A Smart Parking System Based on IoT Protocols and
Emerging Enabling Technologies
Luca Mainetti, Luigi Patrono, Maria Laura Stefanizzi, Roberto Vergallo
Dept. of Innovation Engineering
University of Salento
Lecce, Italy
Abstract— Enabling a sustainable mobility is one of primary
goals of the so-called Smart City vision, and the development of
intelligent parking systems represents a key aspect. To this
purpose, this paper presents a novel Smart Parking System based
on the jointly use of different technologies, such as RFID, WSN,
NFC, Cloud, and mobile. It is able to collect, in real time, both
environmental parameters and information about the occupancy
state of parking spaces, and to direct drivers to the nearest
vacant parking spot by using a customized software application.
This last one leverages a NFC-based e-wallet system to allow
users to pay for parking fees. Furthermore, a customized
software application, installed on a cloud platform, is able to
manage alert events (e.g. improper use of a reserved space or
expiration of the purchased time). In such a case, it promptly
informs the traffic cops through an Android mobile app, which
has been designed ad hoc for the considered scenario.
Index Terms—Smart Parking; Smart Cities; Cloud; Wireless
Sensor Network; mobile.
I. INTRODUCTION
The recent assertion of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept
is fostering the development of a plethora of applications,
ranging in many different domains, such as home and industrial
automation, healthcare, smart grids, automotive, and many
others [1]. Among these, the application of the IoT concept to
the urban scenario is becoming more and more interesting as it
responds to the strong requirements of many national
governments to adopt Information and Communications
Technologies (ICTs) in the management of public services in
order to realize the so-called Smart Cities [2][3]. In this
perspective, the IoT can significantly contribute to the design
of a smart mobility able to answer to users’ requests in terms of
transport network efficiency and social sustainability.
Enabling a sustainable mobility, in fact, is one of the most
challenging goals of the Smart City vision, and within it, the
optimal management of parking areas represents a fundamental
aspect. As highlighted in [4], it is estimated that 30% of the
daily traffic congestion in an urban downtown area is caused by
vehicles cruising for parking spaces. Furthermore, some
drivers, frustrated by the lack of parking spaces, often use the
parking spots reserved for people with special needs, such as
disabled. This not only causes waste of time and fuel for
drivers looking for parking, but also increases air pollution and
978-1-5090-0366-2/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
drivers’ frustration. Such considerations suggest the
development of new smart parking systems able to better
manage the urban parking areas and perform road traffic issues.
Among all the IoT-enabling technologies, Ultra High
Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) represent two of the most
promising candidates for the development of an innovative
parking system. RFID is a low-cost, low-power technology,
mainly consisting of passive devices, named tags, which are
able to transmit data when powered by the electromagnetic
field generated by a reader. Although the long lifetime of tags
makes this technology highly suitable for the development of a
variety of application scenarios, however, their reduced
operating range (i.e. up to 10 m) limits the use of RFID
solutions to object identification and tracking within quite
small areas [5]. On the contrary, WSNs are self-organizing
networks of small, low-cost devices that communicate in a
multi-hop manner to provide monitor and control
functionalities [6][7]. WSN motes usually integrate an IEEE
802.15.4 [8] radio enabling up to 100-m outdoor
communication range (single hop). Such considerations allow
asserting that RFID and WSN represent two complementary
technologies, whose physical integration might give new
perspectives to a broad range of innovative applications
[9][10].
In order to manage such RFID-WSN integrated devices in a
unified manner, the adoption of widely recognized standards is
advocated. One of the most used communication protocol in
the IoT is Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) [11]. Its
primary objective is to provide a lightweight access to physical
resources in order to meet the limited capabilities of embedded
devices. Specifically, according to the REpresentational State
Transfer (REST) paradigm, CoAP allows sensor nodes to run
embedded Web services, through which their resources can be
easily manipulated. Furthermore, the development of REST-
style IoT systems enables seamless interoperability with cloud
services, thus guaranteeing the implementation of scalable
solutions, which can be easily integrated with a complex Smart
City infrastructure.
Taking into account these considerations, it could be
possible to design and develop a smart parking system able to
reduce the traffic congestion and improve the citizens’ quality
of life. The system should be capable not only to drive users
toward the vacant parking lots, but also to allow traffic
authorities to adequately monitor the state of reserved parking
spaces. The ability for an user to automatically pay for the
occupied parking spot could represent an important feature, as
it would allow the user to deal with a single application and, at
the same time, it would enable traffic authorities to perform
real time checks of paid parking fees. Finally, the designed
system should be easily scalable and seamless interoperable
with a complete Smart City infrastructure.
Several works addressing the aforementioned issues have
been already presented in the literature, but none of them
provides also a flexible and scalable solution. In [12], WSN
nodes, equipped with a light sensor, are used to detect the state
of each parking lot in an indoor area and to report the retrieved
information to a Web server. The information was also sent to a
central server using a Wi-Fi network, and make accessible to
the drivers through a mobile phone. A new reservation-based
smart parking system, which not only broadcast real-time
parking information to the driver, but also provide reservation
service was proposed in [13]. In [14], authors propose the use
of the RFID technology for the management of street parking
spaces. Also in this case, the proposed solution allows users to
reserve the required parking spot. In our previous work [15],
UHF RFID tags have ben used to identify the unauthorized
occupancy of reserved parking spaces, while the adoption of
wireless sensor devices have been proposed to detect the state
of the parking spots. A complex smart parking system has been
presented in [16]. It is based on the use of a customized cloud-
based infrastructure, able to manage information retrieved by
the sensor devices. The urban mobility problem has
considerable attracted also the industrial world, and a number
of commercial smart parking systems are already available on
the market. As example, Park Smart [17] is a new parking
system which uses optical technologies to detect parked
vehicles. SmartCom [18] uses a mix of Infrared and HF RFID
technologies to detect the car’s presence and to allow traffic
agents verify parking permissions. Siemens Integrated Smart
Parking Solution [19] represents a more complex system able
to evaluate the free parking spots probability basing on stored
data. It uses the radar technology to detect the car presence.
Kiunsys [20] is a complete Italian solution, which includes also
a park booking feature and an RFID-based access control
system for restricted areas. However, it is worth to observe that
most of the cited solutions are based on the use of proprietary
standards or obsolete technologies. On the contrary, the
adoption of IoT-based communication standards in urban
scenarios represents a key aspect, since it allows the
development of innovative systems, which can be easily
extended and integrated within a complete Smart City
infrastructure.
In order to address these issues, in this work, a novel IoT-
aware Smart Parking System (SPS) is presented and discussed.
It is able to guarantee innovative services for the automatic
monitoring and management of parking spaces, by exploiting
the potentialities offered by the jointly use of different, yet
complementary, technologies and standards, such as RFID,
WSN, NFC, mobile, 6LoWPAN, and CoAP. To the best of
authors’ knowledge, the proposed system represents the first
attempt to provide a flexible and scalable solution, based on the
seamless integration of several heterogeneous IoT
technologies. The designed SPS is able to collect, in real time,
both environmental parameters and information about the
occupancy state of parking spaces via an ultra-low-power
Hybrid Sensing Network (HSN) composed of 6LoWPAN
nodes integrating UHF RFID Class-1 Generation-2 (Gen2)
functionalities. The system directs drivers to the nearest vacant
parking spot by using a customized software application. To
simplify the storage and analysis of a great amount of data, the
retrieved information are delivered to a cloud platform, where
an advanced monitoring application makes them easily
accessible via a set of Representational State Transfer (REST)
Web services. The designed mobile application allows users to
pay for the occupied parking space, leveraging an authors’
previous work called IDA-Pay [21][22]. The revised version of
IDA-Pay presented in this current work takes fully advantage
of the Mobile Proximity Payment (MPP) increasing trend, for
which more that 50% mobile phones in Italy will be NFC-
enabled in 2017. Furthermore, in case of improper use of a
reserved space or expiration of the purchased time, the
designed system is also able to promptly inform the traffic cops
equipped with a smartphone connected to a small portable UHF
RFID reader. Finally, the SPS allows to retrieve and store
important data about the environmental conditions, which can
be easily manipulated to provide useful information to citizens
or researchers, thus realizing a Smart City infrastructure.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section II
provides an overview on the architecture design. A more
detailed description of the system is presented in Section III.
Concluding remarks are drawn in Section VIII.
II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
The designed SPS has been put into effect according to the
architecture illustrated in Fig. 1. As shown, it is composed of
four main parts: (1) the Hybrid Sensing Network (HSN)
hereafter, (2) the IoT Smart Gateway, (3) the cloud platform,
and (4) the user interfaces for data visualization and
management. Moreover, the payment network (5) has been
reported for completeness, even if its development is obviously
out of our work.
The HSN consists of an integrated RFID-WSN 6LoWPAN
network composed of three types of nodes: (i) 6LowPAN
Border Router (6LBR), (ii) 6LowPAN Router (6LR), and (iii)
6LowPAN Router Reader (6LRR). According to the
6LoWPAN standard, the 6LBR is in charge of connecting the
network to the Internet by translating 6LowPAN packets into
IPv6 packets and vice-versa, a 6LR describes a node able to
provide forwarding and routing capabilities, while the 6LRR is
defined as a 6LR interfaced with an RFID reader. The designed
system assumes that 6LR, equipped with a light sensor, are
placed on each parking lot in order to detect cars’ presence,
while 6LRR nodes are placed on poles located near the parking
spaces reserved for people with special authorizations. Indeed,
in the propose system, the 6LRR nodes are used to check that
only authorized cars, labelled with special RFID tags, occupy
the reserved parking places. In the future, car plates equipped
with special RFID tags could be used to store a number of
information about the car and its owner, as well as optional
 Figure 1. Overall Smart Parking System Architecture
special permission for impaired people or for granting access in
traffic restricted areas.
The retrieved information is delivered to the IoT Smart
Gateway, which is connected, on the one hand, directly with
the HSN and, on the other hand, with the Internet through a
3G-communication interface. The gateway plays the role of
6LBR, enabling the communication between HSN nodes and
remote users. The gateway, in turn, allows the RESTful
communication with the cloud platform.
This last one is equipped with the following different
modules: (i) Data Storage Module, in charge of storing the
sensed data; (ii) Device Management Module, responsible to
control and manage sensors; (iii) Virtual Card Management
Module, designed to manage the payments; and (iv) a
Management Application (MA), able to execute the business
logic. When the MA realizes that a reserved parking spot has
been occupied, it checks if a new tag has been read by 6LRR
node responsible for controlling that specific reserved space,
and, in such a case, it verifies the car’s authorizations. In case
of improper use of a reserved space or expiration of parking
receipt, the MA exploits Push Notifications (PN) to inform the
nearest traffic cops.
The REST paradigm has also been adopted to make the
collected data easily accessible from the users. To this purpose,
two different mobile applications have been developed, called
TrafficApp and DriverApp. More in detail, in the designed
system the traffic cops are equipped with a smartphone
connected to a portable RFID reader and running the
TrafficApp. Through this App, traffic cops can interact directly
with the tags placed on the cars and check their permissions or
retrieve information stored into the Cloud. The TrafficCop App
allows operators to issue a fine and to update the memory
content of RFID tags with important information to remind
(e.g. the date and time of the last check, information about the
expiration of the authorization, etc.). The DriverApp allows the
driver to find the parking spaces available in a given area, get
the right directions to the selected parking spot, pay the parking
fee, check the remaining parking time and receive notifications
when the purchased time is expiring. Following the footsteps of
one of our previous work called IDA-Pay, we avoid the user
the pain of collecting coins for paying the due parking fee. The
former IDA-Pay version used the NFC Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
working mode to transfer payment credentials (e.g. encrypted
credit card information, payment amount) to the Point of Sale
(POS). The new version of IDA-Pay architecture exploits the
Cloud-based tokenization feature that has been recently ratified
from VISA and MasterCard [23][24]. Such approach falls
within the scope of the Android’s Host Card Emulation (HCE)
technology, by which NFC-enabled mobile phones can emulate
virtual (tokenized) payment cards sent from the cloud. As a key
advantage with respect to the first version of IDA-Pay, the new
mobile wallet is compliant with the existing POS infrastructure.
On the iOS side, the payment feature is handled by the Apple
Pay service, which is a cloud service.
III. SYSTEM DETAILS
In the following subsections, major implementation details
on the software architecture of the SPS are provided.
A. Hybrid Sensing Network
To develop all the HSN components, as well as for
integrated 6LRR nodes, the XM1000 sensor board from
Advanticsys [25] has been used. Specifically, the 6LRR has
been implemented by interconnecting the Sensor ID Discovery
Gate UHF [26] reader to the XM1000 sensor board via the
UART interface.
Furthermore, in order to develop a scalable solution, easily
extensible in a complex Smart City architecture, the REST
Request/Response paradigm, piggybacked on CoAP messages,
has been exploited. CoAP design is similar to that of HTTP
since it provides a request/response model interaction between
two end-points and includes key concepts of the Web, such as
URI and media types. CoAP also provides a resource
observation mechanism, which allows a client to receive
notifications upon every change in the state of resources it has
previously subscribed to.
Three different kinds of resources can be identified in the
proposed architecture: (i) detection sensor, (ii) ambient sensor,
and (ii) RFID-related resources. 6LR devices expose a light
resource, which is used to identify car’s presence (e.g.
coap://[aaaa::1]/detection/light). 6LRR nodes are
equipped with several sensors able to monitor environmental
parameters and, therefore, they expose CoAP ambient sensor
resources (e.g. coap://[aaaa::2]/ambient/light and
coap://[aaaa::2]/ambient/temperature). However, such
kind of nodes are also equipped with an RFID reader, which
allows them also to expose an RFID related resource
(coap://[aaaa::3]/RFID/reader). This last one represents an
aggregated information of tags read within the 6LRR RFID
range. In this way, each resource can be individually accessed
from anywhere in the Internet by using CoAP methods.
For the sake of simplifying the development of the
proposed solution, we drawn on the implementation presented
in [27] where Erbium (Er), a low-power REST engine for
Contiki, has been extended to support conditional observations
through a Conditional Observation Module. Such
implementation has been adapted to our hardware. Specifically,
in the proposed solution, 6LR node embeds a light sensor used
to monitor the occupancy state of parking lot. If its value fits
outside a specified range, it might indicate the car’s presence.
The use of conditional observation methods allows client
applications to be notified only when critical thresholds are
violated. Let us observe that, the aim of this paper is to
demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed architecture, while
finding the best cars’ detection method is outside the scope of
this work.
B. Smart Gateway
The Smart Gateway represents an important element of the
designed architecture. It works as a bridge between the HSN
and the cloud platform. It has been realized by connecting a
Rasperry Pi 2 Model B board [28], equipped with the Raspian
operating system, to the 6LowPAN Border Router. The
gateway has been also equipped with a GPRS module, a GPS
module, and the SCM SCL3711 13.56 MHz NFC contactless
reader [29]. Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized computer
powered by the Broadcom BCM2836 system-on-a-chip (SoC).
This SoC includes a quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU, clocked
at 900 MHz. It is equipped with 1 GB of RAM and powered by
a 5 V micro USB AC charger. From a functional point of view,
it is mainly composed of two different blocks: a proxy and the
billing subsystem.
The proxy enables transparent communication with CoAP
devices. It has the burden of translating HTTP requests coming
from the cloud platform into CoAP messages and vice-versa. It
has been developed by using the Spring Framework and
deployed on the Jetty application server installed on the Smart
Gateway. The proxy logic has been extended by implementing
a caching service, thus supporting multiple requests to the same
resource and limiting the amount of traffic injected into the IoT
peripheral network.
The billing subsystem is aimed at acting like a Point of Sale
(POS): it retrieves the tokenized card data from the mobile
phone via the NFC contactless reader, and forwards the request
through the payment network exploiting the EMV standard
[30]. In order to fasten the POS development, we used a
commercial EMV Level 2 Kernel written in C++ language. The
solely difference between the billing subsystem and a
traditional EMV POS system is the price amount input method.
Usually the merchant inputs the amount the customer has to
pay. In our system instead the DriverApp computes the price
(basing on the amount of parking time inputted by the user).
The app sends the amount to the billing subsystem in advance,
in order the EMV-style POS to request for the right amount to
the NFC mobile phone.
C. Cloud Services
Storing, organizing, and retrieving information related to
the occupancy state of parking spaces and environmental
conditions are expensive processes from both the
computational and memory point of view. For this reason, the
cloud seems to represent the solution that best suits this kind of
needs, as its storing and computing capabilities allow to
process data more efficiently. In the proposed SPS, a cloud
platform has been used to store and manage the information
retrieved by the HSN and all the data related to payments and
expiration of parking fees. We deployed the proposed solution
on Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Specifically, as
previously introduced, the cloud platform has been equipped
with the following modules: (i) Data Storage Module, (ii)
Device Management Module, (iii) Virtual Card Management,
and (iv) Management Application (MA). In particular, the last
one represents the functional core of the proposed SPS, since it
is responsible for monitoring the parking lots state and alerting
traffic cops in case of critical situations. More in detail, the MA
registers itself as an observer to the RFID reader related
resources exposed by 6LRR nodes scattered in the parking
space, and to the light resources exposed by the 6LR devices
used to monitor the parking lots’ state. When the 6LR detect a
car’s presence (i.e., the light value fits within a specific range),
this information is notified to the MA. Similarly, when the
number of RFID tags read from 6LRR node changes, all the
information stored into the memory of the tags inside the
coverage region are delivered to the MA for a further analysis.
Such conditional observation methods allow the MA to be
notified only when something new happens in the parking lot,
thus substantially reducing the number of notification messages
in the network. The MA is also able to send Push Notifications
to the mobile devices of traffic cops using Google Cloud
Messages (GCM). In particular, we resorted to the Amazon
Simple Notification Service (SNS), since it can seamlessly
scale and add an abstraction level allowing programmers to use
the same APIs for sending notifications on different platforms
(e.g. iOS and Android).
D. Mobile Applications
Users can interact with the system through user interfaces,
accessible via Web browser by both desktop clients and mobile
devices. Such interfaces implement RESTful services, thus
enabling the communication with the cloud platform. They
offer two main functionalities depending on two possible client
profiles:
• Traffic staff Interface. This interface allows traffic
operators to manage current and historical information
from environmental sensors, visualize and eventually
change the data about parking lots state and users’
payments. Traffic cops can interact remotely with the
system by using the TrafficApp, a customized Android
application. As previously described, the App also
 allows traffic cops equipped with an RFID-enabled
smartphone [31] to check the notifications related to
the detection of an unauthorized use of a reserved
space, directly reading the information stored in the
RFID tag placed on a machine, and to issue a fines.
• Driver Interface. This interface allows drivers to
visualize information about the occupancy state of
parking lots and the executed payments. Specifically,
users can use a customizes Android application, called
DriverApp, to find the parking spaces available in a
given area, get the right directions to the selected
parking spot, pay the parking fee, check the remaining
parking time and receive notifications when the
purchased time is expiring. Let us observe that Parking
App uses the payment services provided the by the
IDA-Pay platform. The HCE dispatcher running in the
Android OS knows that the IDA-Pay’s HCE service,
listening for a precise AID (Application IDentifier), is
up and running.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, we have presented a novel IoT-aware Smart
Parking System able to reduce the traffic congestion and
improve the citizens’ quality of life. By exploiting the jointly
use of different, yet complementary, technologies and
standards, the proposed system is able to collect, in real time,
both environmental parameters and information about the
occupancy state of parking spaces, and to provide advanced
services. To this purpose, a Hybrid Sensing Network (HSN)
has been deployed. It is able to combine the communication
capability of a WSN, with the identification features of the
RFID technology. On the client side, we developed two
Android and iOS mobile apps, called DriverApp and
TrafficApp. By using the DriverApp, a driver can find the
parking spaces available in a given area, get the right directions
to the selected parking spot, pay the parking fee, check the
remaining parking time, and receive notifications when the
purchased time is expiring. Traffic cops uses the customized
TrafficApp to interact directly with the RFID tags placed on the
cars and check their permissions, or retrieve information stored
into the cloud. Let us observe that, in the designed system,
traffic cops are equipped with a smartphone connected to a
portable UHF RFID reader. The Android version of the Driver
App includes an NFC-based e-wallet system, which exploits
the Host Card Emulation technology (HCE) to allow users to
pay for the parking fee, while leaving the user’s credit card
information in the VISA and MasterCard cloud. We deployed
the developed cloud platform on Amazon Elastic Compute
Cloud (EC2). Furthermore, we resorted to the Amazon Simple
Notification Service (SNS) in order to send alert to drivers and
traffic cops.
REFERENCES
[1] L. Mainetti, L. Patrono, and A. Vilei, “Evolution of wireless sensor
networks towards the Internet of Things: A survey,” 19th International
Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks
(SoftCOM 2011), pp. 16-21, Sept. 2011.
[2] M. Naphade, G. Banavar, C. Harrison, J. Paraszczak, and R. Morris,
“Smarter cities and their innovation challenges” in Computer, vol. 44,
no. 6, 2011, pp. 32–39.
[3] A. Zanella, N. Bui, A. Castellani, L. Vangelista, M. Zorzi, “Internet of
Things for Smart Cities”, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 1, No.1,
2014, pp. 22-32.
[4] R. Arnott, T. Rave, and R. Schob, “Alleviating Urban Traffic
Congestion”. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2005.
[5] A. L. Guido, L. Mainetti, L. Patrono, “Evaluating potential benefits of
the use of RFID, EPCglobal, and ebXML in the pharmaceutical supply
chain”, International Journal of Healthcare Technology and
Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2012, pp. 198-222.
[6] D. Alessandrelli, L. Mainetti, L. Patrono, G. Pellerano, M. Petracca, M.
L. Stefanizzi, “Performance evaluation of an energy-efficient MAC
scheduler by using a test bed approach”, Journal of Communications
Software and Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2013, pp. 84-96.
[7] D. Alessandrelli, L. Mainetti, L. Patrono, G. Pellerano, M. Petracca, M.
L. Stefanizzi, “Implementation and validation of an energy-efficient
MAC scheduler for WSNs by a test bed approach”, 2012 20th
International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and
Computer Networks (SoftCOM 2012), art. no. 6347615.
[8] IEEE 802.15.4 Standard. Available Online at: http://www.ieee802.org.
[9] D. De Donno, M.L. Stefanizzi, L. Catarinucci, L. Mainetti, L. Patrono,
L. Tarricone, “Integrating passive UHF rfid tags with wsn nodes:
Challenges and opportunities”, Journal of Communications Software and
Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, 2014, pp. 99-106.
[10] L. Catarinucci, D. De Donno, L. Mainetti, L. Palano, L. Patrono, M. L.
Stefanizzi, L. Tarricone, “An IoT-Aware Architecture for Smart
Healthcare Systems”, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2015,
doi:10.1109/JIOT.2015.2417684.
[11] C. Bormann, A.P. Castellani, and Z. Shelby, “CoAP: An Application
Protocol for Billions of Tiny Internet Nodes”, IEEE Internet Computing,
Vol. 16, No.2, 2012, pp. 62-67.
[12] J. Yang, J. Portilla, T. Riesgo, “Smart parking service based on Wireless
Sensor Networks”, 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial
Electronics Society (IECON 2012), pp. 6029 – 6034, Oct. 2012.
[13] Hongwei Wang, Wenbo He, “A Reservation-based Smart Parking
System”, 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications
Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS), pp. 690 – 695, April 2011.
[14] R. E. Barone, T. Giuffrè, S. M. Siniscalchi, M. A. Morgano, and G.
Tesoriere, “Architecture for parking management in smart cities”,
Intelligent Transport Systems, vol. 8, no. 5, 2014, pp. 445 – 452.
[15] L. Mainetti, L. Palano, L. Patrono, M. L. Stefanizzi, and R. Vergallo,
“Integration of RFID and WSN Technologies in a Smart Parking
System”, 22nd International Conference on Software,
Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM 2014), pp. 104
– 110, Sept. 2014.
[16] Z. Ji, I. Ganchev, M. O'Droma, L. Zhao, and X. Zhang, “A Cloud-Based
Car Parking Middleware for IoT-Based Smart Cities: Design and
Implementation”. Sensors 2014, pp. 22372-22393.
[17] Park Smart System. Available online at: http://www.parksmart.it/.
[18] Smart Parking. Available online at: http://www.smartparking.com/.
[19] Siemens Integrated Smart Parking Solutions. Available online at:
http://www.siemens.com/mobility/smart-parking.
[20] Kiunsys Innovation in mobility. Available online at:
http://www.infomobilitysuite.com/en/home.
[21] L. Mainetti, L. Patrono, R. Vergallo, “IDA-Pay: An innovative micro-
payment system based on NFC technology for Android mobile devices”
2012 20th International Conference on Software, Telecommunications
and Computer Networks, SoftCOM 2012, art. no. 6347614.
[22] L. Mainetti, L. Patrono, R. Vergallo, “IDA-Pay: A secure and efficient
micro-payment system based on Peer-to-Peer NFC technology for
Android mobile devices”, Journal of Communications Software and
Systems, 2012, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 117-125.
[23] Visa Payment. Available online at: http://investor.visa.com
[24] Mastercard Payment. Available online at:
http://newsroom.mastercard.com
[25] Advanticsys, AS-XM1000 resource manual. Available online at:
http://www.advanticsys.com/.
[26] Sensor ID, Discovery Gate UHF Datasheet. Available online at: [28] Raspberry Pi, User manual. Available online at:
http://www.sensorid.it/ http://www.raspberrypi.org
[27] G. K. Teklemariam, J. Hoebeke, I. Moerman, and P. Demeester, [29] SCM Microsystem, SCL3711, Datasheet. Available online at:
“Facilitating the creation of IoT applications through conditional http://identive-infrastructure.com
observations in CoAP”, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications [30] EMVCo. Available online at: https://www.emvco.com/.
and Networking, June 2013.
[31] TERTIUM Technology, Blueberry UHF, resource manual. Available
online at: http://www.tertiumtechnology.com.