INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNICAL

STUDIES
Subject:Structural Analysis - II (GPCE7002)

Student Name as per last qualification mark

sheet Lunawadi Husain Kusai
Enrollment No. IIMTS/IND/PGPCE/LHK1225362/09B22
Professional Graduate Programme In Civil
Course Title Engineering
Semester Applied Fourth
Subject Structural Analysis -2
Examination Start Date 07/09/2023
Answer sheet Submission Date 17/09/2023

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Max. Marks:100
 (PART – A)

 Answer the questions of the following (Each question carries2 marks ) (20 marks)

1. Explain in brief the Maxwell’s law of reciprocal deflection.

The Maxwell law of reciprocal deflection states that the linear displacement at point A due to a unit
load applied at B is equal in magnitude to the linear displacement at point B due to a unit load
applied at A for a stable elastic structure.

2. When does Macaulay’s method is preferred over double integration method?

Macaulay’s method is an improvement over the double integration method. This method is also
applicable to prismatic beams. This method can be used for discontinuous loadings like concentrated
point loads, concentrated moment, and UDL. As the function is discontinuous it is also called as
method of singularity function

3. Explain the concept of virtual work.

The principle of virtual work states that in equilibrium the virtual work of the forces applied to a
system is zero. Newton's laws state that at equilibrium the applied forces are equal and opposite to
the reaction, or constraint forces. This means the virtual work of the constraint forces must be zero
as well.

4. Define Mohr’s theorem.

The angle between the two tangents drawn on the elastic line is equal to the area of the Bending
Moment Diagram between those two points divided by flexural rigidity.

5. Define Castigliano’s theorem I.

The first partial derivative of the total internal energy (strain energy) in a structure with respect to
any particular deflection component at a point is equal to the force applied at that point and in the
direction corresponding to that deflection component.

6. Discuss why stiffening girders are given in suspension bridges?

The stiffening girder transmits the dead weight of the roadway and the live traffic loads acting on the
roadway in the transverse direction of the bridge to the suspension points of the cables where these
loads are removed by the cables. As a result, horizontal compressive forces are present in the
stiffening girder.

7. Define flexibility of the structure.

The structural flexibility can be defined as the property of the building structure to accommodate any
changes in use by providing sufficient space as well as load-carrying capacity and letting changes in
one more of the building layers without the requirement to change the structure itself.
 8. Explain in brief triangular elements?
A linear triangular element is a two-dimensional finite element that has three nodes and three sides.
It has three vertices and the nodes have coordinates (x 1, y1) , (x2, y2) , (x3, y3) in global Cartesian
coordinate system.

9. State plastic moment of resistance.

The plastic moment of resistance is defined as the moment at which the entire cross section has
reached its yield stress. In conclusion, in the stress strain curve, the maximum moment is reached at
a point where the curvature can increase indefinitely, neglecting the strain hardening benefits.

10. Write two lineson global stiffness matrix.

Global stiffness matrix method makes use of the members stiffness relations for computing member
forces and displacements in structures. Hence Global stiffness matrix or Direct stiffness matrix or
Element stiffness matrix can be called as one.

(PART – B)
 Answer the questions of the following in detail (Each question carries 16 marks ) (80 marks)

Question 1:

Question 2:(a)How are arches classified, based on shape and end conditions?

Ans : Arches are classified based on:

1. Shape
2. Number of Centre’s
Types of Arches based on shape:
Based on the shape of construction arches are classified into 10 types and they are discussed below.

Flat Arch :

 For flat arch, the intrados is apparently flat and it acts as a base of equilateral triangle which
was formed by the horizontal angle of 600 by skewbacks.
 Even though the intrados is flat but it is given that a slight rise of camber of about 10 to 15
mm per meter width of opening is allowed for small settlements.
 Extrados is also horizontal and flat. These flat arches are generally used for light loads, and for
spans up to 1.5m.

Segmental Arch :

 This is the basic type of arch used for buildings in which Centre of arch lies below the
springing line.
 In segmental arch, the thrust Transferred in inclined direction to the abutment.
Semi Circular Arch :
The shape of arch curve looks like semi-circle and the thrust transferred to the abutments is perfectly
vertical direction since skewback is horizontal. In this type of arch, the Centre lies exactly on the
springing line.
Horse Shoe Arch :
Horse Shoe Arch is in the shape of horse shoe which curves more than semi-circle. This is generally
considered for architectural provisions.
Pointed Arch :
The other name of pointed arch is Gothic arch. In this type of arch two arcs of circles are met at the
apex hence triangle is formed. This may be either isosceles or equilateral.
Venetian Arch :
Venetian arch is also pointed arch but its crown is deeper than springing’s. It contains four Centre’s,
all located on the springing line.
Florentine Arch :
Intrados of arch is in the shape of semi-circle and rest of the arch is similar to Venetian arch. It has
three Centre’s, all located on the springing line.
Relieving Arch :
Relieving arch is constructed above flat arch or on a wooden lintel to provide greater strength. In
case of relieving arch, we can replace the decayed wooden lintel easily without disturbing the
stability of structure. The ends of this arch should be carried sufficiently into the abutments.
Stilted Arch :
Stilted Arch consists of a semi-circular arch with two vertical portions at the springing’s. The Centre of
arch lies on the horizontal line through the tops of vertical portions.
Semi-Elliptical Arch :
This is a type of arch of semi-ellipse shape and having three or five Centers.

Types of Arches based on number of Centers

Based on number of centers the arches are classified as:

One-centered Arches :
Segmental, semi-circular, flat, horse-shoe arches and stilted arches are one centered arches. In some
cases, perfectly circular arch is provided for circular windows which is called as bull’s eye arch is also
come under these category

Two Centered Arches :

Pointed or gothic or lancet arches are generally come under this type

.
Three Centered Arches :
Semi elliptical and Florentine arches are generally having three number of centers

Four Centered Arches :

Venetian arch is a typical example for four-centered arch. Tudor arch is also having four centers.

Five centered arches :

A good semi-elliptical shape arch contains five centers

.
(b) State and prove Eddy’s theorem.

EDDY’S THEOREM ON ARCHES

Actual Arch: The arch which follows either parabolic, circular or elliptical shape and are easily
constructed with aesthetic appearance is called as actual arch.

Fig 1: Actual arch

Consider an arch (2 or 3 hinged) as shown in figure subjected to the loads W 1, W2 and W3. Let Va and
Vb are the reactions at supports A and B. Let H is the horizontal reaction at each support.

Linear or theoretical arch: The arch which follows funicular polygon shape after application of series of
loads are called as linear or theoretical arch.

Fig 2: Linear arch

 Consider the funicular polygon – ACDEB of arch as shown in figure in which the members AC, CD, DE
and EB are pin jointed and loaded with W1, W2 and W3 at points C, D and E.
 Generally, the members in the linear arch is subjected to compressive forces and joints must be in
equilibrium.
 Fig 3 : Vector Diagram

 Referring to the vector diagram let pq,qr and rs represents the loads W1 , W2 and W3.
 Let OM represents Horizontal thrust, MP represents vertical reaction at A and MS represents vertical
reaction at B of the arch.
 If the arch is provided as the same funicular shape (shown in fig 2 ) then the bending moment for
such type of arch will be zero.

Fig 4: Combination of linear arch and actual arch

 Figure shows the combination of actual arch and linear arch. Let x be the section to determine the
bending moment, y and y1 be the rises for actual and linear arch respectively.

Bending moment at section X0-X = Hy

Bending moment at section X0-X1 = Hy1

Net bending moment at the overlapped portion of X section: H (y1 - y)

Therefore, net BM at section X is proportional to the difference in rise. i.e., (y 1 - y)

Therefor Eddy’s Theorem states that "The bending moment at any section is proportional to the
vertical intercept between the actual arch and the linear arch".

Question 3:Discuss the difference between flexibility method and stiffness method when applying to
analysis of continuous beam.

Ans : The flexibility method and the stiffness method are two commonly used approaches in structural
analysis, particularly for analyzing continuous beams. While they both aim to determine the response of
a structure under various loading conditions, they differ in their fundamental approach and calculations.
Let's discuss the difference between these two methods when applied to the analysis of continuous
beams.

1. Flexibility Method:
The flexibility method, also known as the force method or the displacement method, is based on the
concept of flexibility or the ability of a structure to deform under load. In this method, the unknowns are
the member end forces or moments. The analysis involves determining the displacements at various
points along the beam and then calculating the forces and moments based on these displacements.
Key steps in the flexibility method for analyzing continuous beams include:
a. Determining the flexibility coefficients: These coefficients relate the end moments or forces to the
corresponding displacements. They are obtained by applying known loads and solving for the resulting
displacements.
b. Assembling the flexibility matrix: The flexibility coefficients are arranged in a matrix form known as
the flexibility matrix
c. Applying the boundary conditions: The boundary conditions, such as supports and restraints, are
applied to the flexibility matrix to account for the structural constraints.
d. Solving the system of equations: The system of equations is solved to determine the unknown end
moments or forces.
e. Calculating the reactions and internal forces: The reactions and internal forces can be calculated using
the determined end moments or forces.
2. Stiffness Method:
The stiffness method, also known as the displacement method or the slope-deflection method, is based
on the concept of stiffness or the resistance of a structure to deformations. In this method, the
unknowns are the member end rotations or displacements. The analysis involves determining the
rotations or displacements at various points along the beam and then calculating the forces and
moments based on these rotations or displacements.
Key steps in the stiffness method for analyzing continuous beams include:
a. Determining the stiffness coefficients: These coefficients relate the end rotations or displacements to
the corresponding forces or moments. They are obtained by considering the stiffness properties of the
members and their connections.
b. Assembling the stiffness matrix: The stiffness coefficients are arranged in a matrix form known as the
stiffness matrix.
c. Applying the boundary conditions: The boundary conditions, such as supports and restraints, are
applied to the stiffness matrix to account for the structural constraints.
d. Solving the system of equations: The system of equations is solved to determine the unknown end
rotations or displacements.
e. Calculating the reactions and internal forces: The reactions and internal forces can be calculated using
the determined end rotations or displacements.
In summary, the flexibility method is based on determining displacements to calculate forces and
moments, while the stiffness method is based on determining rotations or displacements to calculate
forces and moments. The flexibility method focuses on the flexibility of the structure, while the stiffness
method focuses on the stiffness of the structure. Both methods have their advantages and
disadvantages, and their suitability depends on the specific analysis requirements and the complexity of
the structure being analyzed.

Question 4:(a)Discuss the matrix approach to structural analysis of continuous beams.

Ans : The matrix approach to structural analysis of continuous beams is a mathematical method used to
analyze the behavior of continuous beams subjected to various loads. It is based on the principles of
structural mechanics and utilizes matrix algebra to solve the equations governing the equilibrium and
compatibility conditions of the beam.
The analysis begins by discrediting the continuous beam into smaller segments or elements. Each
element is considered to be a separate member with known properties such as length, stiffness, and
support conditions. The behaviour of the entire beam is then determined by combining the behaviours
of these individual elements.
 The matrix approach represents the displacement and force variables at each node or point of interest
along the beam using matrices. The displacement matrix contains the unknown displacements at each
node, while the force matrix contains the unknown forces at each node. The stiffness matrix represents
the stiffness properties of the individual elements and their connectivity.
The equilibrium equations and compatibility equations are then expressed in matrix form, relating the
forces and displacements at each node. By solving these matrix equations, the unknown displacements
and forces can be determined, providing a complete description of the beam's behavior under the given
loading conditions.
The matrix approach offers several advantages in structural analysis. It allows for the solution of
complex systems with multiple supports and loading conditions, as well as the inclusion of various
structural properties such as material nonlinearity and geometric effects. Additionally, the matrix
approach can be easily implemented using computer software, making it a powerful tool in structural
engineering.

Certainly! Here are some additional details about the matrix approach to structural analysis of
continuous beams:
1. Discretization: The continuous beam is divided into smaller elements or segments, typically using the
finite element method. Each element is defined by its length, stiffness properties (such as modulus of
elasticity and moment of inertia), and support conditions (such as fixed, pinned, or roller supports).
2. Element stiffness matrix: For each element, a stiffness matrix is constructed based on its properties. The
stiffness matrix relates the forces and displacements at the element's nodes. It is derived from the
governing equations of the beam, incorporating the element's stiffness properties and geometry.
3. Assembly of global stiffness matrix: Once the element stiffness matrices are obtained, they are
assembled to form the global stiffness matrix. The global stiffness matrix represents the entire beam
system and relates the forces and displacements at all nodes.
4. Boundary conditions: The support conditions of the beam, such as fixed or pinned supports, are
incorporated into the analysis by modifying the global stiffness matrix. This ensures that the
displacement and force constraints at the supports are satisfied.
5. External loads: The applied loads on the beam, such as point loads, distributed loads, or moments, are
represented as load vectors. These load vectors are combined to form the global load vector, which
represents the external loads acting on the entire beam system.
6. Solution of matrix equations: The equilibrium equations and compatibility equations, expressed in
matrix form, can be written as [K]{D} = {F}, where [K] is the global stiffness matrix, {D} is the
displacement vector, and {F} is the load vector. These equations are solved using matrix algebra
techniques, such as direct methods like Gaussian elimination or iterative methods like the Jacobi or
Gauss-Seidel method.
7. Calculation of unknowns: Once the matrix equations are solved, the unknown displacement and force
variables can be determined. This provides information about the deflections, reactions, internal forces,
and moments throughout the beam under the given loading conditions.
8. Post-processing: After obtaining the displacements and forces, further analysis can be performed to
evaluate other quantities of interest, such as stresses, shear forces, or bending moments at any point
along the beam.
 These are some additional aspects and considerations related to the matrix approach to structural
analysis of continuous beams:
1. Matrix formulation: In the matrix approach, the equilibrium and compatibility equations are typically
expressed using matrix notation. The equilibrium equations relate the forces and displacements at each
node, while the compatibility equations ensure that the displacements are compatible with the
deformation of the beam.
2. Degrees of freedom: Each node in the beam system has certain degrees of freedom associated with it,
which are the variables used to describe the behavior of the beam. The most common degrees of
freedom are translations (displacements) and rotations. The number of degrees of freedom depends on
the type of support and the number of constraints at each node.
3. Boundary conditions and constraints: The matrix approach allows for the incorporation of various
boundary conditions and constraints in the analysis. These include fixed supports, pinned supports,
roller supports, and other types of restraints. The boundary conditions are used to modify the stiffness
matrix and determine the unknown displacements and forces.
4. Stiffness matrix properties: The stiffness matrix of each element is determined based on the properties
of the material and the geometry of the element. It takes into account factors such as the elastic
modulus, moment of inertia, cross-sectional area, and length of the element. The stiffness matrix
represents the relationship between the applied loads and the resulting deformations within the
element.
5. Load distribution: In the matrix approach, the applied loads on the beam are typically represented as
distributed loads or concentrated loads at specific nodes. The load vector is assembled by summing the
individual load vectors corresponding to each load case. The loads can include point loads, uniform
loads, triangular loads, or any other load distribution along the beam.
6. Solution techniques: The matrix equations can be solved using various techniques, depending on the
size and complexity of the system. Direct methods, such as Gaussian elimination or LU decomposition,
can be used for smaller systems. Iterative methods, such as the Jacobi or Gauss-Seidel method, may be
employed for larger systems with many degrees of freedom.
7. Beam behavior and response: Once the matrix equations are solved, the displacements and forces at
each node of the beam can be obtained. This information allows for the determination of the beam's
behavior, including deflections, reactions, internal forces (such as shear forces and bending moments),
and stresses. These results are typically used for design purposes and to ensure that the beam meets
the required strength and serviceability criteria.
8. Sensitivity analysis: The matrix approach can also be used for sensitivity analysis, which involves
investigating the effects of changes in various parameters, such as material properties, support
conditions, or applied loads, on the behavior of the beam. This analysis helps in understanding the
sensitivity of the system and making informed design decisions.
Overall, the matrix approach provides a systematic and rigorous method for analyzing the structural
behavior of continuous beams. It allows for the consideration of various factors influencing the beam's
response, leading to accurate predictions of its performance under different loading conditions.
 (b)Does the moment distribution method can be used to analyze the determinate structures? Discuss.

Ans : the moment distribution method is specifically designed to analyze indeterminate structures. It is a
classical structural analysis technique used to determine the distribution of moments (internal forces) in
a structure with multiple degrees of freedom. The method takes advantage of the stiffness of the
structure and the principle of superposition to distribute moments at the supports.
Determinate structures, on the other hand, are those that can be fully analyzed using basic equilibrium
equations. They have a well-defined set of reactions and internal forces that can be calculated directly
using equations of static equilibrium.
For determinate structures, simpler methods such as the method of joints or the method of sections are
typically used for analysis. These methods rely on the equilibrium conditions at specific points or
sections of the structure to determine the unknown forces.
So, to summarize, the moment distribution method is not applicable to the analysis of determinate
structures, but rather it is used for the analysis of indeterminate structures with multiple degrees of
freedom.
The moment distribution method is a classical technique developed by Hardy Cross in the 1930s. It is
primarily used to analyze indeterminate structures, which are structures that have more unknown
forces than the number of available equilibrium equations. These structures typically have redundant
supports, multiple spans, or other sources of indeterminacy.
The method relies on the concept of stiffness distribution to determine the distribution of moments
(internal forces) in the structure. The stiffness distribution considers the relative rigidity of different
members and their ability to resist bending moments.
The basic steps involved in the moment distribution method are as follows:
1. Determining the fixed-end moments: The first step is to calculate the fixed-end moments at the ends of
each member, assuming that all other members are fixed. This can be done by applying basic statics and
equilibrium equations.
2. Applying the distribution factors: Distribution factors are used to distribute the fixed-end moments to
the adjacent members based on their relative stiffness. These factors depend on the flexural rigidity (EI)
of the members involved. The distribution factors are usually tabulated or can be derived from simple
formulas.
3. Redistributing moments: The distributed moments are then added to the moments at the supports. If a
member is connected to more than one support, the moments are redistributed iteratively until
convergence is achieved. The process involves applying the distribution factors repeatedly until the
moments at the supports no longer change significantly.
4. Calculating support moments and reactions: Once the moments have been redistributed, the support
moments and reactions can be determined by summing the moments and forces at the supports using
equilibrium equations.
5. Checking for convergence: It is important to check if the redistribution process has converged. This is
typically done by comparing the moments obtained in consecutive iterations and checking if they are
within an acceptable tolerance.
1.Flexibility method vs. stiffness method: The moment distribution method falls under the category of
the stiffness method of structural analysis. It is based on the assumption that the deformations
(rotations and displacements) in a structure are proportional to the applied loads and the stiffness of
the members. The flexibility method, on the other hand, assumes that the applied loads are
proportional to the deformations. The moment distribution method is more commonly used and easier
to understand than the flexibility method.

2.Handling support settlements: The moment distribution method can be modified to account for
support settlements or changes in support conditions. By adjusting the stiffness distribution factors, the
method can accommodate variations in support conditions during the analysis. This makes it useful in
situations where differential settlements or other support movements need to be considered.

3.Iterative process: The moment distribution method involves an iterative process to achieve
convergence. This means that the redistribution of moments is repeated until the moments at the
supports no longer change significantly. The number of iterations required depends on the complexity
of the structure and the desired level of accuracy. Typically, a few iterations are sufficient to achieve
convergence.
4.Frame and continuous beam analysis: The moment distribution method is particularly well-suited for
analyzing frames and continuous beams. It allows for the determination of internal forces and support
reactions in these structures with multiple spans and supports. By distributing moments, the method
can account for the redistributions of forces that occur in continuous members due to the development
of internal moments.
5.Limitations: While the moment distribution method is a valuable tool for analyzing indeterminate
structures, it has some limitations. It assumes that the structure behaves linearly elastically, which
means it does not account for material nonlinearity or large displacements. Additionally, the method
may become cumbersome for structures with a large number of members or complex geometries. In
such cases, more sophisticated numerical methods like the finite element method may be more
suitable.
Overall, the moment distribution method is widely used in practice due to its simplicity and
effectiveness in analyzing a wide range of indeterminate structures. It provides engineers with a
practical tool to determine internal forces and support reactions in frames and continuous beams.
Question 5:Derive the element strain displacement matrix of a triangle element.