd fo'ks"krk,a N¨Vk ukxiqj] e/; Òkjr v©j nf{k.k Òkjr dh
vkfne tutkfr;¨a d¢ vk/kqfud vkfnokfl;¨a d¢ lkFk Äfu"Brk ls tqM+h gSaA bl
Ádkj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd e/; {ks= d¢ vkfnoklh vker©j ij vksjkao ;k mjkao]
[k¨aM v©j x¨aM tSlh tutkfr;¨a d¨ N¨M+dj v‚LVª¨&,f'k;kà Òk"kk ifjokj c¨yrs
gSa] t¨ fd æfoM+ Òk"kk c¨yrs gSaA os eq[; :i ls vius uLyh; oxÊdj.k esa
Á¨V¨&v‚LVªy‚bM gSaA
tutkfr ,d fooknkLin 'kCn gSA lexzrk esa tutkfr d¨ fodflr] ifjÒkf"kr v©j
ladfYir djuk dfBu gSA tutkfr dk v/;;u djus okys vf/kdka'k lkekftd
ekuofoKkuh v©j lekt'kkfL=;¨a us tutkfr 'kCn d¨ i;kZIr :i ls ifjÒkf"kr
djus d¢ fy, laÄ"kZ fd;k gSA tutkfr dh ifjÒk"kk u d¢oy lkekftd&vkÆFkd
ifjos'k dh fofo/krk d¢ dkj.k] cfYd O;kid lkekftd lajpuk d¢ lkFk mud¢
fujarj vkRelkr v©j mRihM+u d¢ dkj.k Òh dfBu g¨ tkrh gSA tutkfr dh
vo/kkj.kk ij cgl vÒh Òh lkjs fo"k;¨a d¢ fo}ku¨a d¢ chp tkjh gS ¼MsfoM ,y
feYl% 1976½A
22
jkYQ ÇyVu }kjk nh xbZ tutkfr dh ifjÒk"kk fy[ksaA
……………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………

Òkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e 1935 us ^fiNM+h tutkfr* 'kCn dk bLrseky fd;kA ckn
esa] Òkjrh; lafo/kku us ^fiNM+h tutkfr* d¢ LFkku ij ^vuqlwfpr tutkfr* dk
mi;¨x djd¢ ekewyh la'k¨/ku d¢ lkFk 'kCnkoyh d¨ cuk, j[kkA
gkyk¡fd] lafo/kku esa ^tutkfr* 'kCn dh lVhd ifjÒk"kk ugÈ gSA 1951 esa Lora=
Òkjr dh igyh tux.kuk d¢ le; ns'k esa 212 ekU;rk ÁkIr vuqlwfpr tutkfr;k
FkhsA Òkjrh; lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 366 ¼25½ vuqlwfpr tutkfr d¨ n'kkZrk gS t¨
vuqPNsn 342 d¢ vuqlkj lwfpc) gSaA vuqPNsn342 esa dgk x;k gS fd Òkjrh;
jk"Vªifr] jkT; ;k d¢aæ 'kkflr Áns'k d¢ lacaf/kr jkT;iky¨a d¢ lkFk ijke'kZ djus d¢
ckn] tutkfr;¨a ;k tutkfr;¨a d¢ lewg¨a d¨ fuÆn"V dj ldrs gSaA lkoZtfud
vf/klwpuk d¢ ek/;e ls vÒh Òh d¨Ã Li"Vhdj.k e©twn ugÈ gS fd vuqlwfpr
tutkfr dh Js.kh esa fdls 'kkfey fd;k tk,A
1959 esa ljdkj us vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ dY;k.k d¢ fy, Jh ;w-,u-<scj dh
v/;{krk esa ,d vk;¨x dh fu;qfä dhA ;g vk;¨x Òh lar¨"ktud ifjÒk"kk ij
igqapus esa foQy jgkA y¨dqj lfefr ¼1965½ us vuqlwfpr tutkfr d¢ :i esa ,d
leqnk; d¢ fofunsZ'ku d¢ fy, dqN ekunaM¨a dh igpku dh] t¨ fuEufyf[kr gSa%
• vkfne y{k.k¨a dk lad¢r
• fof'k"V laL—fr
• cM+s iSekus ij leqnk; d¢ lkFk laidZ dh 'keZ
• Ò©x¨fyd vyxko( rFkk
• fiNM+kiu
mi;qZä igpku lqfo/kkv¨a ls] tutkfr d¢ fopkj d¨ ^vkfne* d¢ :i esa Li"V :i
ls v©ifuosf'kd dky d¢ ckn ls tkjh j[kk x;k gSA vuqPNsn 340 d¢ rgr Òkjr d¢
jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qä igys fiNM+k oxZ vk;¨x ¼dkdk dkysydj vk;¨x½ us rdZ
fn;k fd tutkfr;k¡%
ß,d vyx vuU; vfLrRo dk usr`Ro djrs gSa v©j y¨x¨a d¢ eq[; /kkjk esa iwjh rjg
ls vkRelkr ugÈ g¨rs gSaA vuqlwfpr tutkfr fdlh Òh /keZ dh g¨ ldrh gSA os
23
 vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ :i esa lwphc) gSa] D;¨afd os vius rjhd¢ dk thou thrs
gS ßA

Òkjr esa tutkrh; vkcknh] gkykafd la[;kRed :i ls vYila[;d gS] lewg¨a dh

,d fo'kky fofo/krk dk Áfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA ÁR;sd vkfnoklh lewg nwljs ls
vyx gS( mudh laL—fr v©j ewY; ,d nwljs ls vyx gSaA Òkjr esa tutkfr;¨a d¢
laca/k esa ,d ltkrh; lewg ugÈ gSa%
• Òk"kk v©j Òk"kkà y{k.k
• ikfjfLFkfrd O;oLFkk]
• Ò©frd fo'ks"krk,sa]
• tula[;k dk vkdkj]
• laL—fr laØe.k dh lhek]
• vkthfodk d¢ eq[; lk/ku]
• fodkl dk Lrj v©j
• lkekftd Lrjhdj.kA
dqN leqnk;¨a d¨ vkfnoklh d¢ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS t¨ vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh
lwph esa 'kkfey ugÈ gSaA tutkfr;¨a d¢ n¨ vU; egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh oxÊdj.k t¨ bu
leqnk;¨a d¢ fof'k"V bfrgkl v©j det¨fj;¨a d¨ ns[krs gSa%
• xSj&vf/klwfpr¼fMuksVhQkbM½] Äqearw v©j v/kZ&Äqearw tutkfr;ka v©j
• fo'ks"k :i ls det¨j tutkrh; lewg ¼PVTGs½A
Äqearw v©j xSj&vf/klwfpr leqnk; tula[;k v©j Òkjr d¢ dqfÍÒfp= ¼e¨t+sd½ d¢
Áeq[k igyw dk i;kZIr fgLlk gSaA ;s leqnk; Òkjr d¢ yxÒx lÒh jkT;¨a esa QSyk
gqvk gSA us'kyu deh'ku Q‚j fMuksfVQkbM] ftls cky—".k jsud¢ vk;¨x d¢ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gS] vk;¨x¼2008½ }kjk vuqekfur gS] fd Äqearw v©j xSj&vf/klwfpr
leqnk; ns'k dh vkcknh dk de ls de 10 Áfr'kr vuqekfur gSaA 100 ls vf/kd
leqnk;¨a d¢ fy, tula[;k d¢ vkadM+s miyC/k ugÈ FksA jsud¢ vk;¨x }kjk ;g Òh
ns[kk x;k fd Òkjr esa yxÒx 1]500 [kkukcn¨'k v©j v/kZ&Äqera w leqnk; v©j
yxÒx 150&198 xSj&vf/klwfpr leqnk; gSaA bu leqnk;¨a dh lwph uhps miyC/k gS%
http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Draft%20List%20of%20Denotified%20T
ribes%20for%20Mail.pdf

fczfV'k v©ifuosf'kd 'kkld¨a us 1857 dh Lora=rk dh yM+kà d¢ ckn xSj&vf/klwfpr

leqnk;¨a dh Js.kh cukà ftlesa dà [kkukcn¨'k leqnk;¨a us v©ifuosf'kd 'kkld¨a
d¨ m[kkM+ Q¢adus d¢ fy, Òkx fy;kA vaxzst¨a us ,d fl)kar dk Ápkj fd;k fd
dqN leqnk; tUe ls vijk/kh Fks v©j vijk/k mudh tkfr ;k lkeqnkf;d O;olk;
FkkA vaxzst¨a us 1871 dk ,d vkijkf/kd tutkfr vf/kfu;e cuk;k v©j ckn esa
1911 esa] bl vf/kfu;e d¢ rgr dà leqnk;¨a d¨ lwfpr fd;k fd [kqn d¨
le;&le; ij la'k¨f/kr fd;k x;k FkkA ftyk dysDVj¨a d¨ vius vf/kdkj {ks= d¢
24
rgr leqnk;¨a d¨ vkijkf/kd tutkfr;¨a d¢ :i esa vf/klwfpr djus dk vf/kdkj
fn;k x;k FkkA 1952 d¢ ckn bls jÌ dj fn;k x;k Fkk v©j bu lÒh leqnk;¨a d¨
v;axj lfefr dh flQkfj'k¨a d¢ ckn xSj&vf/klwfpr fd;k x;k FkkA bl rjg mUgsa
xSj&vf/klwfpr tutkfr d¢ :i esa oxÊ—r fd;k x;k gS ¼f'ko Álkn] vkj% 2015½A
ijaijkxr :i ls ;s leqnk; dà Ádkj d¢ O;olk; djrs gSa v©j vkarfjd :i ls
fofo/k g¨rs gSaA fo}ku¨a us mUgsa fuEufyf[kr O;kid Jsf.k;¨a esa oxÊ—r fd;k gS%
• i'kqikyd v©j f'kdkjh y¨x
• /kkrq Jfed ¼fLeFk½] iRFkj d¢ etnwj] ued d¢ O;kikjh] V¨djh cukus okys
• urZd] dykckt] laxhrdkj] dykdkj] lisjs] canj Vªsuj] igyoku lfgr
euksjatu djus okys
• gcZfyLV] esafMlsaV] dkjhxj] ckMZ ¼HkkV½] T;ksfr"kh bR;kfnA¼feÇyn c¨fdy%
2002½A
PVTGs

705 ls vf/kd tutkrh; lewg gSa] ftud¢ ikl lkekftd] /kkÆed v©j lkaL—frd
ekunaM gSaA dqN tutkfr;¨a d¨ vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ Òhrj fo'ks"k :i ls
det¨j tutkrh; lewg¨a ¼PVTGs½ ¼igys vkfne tutkrh; lewg¨a d¢ :i esa tkuk
tkrkFkk ½ dks mudh Òs|rkv©j vkÆFkd fiNM+siu d¢ vk/kkj ij fo'ks"krk nh tkrh
gSA PVGTs esa orZeku esa 75 tutkrh; lewg 'kkfey gSa t¨ 18 jkT;¨a v©j vaMeku
,oa fudksckj}hi lewg d¢ d¢aæ 'kkflr Áns'k esa jgrs gSaA PVGTs d¢ chp dqN
leqnk; foyqIr g¨us d¢ [krjs dk lkeuk dj jgs gSa v©j bu lewg¨a d¨ yqIrÁk;
tula[;k ekuk tkrk gSA 1979 esa x`g ea=ky; us fo'ks"k :i ls det¨j tutkrh;
lewg¨a dh igpku d¢ fy, pkj ekunaM 'kq: fd,A o¨ gSa%
1½ Á©|¨fxdh v©j vFkZO;oLFkk d¢ iwoZ —f"k Lrj]
2½ lk{kjrk dh cgqr de nj]
3½ ÄVrh gqà vkcknh d¢ ;k mld¢ vkl ikl] v©j
4½ vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,d fuokZg LrjA
;s leqnk; vius fuokZg d¢ fy, f'kdkj] Ò¨tu ,d= djuk] eNyh idM+uk]
i'kqpkj.k] >we [ksrh tSlh xfrfof/k;¨a ij fuÒZj gSaA
75 lwphc) ihohVhth esa ls lcls vf/kd la[;k v¨fM'kk ¼13½ esa ik, tkrs gSaA
PVTGs okys vU; jkT; gSa%

• vka/kz Áns'k ¼12½]

• >kj[kaM lfgr fcgkj ¼9½
• NÙkhlx<+ lfgr e/; Áns'k ¼7½
• rfeyukMq ¼6½
• d¢jy ¼5½ v©j
• xqtjkr ¼5½
25
 'ks"k PVTGsifÜpe caxky ¼3½] egkjk"Vª ¼3½] dukZVd v©j mÙkjk[kaM esa n¨&n¨ v©j
jktLFkku] f=iqjk v©j ef.kiqj esa ,d&,d jgrs gSaA
jkT;¨a v©j d¢aæ'kkflr Áns'k¨a dh PTVGs dh lwph uhps nh xà gS%

PVGTs

1 vka/kz Áns'k ¼rsyaxkuk lfgr½ 1- c¨M¨ xMkck 2- c¨aM¨ i¨j¨tk 3- psapw 4- M¨axfj;k
[k¨aM 5- xqV¨c xMck 6- [k¨aM i¨j¨tk 7- d¨ye 8-
d¨aMkjsfÏl 9- d¨aMk lokjk 10- dqfV;k [k¨aM 11- ijsaxh
i¨jtk 12-Fk¨rh
2 fcgkj ¼>kj[kaM lfgr½ 13- vlqj 14- fcjg¨j 15- fcjft;k 16- igkM+h [kfj;k
17- d¨jok 18- ey igkfM+;k 19- ijkgS;l 20- l©fj;k
igkfM+;k 21- lkoj
3 xqtjkr 22- dFk¨M+h 23- d¨rokfy;k 24- ik/kj 25- flÌh 26-
d¨yÄk
4 dukZVd 27- tsuwdq#ck 28- d¨jxk
5 d¢jy 29- p¨ykfudk;u ¼dÍqfudUl dk ,d [kaM½ 30- dknj
31- dÍqU;kdu 32- dq#Eckl 33- d¨jxk
6 e/; Áns'k ¼NÙkhlx<+ lfgr½ 34- vÒqIi ekfj;k 35- cSxk 36- ÒSjl 37- fcjg¨j 38-
igkM+h d¨jck 39- dekj 40- lgfj;k
7 egkjk"Vª 41- dkVdfj;k ¼dB¨fM;k½ 42- d¨ye 43- ekfj;k x¨aM
8 ef.kiqj 44- ejjke ukxk
9 v¨fM'kk 45- fcjg¨j 46- c¨aM¨ 47- fnnkbZ 48- M¨axfj;k [k¨aM
49- tqaXl 50- [kkfj;k 51- dqfV;k d¨a/k 52- yaft;k
lwjl 53- y¨/kkl 54 eudhnkl 55- i©M+h Òqb;ka 56-
l©jk 57- pqdfV;k Òqaft;k
10 jktLFkku 58- lsgfj;k
11 rfeyukMq 59- b#yk 60- dVquk;du 61- dksVk 62- dq#Eckl 63-
ifu;Ul 64- V¨Mk
12 f=iqjk 65-jsax
13 mÙkj Áns'k ¼mÙkjk[kaM lfgr½ 66-cksDlk ¼cqDlk½ 6--jkth
14 ifÜpe caxky 68- fcjg¨j 69- y¨/kk 70- V¨V¨
15 vaMeku v©j fud¨ckj }hi 71- xzsV vaMekuh 72- tkjok 73- vksUxs 74- lsaVhusfyt
lewg 75- 'kkseisUl

lz¨r% National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, Statewise PVTGs List from MTA.pdf

Òkjr ljdkj d¢ tutkrh; ekey¨a d¢ ea=ky; }kjk Ádkf'kr Òkjr ¼2013½ esa
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a dh lkaf[;dh; Á¨Qkby d¢ vuqlkj] PVTGs dh dqy
tula[;k 27-68 yk[k gS v©j leqnk;¨a dh dqy la[;k 71 gSA buesa ls 19 leqnk;¨a
dh dqy vkcknh 1]000 ls de gSA egkjk"Vª d¢ ekfj;k x¨aM ¼16]18]090½ v©j mM+hlk
26
d¢ l©jk ¼5]34]751½ tSls leqnk;¨a esa mPp tula[;k ns[kh tk ldrh gS] tcfd
vaMeku v©j fud¨ckj }hi lewg d¢ lsafVuy ¼15½ v©j xzsV vaMekuh ¼44½ d¢ chp
[krjukd :i ls de vkcknh ikà tkrh gSA ihohVhth dh vf/kdka'k vkcknh Ng
jkT;¨a egkjk"Vª] e/; Áns'k] NÙkhlx<+] >kj[kaM] v¨fM'kk] vka/kz Áns'k v©j rfeyukMq
esa jgrh gSA
T;knkrj tkus&ekus PVTGs leqnk; d¨ fojklr lewg¨a tSls fd tkjok] lsafVuyht+]
'k¨Eisal v©j p¨ykuk;d d¢ :i esa yscy fd;k tkrk gSA os nwlj¨a ls iwjh rjg ls
vyx gSa v©j fof'k"V ikfjfLFkfrd lsÇVXl esa jgrs gSaA PVTGs dh Òs|rk v©j fo'ks"k
vko';drkv¨a d¢ eÌsutj] mud¢ fy, vkÆFkd mRFkku v©j f'k{kk Ánku djus d¢
fy, vyx&vyx ;¨tukv¨a dh ifjdYiuk dh xà gS ¼osadV jko] ih% 2015½A
Òkjr esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh lwph esa be tutkfr ^folaxfr;¨a dh ifjÒk"kk d¨
u¨V fd;k x;k gSA vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a d¢ :i esa leqnk;¨a dk oxÊdj.k iwjs ns'k
esa ,d leku ugÈ gS] ysfdu vDlj euekuh Á'kklfud lhekv¨a d¢ vk/kkj ij fÒé
g¨rh gSA dà lfefr;¨a us bl fo"ke fLFkfr ij /;ku fn;k gS] Òkjr ljdkj
vf/kfu;e] 1935 d¢ ek/;e ls is'k dh xà gS] ftlesa ,d tkrh; ;k lkekftd
–f"Vd¨.k ls ,d gh tutkfr d¢ leqnk;¨a d¨ ,d jkT; ;k ,d jkT; d¢ ,d
fgLls esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr d¢ :i esa ekU;rk ÁkIr gS v©j ugÈ nwlj¨a esaA mnkgj.k
d¢ fy,] ykEcM+k tutkfr] t¨ rsyaxkuk v©j vka/kz Áns'k esa ,d vuqlwfpr tutkfr
gSa] egkjk"Vª esa vU; fiNM+k oxZ v©j vuqlwfpr tkfr dh lwph esa vkrs gSaA ;g
folaxfr eq[; :i ls g¨rh gS D;¨afd tutkfr 'kCn d¨ Òkjr d¢ lafo/kku esa
ifjÒkf"kr ugÈ fd;k x;k gSA lcls egRoiw.kZ Çprk vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh lwph esa
'kkfey leqnk;¨a dh igpku djus dh jgh gS] t¨ tutkfr d¨ n¨"keqä djus d¢ eqÌs
ls fuiVus d¢ fy, gSaA vkfnoklh leL;kv¨a d¨ ns[kus d¢ fy, d¢aæ v©j jkT;
ljdkj¨a }kjk xfBr fofÒé vk;¨x¨a v©j lfefr;¨a dh fji¨V¨± esa ;g ekeyk
ckj&ckj lkeus vk;k gSA 2015 esa oÆtfu;l [kk[kk dh mPp&Lrjh; lfefr }kjk
Òkjr ljdkj d¨ l©aih xà lcls gkfy;k fji¨VZ esa dgk x;k gS fd ,d egRoiw.kZ
eqÌk mu ekunaM¨a dh igpku djus ls gS t¨ vkfnoklh leqnk;¨a ¼JhokLro oh- d¢-
2015½ d¨ ifjÒkf"kr djus d¢ fy, bLrseky fd, tk ldrs gSaA

3½ y¨dqj lfefr 1965 }kjk vuqlwfpr tutkfr d¢ :i esa ,d leqnk; d¢

fofunsZ'ku d¢ fy, d©u ls ekinaM dh igpku dh xà gS\
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………

"tutkfrÞ] ySfVu 'kCn ßVªkbClÞ ls fy;k x;k gS] ftldk vFkZ cny x;k gS] ß,d
leqnk; cukus okys O;fä;¨a dk ,d lewg v©j ,d lkekU; iwoZt ls oa'k dk
27
 nkok**A dqN jkT;¨a v©j d¢aæ 'kkflr Áns'k¨a d¨ N¨M+dj Òkjr d¢ lÒh fgLl¨a esa
tutkfr;k¡ ikà tkrh gSaA Òkjr esa] vkfnoklh y¨x¨a d¨ dà uke¨a ls tkuk tkrk gS]
tSls fd vkfnoklh *¼ewy fuoklh½] ¼vuqlwfpr tutkfr* ¼vuqpqdh tutfr½ v©j
tutkfr*A 2011 dh tux.kuk d¢ vuqlkj] Òkjr esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;¨a dh dqy
vkcknh 10]42]81]034 O;fä;¨a dh gS] ftlesa ns'k dh vkcknh dk 8-6 Áfr'kr fgLlk
gSA
Òkjr esa vkfnoklh tula[;k dk Ò©x¨fyd forj.k ,d leku ugÈ gSA gj txg os
thou thus d¢ LFkkuh; rjhd¨a d¢ vuqdwy g¨ x, gSa] bl Ádkj ,d gh leqnk; d¢
Òhrj lkaL—frd varj dkQh fn[kkà nsrk gSA Òhy Òkjr dk lcls cM+k tutkrh;
lewg gS] mld¢ ckn x¨aM] laFkky v©j eh.kk 'kkfey gSaA tutkfr ,d fooknkLin
'kCn gS&fot+&n&b';wA lexzrk esa tutkfr d¨ fodflr] ifjÒkf"kr v©j ladfYir
djuk dfBu gSA tutkfr dk v/;;u djus okys vf/kdka'k lkekftd ekuofoKkuh
v©j lekt'kkfL=;¨a us tutkfr 'kCn d¨ i;kZIr :i ls ifjÒkf"kr djus d¢ fy,
laÄ"kZ fd;k gSA tutkfr dh ifjÒk"kk ;k ladYiuk u d¢oy lkekftd&vkÆFkd
fefyf'k;k dh fofo/krk d¢ dkj.k] cfYd O;kid lkekftd lajpuk d¢ lkFk mud¢
fujarj vkRelkr v©j mRihM+u d¢ dkj.k Òh dfBu g¨ tkrh gSA tutkfr dh
vo/kkj.kk ij cgl vÒh Òh fo"k;¨a esa fo}ku¨a d¢ chp csj¨dV¨d tkjh gS

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 http://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/S000001AN/P001118/M0
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http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-
Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-16-Bhasin-M-
K/Anth-SI-03-16-Bhasin-M-K-Tt.pdf access on 03-01-2021.

1½ iatkc v©j gfj;k.kk v©j d¢aæ 'kkflr Áns'k¨a paMhx<+] fnYyh v©j iqMqpsjh d¨
N¨M+dj Òkjr d¢ lÒh fgLl¨a esa tutkfr;k¡ ikà tkrh gSaA
2½ vius ljyre :i esa tutkfr ,d lehiorÊ {ks= ;k {ks=¨a ij dCtk djus
okys y¨x¨a dk ,d lewg gS v©j laL—fr] vDlj laidZ v©j fgr¨a d¢ ,d
fufÜpr leqnk; esa dà lekurkv¨a ls ÁkIr ,drk dh Òkouk gSA
3½ y¨dqj lfefr ¼1965½ us vuqlwfpr tutkfr d¢ :i esa ,d leqnk; d¢
fofunsZ'ku d¢ fy, dqN ekunaM¨a dh igpku dhA o¨ gSa% d½ vkfne y{k.k¨a dk
lad¢r [k½ fof'k"V laL—fr x½ cM+s iSekus ij leqnk; d¢ lkFk laidZ dh 'keZ
Ľ Ò©x¨fyd vyxko( rFkk½ fiNM+kiuA

30