Topic 6

Animal
Part 1: DIET Nutrtion
 Why do we eat food?

Provide energy
We cannot make our own food

Produce new cells

To get nutrients our body needCarry out metabolic reactions

Nutrients in our food
Carbohydrates

carbon hydrogen oxygen

energy
respiration
glycogen
fats
Lipids
carbon hydrogen oxygen

saturated
unsaturated
Proteins
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

Cell membranes, cytoplasm

cells

energy
hormone glucagon
antibodies
Vitamin C

deficiency
Vitamin D

bones rickets
teeth
Calcium

bones steoporosis
teeth rickets
Iron

anaemia
Dietary fibre or roughage
glucose cellulose
Consitpation
Balanced diet
energy
amino growth

fibre

Healthy
Body cells
energy
 Topic 6
Animal
Nutrition
Part 2: TEETH
Human teeth
• Physical digestion

Function of teeth:
• Mastification /chewing
 Milk teeth
Duration of teeth (6 months old to about 6 years) = 20 teeth
Permanent teeth
Duration: after about 6 years = 32 teeth
4 types of teeth
Teeth
structure
Teeth structure and function
Tooth Description
Function
structure

Protects dentine
Non living layer made up
Enamel
of calcium salt Forms a hard
bitting surface

Act as shock
Dentine Soft bone-like inner layer
absorber

Contain tooth cells, nerves Supply food and

Pulp cavity
and blood vessels oxygen to cells
 What causes dental disease?

What is plaque?
• Plaque is a sticky film of substance that sticks on the surface of teeth.
• Plaque is made up of bacteria acid and sugar
Dental diseases
1. DENTAL CARIES (Holes on teeth)

2. PERIDONTAL DISEASE
If a plaque is not properly removed, it will absorb
any sugar that is eaten. It then changes the sugar
to acid. The acid dissolves the enamel of teeth
and form small hole. The hole becomes bigger
until decay reached the pulp cavity and the
person will feel the tooth ache. If the gum is not
thoroughly cleaned, the plaque will be formed
near to the gum. It turns sugar to acid. The acid
will then attack the periodontal fibres. The fibres
tear and then tooth becomes loose.
Proper care of teeth
Ways to take a good care of your teeth:

Eat food containing Vitamin C for __healthy gum___.

Eat food containing Vitamin D and calcium for ___healthy teeth__.

Reduce eating sweet food.

Eat crisp food e.g. apples to exercise jaw and massaging gum.
 Keep your teeth clean by:
Brushing your teeth
Brushing the teeth Using dental floss to
properly at least twice a Use mouthwash to kill
thoroughly at least for 3 to remove plague in between
day ESPECIALLY after bacteria in mouth.
5 minutes. teeth.
meal or before bed time.

Change toothbrush when Using toothpaste with

Visit dentists atleast once a
the bristles are out of fluoride to strengthen your
year.
shape. teeth.
 Topic 6
Animal
Nutrtion
Part 3: Chemical digestion
Overall learning objective
OBJECTIVES:
identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and the associated organs: mouth (buccal)
cavity, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, ileum,
colon, rectum and anus;
describe the main functions of these parts in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation and egestion of food, as appropriate;
Describe digestion in the alimentary canal and function of typical amylase, protease and
lipase.
Describe the structure of a villus, including the roles of capillaries and lacteals.
State the role of hepatic portal vein as the route taken by most food absorbed from the small
intestine.
Discuss the role of liver.
Today’s learning objective
identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and the associated
organs: mouth (buccal) cavity, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach,
duodenum, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, ileum, colon, rectum and
anus

describe the main functions of these parts in relation to ingestion,

digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food, as
appropriate;
 1. Taking food into the body through the
1. Ingestion
mouth (eating)
2. The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into
2. Digestion
small water soluble molecules using mechanical and
The physical processes
3. Moving digested molecules from the alimentary canal
digestive 3. Absorption
into the bloodstream or the lymph so they can be
transported around the body

system 4. Movement of absorbed food molecules into cells

4. Assimilation
where they are used and become part of the cells

5. Getting rid of food that could not be digested (e.g.

5. Egestion
dietary fibre) by passing it as faeces
The digestive
system
1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Assimilation

5. Egestion
Recall Topic 1
 Types of digestion
Bigger insoluble molecules
to smaller insoluble
molecules
PHYSICAL DIGESTION
Chewing action of teeth
Peristalsis by the walls of
alimentary canal
Churning action of stomach
Emulsification by bile
Insoluble molecules to
simpler soluble molecules
CHEMICAL DIGESTION
Large food molecules are broken
down into simpler, smaller,
soluble food molecules that can
be absorbes into the body cells,
using enzymes.
PARTS ACTION

TEETH
1. Breaks foods into smaller pieces which helps
increasePhysical digestion
surface area so enzyme can act on it faster. Mouth –
1. Mix salivary amylase in the saliva with starch in
food.
chewing
TONGUE 2. To form bolus of food with the help of mucus in
saliva, for easy swallowing. action
1. Produces by salivary glands.
SALIVA Chemical
2. Saliva contains digestion
salivary amylase for digestion of
starch.

MUCUS Moisten the foods for easy swallowing.

Chemical digestion begins -Mouth

SALIVARY AMYLASE

STARCH MALTOSE
 Oesophagus
Antagonistic muscles : A pair of muscles working opposite to one another.
When 1 muscle contract, the other muscle relax.

PERISTALSIS is the When circular muscle contract, the gut becomes

rhythmic, wave-like
muscular contractions in
the wall of the alimentary
canal.
narrower and longer. The food is squeezed or pushed
forward.
When longitudinal muscle contract, the alimentary canal
becomes wider and shorter. This widens the lumen for
Oesophagus
What happens
during
breathing and
swallowing
Oesophagus
Stomach
Stomach
• A muscular bag with churns the food for up to 4 hours.
• Its wall secretes gastric juice which contains:
 Enzyme pepsin to start the digestion of proteins to polypeptides
 Hydrochloric acid:
 To activates the inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin
 To provide acidic medium (pH 2) for pepsin to work
 To stop the action of salivary amylase (denaturing)
 Kill potentially harmful microorganisms in foods.
Stomach
hydrochloric acid
Pepsinogen
(inactive form of Pepsin
enzyme) (Active form of enzyme)

pepsin
Protein Polypeptides
Accessory digestive organ:
Other organs that help with digestion
Small intestine (Duodenum)
• receives bile via the bile duct from liver.
• receives pancreatic juice via pancreatic duct from
the pancreas.
• releases a digestive juice from its walls (called
intestinal juice) which contain enzymes lipase for
fat digestion.
Digestion of starch (in duodenum /smal
intestine)

pancreatic maltase
amylase (intestinal juice)
(pancreas)

Starch Maltose Glucose

Digestion of protein (in duodenum /smal
intestine)

trypsin erepsin (intestinal

(pancreas) juice)

Protein Polypeptides Amino acids

Summary of digestive enzymes
Digestion of fats (in duodenum /smal intestine)

lipase
bile (pancreas and intestinal
(liver) juice)

Fats Smaller fats

droplets Fatty acids
and Glycerols
Bile and emulsification
What happens to digested food once digestion is
finished?

Ans: All the digested food will be _____________

in the _________.
Protein
Digestion
Summary
The digestive
system

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Assimilation

5. Egestion
Absorption
Villi – high magnification
Villus (One villi)
Absorption
• Glucose and amino acids will be absorbed into the
capillaries to go to the circulatory system
• Fatty acids and glycerol will be absorbed into the
lacteals to go the lymphatic system
 Glucose and amino acid
enter the capillaries

Fatty acids and glycerol

enter the lacteals
Absorption
• Absorption of glucose, amino acid, fatty acids and
glycerols are by diffusion and active transport
• Diffusion – down concentration gradient
• Active transport – against concentration gradient
Circulatory system
Circulatory system
Circulatory system - Assimilation
Assimilation
Assimilation
• Excess glucose to glycogen for
storage

• Excess amino acids will undergo

deamination

• Detoxification of toxic materials

such as alcohol
Assimilation of glucose and amino acids
Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol
Liver – deamination of excess amino acids
Liver – storing glucose in the form of glycogen
Harmful
effects of
alcohol
Liver- detoxification
QUIZ
QUIZ 1

Name enzyme that breaks

down polypeptide to amino
acid
QUIZ + ANSWER

Name enzyme that breaks

down polypeptide to amino
acid
EREPSIN
QUIZ 2

Name enzyme that breaks

down starch to maltose in
the duodenum
QUIZ + ANSWER

Name enzyme that breaks

down starch to maltose in
the duodenum
PANCREATIC AMYLASE
QUIZ 3

The enzyme LIPASE breaks

down fats into?
QUIZ + ANSWER

The enzyme LIPASE breaks

down fats into?
FATTY ACIDS AND
GLYCEROL
QUIZ 4

The _______ is where protein

digestion begins
QUIZ 4 ANSWER

The stomach is where

protein digestion begins
QUIZ 5

Name the 5 stages of

nutrition and put them in the
right order
DIGESTION
ASSIMILATION
EGESTION
ABSORPTION
INGESTION
ANSWER

1. INGESTION
2. DIGESTION
3. ABSORPTION
4. ASSIMILATION
5. EGESTION
Structured questions - practice
QUESTIONS: Label the structures below
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
liver
stomach

pancreas
duodenum
 PERISTALSIS
PERISTALSIS is the
rhythmic, wave-like
muscular contractions in
the wall of the alimentary
canal.

When circular muscle contract, the gut becomes

narrower and longer. The food is squeezed or pushed
forward.

When longitudinal muscle contract, the alimentary canal

becomes wider and shorter. This widens the lumen for
the food to enter.
STOMACH
Acidic / pH 2
Stomach PH is ______________

Because there is a juice that

released by the cells in the
stomach:

The NAME of JUICE released in the

Gastric juice
stomach is _____________________

This Juice contains:

1.
Hydrochloric acid
2. Enzyme - pepsinogen
What is the function of the liver in digestion?

bile
Liver releases liquid ________
which is stored in the gall bladder

Bile helps with mechanical digestion

Bile breaks down fat droplets into

smaller fat droplets
_____________________

Therefore bile helps with:

1. Increasing the surface area to
volume ratio
2. Speed up digestion of fats by
enzyme lipase
Question: The diagram below shows the human gut.
Into which region is pacreatic juice secreted?
The diagram below shows the human gut.
Into which region is pacreatic juice secreted?
What is the function of pancreas for digestion?

Release pancreatic
juice that
contains:
1. Lipase
2. Trypsin
3. Pancreatic amylase
4. Bicarbonate
Glucose and amino acid
Absorbed into the capillaries Villi:
1. Large surface
Fatty acids and glycerol area to volume
Absorbed into the lacteals ratio
2. A lot of blood
capillary ( a lot of
blood supply)
3.