15-Nov-21

การสํารวจตรวจสอบพืนที (Site Investigation)

• จุดประสงค์หลัก – เพือประเมินความเหมาะสมของพืนทีสําหรับวัตถุประสงค์ทีเสนอไว้
โดยการสํารวจพืนทีจะกระทําทังผิวดินและใต้ดิน
• สํารวจเมือไหร่ - สํารวจทังก่อน ระหว่าง และหลังจากงานก่อสร้าง
• สํารวจอะไรบ้าง - ลักษณะดิน หิน โครงสร้างทางธรณีวิทยา ลักษณะนําทังผิวดินและใต้
ดิน การผุพงั ของหิน และอืนๆ
• สํารวจอย่างไร – ขึนกับความซับซ้อนของพืนที และลักษณะของโครงสร้างหรือโครงการ
ทีกําลังศึกษา
• ขันตอนหลัก - desk study,
- reconnaissance,
- site exploration (pre, during, post)
• Sample Collection Technique, Laboratory Test, In-situ
test, Data presentation and report
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Desk Study

• Initial assessment of ground condition and

identification of potential of problems.
• Examine available archival records, literature,
maps, imagery and photographs.
• Reduce time and cost of subsequent activities and
prevent duplication of effort.
• Topographical, geological and soil maps can
provide valuable information.

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Desk Study

• Hazard maps, environmental geology maps,

engineering geology maps and groundwater maps
are more understandable by the non-geologists.
• A desk study should not be regarded as an
alternative to a ground exploration.
• Remote Sensing – remote imagery and aerial
photographs
• Geographical Information System (GIS)

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Reconnaissance

• The reconnaissance involves a walk over the site.

• Record or make note from a site visit.
• The inspection should not be restricted to the site
but should examine adjacent areas.

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Site Exploration

• Depend upon the size and the importance of the

construction operation.
• Direct method – Pitting, Trenching, Drilling,
Sampling, Testing
• Indirect method – Geophysical Survey
• Field Testing or In-situ Testing
• Field Instrumentation and Monitoring

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การสํารวจโดยวิธี Geophysical Wireline logging

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Soil and Rock Mass Classification for Engineering Purposes.

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Rock Testing Rock Testing

• Petrographic Examination of Rock Specimens • Splitting Tensile Strength of Specimens
• Preparation of Test Specimens [Brazilian Method] (BTS)
• Determining Density of Solids • Slake Durability of Shales and Similar Weak
• Determination of Pulse Velocities and Rocks, Index Test
Ultrasonic Elastic Constants of Rock • Determination of the Point Load Strength
• Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Index Test
Rock Core Specimens (UCS) • Elastic Moduli of Intact Rock Core Specimens
in Uniaxial Compression

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Rock Testing
• Triaxial Compressive Strength of Rock
Specimens
• Direct Shear Strength of Rock Specimens
• Schmidt Hammer Index Test

!!!STANDARDS!!!
ASTM, ISRM, etc

http://mining.mines.edu/research/emi/071_physical_property_tests.htm

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Unconfined Compressive Strength Field Index Test

Term Uniaxial Point Load Schmidt Field Estimate of Strength Examples*
Compressive Index Hardness
Strength (MPa) (Type L -
(MPa) hammer)
R5 >250 >10 50-60 Rock material only chipped under fresh basalt, chert, diabase,
Extremely repeated hammer blows gneiss, granite, quatzite
Strong
R4 100-250 4-10 40-50 Requires many blows of a geological Amphibolite, sandstone, basalt,
Very Strong hammer to break intact rock gabbro, gneiss, granodiorite,
specimens limestone, marble rhyolite, tuff
R3 50-100 2-4 30-40 Hand held specimens broken by a Limestone, marble, phyllite,
Strong single blow of a geological hammer sandstone, schist, shale

R2 25-50 1-2 15-30 Firm blow with geological pick indents Claystone, coal, concrete, schist.
Medium rock to 5mm, knife just scrapes surface shale, siltstone
Strong
R1 5-25 ** <15 Knife cuts material but too hard to chalk, rocksalt, potash
Weak shape into triaxial specimens
R0 1-5 ** Material crumbles under firm blows of highly weathered or altered rock
Very Weak geological pick, can be scraped with
knife
Extremely 0.25-1 ** Indented by thumbnail clay gouge
Weak
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Drilling Plan
Top View
100m Hole Area = 10 cm2
Influence Area = 1002 m2
100m

0.1 x 0.1/100 x 100

= 0.000001
10cm
Only 0.0001% !!!!!!

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Why do we need indirect method, e.g. Geophysical Surveying?

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