The diagram shows the human digestive system. The digestive system is made up of the alimentary canal, plus the salivary glands, liver and pancreas. mouth —_ salivary glands oesophagus ——__]| liver stomach gall bladder pancreas large intestine small intestine appendixFunctions of organs in the digestive system Mouth Teeth chew food into smaller pieces. Saliva starts to break down starch to sugar. esophagus Food just passes through here with-out changing, ‘Stomach Hydrochloric acid kills micro-organisms in the food. Stomach juices begin to break down protein to amino acids. ‘Small intestine Juices from the pancreas finish breaking down starch, protein and fat to small molecules. These small molecules are then absorbed through the walls of the ‘small intestine. Water, vitamins and minerals (which are already made of very small particles) are also absorbed. Large intestine All the food that could not be digested and absorbed passes through here. A little more of the water in itis absorbed. The undigested food collects up and forms faeces. Liver The liver makes bile. The bile is stored in the gall bladder. Bile flows into the small intestine, where it helps with fat digestion. Panereas The pancreas makes pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice flows into the small intestine, where it helps to digest protein, starch and fat. Ce eNO ee ee COROT nat TEAR Aes ee ere eee we wie ie cay il ppens inside the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Absorption happens inside the erence nt} ony2 Explain how the shape of incisors helps them to carry out their function, 3 Explain how the shape of molars helps them to carry out their function. The structure of a tooth ‘The diagram shows what an incisor tooth looks like if it is cut in half. The diagram also shows the gum and jawbone. Teeth are held in the jawbone by strong fibres. enamel ~ avery hard covering, containing calcium crown dentine ~a layer containing living cells, not as hard as enamel gum pulp cavity — containing blood vessels and nerves fibres — help to hold the tooth in the jawbone root jawbone blood supply to the tooth ‘The structure of an incisor tooth. Caring for your teeth The enamel on your teeth is very strong. However, it can be dissolved by acids. If that happens, you may get a hole in your tooth. This can be painful when the hole reaches the pulp cavity, where there are nerve endings. ‘This means that drinking lots of acidic fizzy drinks (like cola or lemonade) can harm your teeth. Even if you don’t eat or drink acidic things, you may still get acid in your mouth. This is because bacteria in your mouth break down food remains left on and between your teeth ~ especially sugary things. The bacteria make acid when they break down the food remains. To avoid getting holes in your teeth: + Don’t drink fizzy drinks, or eat sugary food, all day long. + Clean your teeth thoroughly after breakfast and before you go to bed. + Use a toothpaste containing fluoride. Fluoride helps to strengthen the enamel on your teeth.‘We have seen that large molecules of nutrients must be broken down into small molecules, so that they can be absorbed. ‘Teeth break down big pieces of food into small pieces. But they don’t have any effect on the molecules of the different nutrients that make up the food. ‘The large nutrient molecules are broken down into small molecules by chemicals called enzymes. Digestion as a chemical reaction Digestion changes a substance made up of large molecules into a new substance made up of small molecules. When one substance is changed into a different substance, we say that a chemical reaetion has taken place, The diagram shows a chemical reaction that happens during digestion. ss Pee — a Teepe hs starch sugar 5 Starch is changed to sugar by a chemical reaction. 1 Explain why digestion by enzymes is a chemical reaction 2 @ Do teeth cause a chemical reaction to take place? Explain your answer, Catalysts ‘The enzymes inside the alimentary canal make these chemical reactions happen. ‘The enzymes are not changed themselves, They just help to speed up the reactions. A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not changed itself, is called a eatalyst. So enzymes are biological catalysts. The enzyme molecule The sugar molecules Bart 4 The starch molecule makes the starch leave the enzyme penta sie Slots into the enzyme molecule split apart into _ molecule. molecule. Wee BQ The enzyme enzyme __ dentin enzyme as ot beenDigestion as a chemical reaction Digestion changes a substance made up of large molecules into a new substance made up of small molecules. | == | ‘When one substance is changed into a different substance, we say that a chemic: diagram shows a chemical reaction that happens during digestion. reaction has taken place. The starch =y sugar Starch is changed to sugar by a chemical reaction. 1 Explain why digestion by enzymes is a chemical reaction. 2 CBP Do teeth cause a chemical reaction to take place? Explain your answer. Catalysts The enzymes inside the alimentary canal make these chemical reactions happen. The enzymes are not changed themselves. They just help to speed up the reactions. i ‘A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not changed itself, is called a eatalyst. So enzymes are biological catalysts. The enzyme molecule The sugar molecules The starch molecule makes the starch leave the enzyme Part ofa starch slots into the enzyme molecule split apartinto molecule. molecule. molecule. ‘sugar molecules. Wee Q The enzyme creme, ecetinenee — not been changed. How an enzyme makes starch molecules break down to sugar molecules. ‘Teeth help to break down large pieces of food into lots of smaller pieces. Suggest how this can help enzymes to digest the food faster. A protein molecule is made up of a long chain of smaller molecules called amino acids. Draw a series of diagrams showing how an enzyme digests protein molecules to amino acid molecules. Use the diagram at the above as a starting point.