ENG NCEDGEOMETRY GR12kimberly

GEOMETRY_Maths_Clinic_Gr12_ENG 2
GEOMETRY_MathematicsResource2019 12
GEOMETRY_Mathematics P2 Nov 2019 Eng 23
Grade 12 Maths Essentials
Euclidean Geometry Grade 11 Recap SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©
CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 1: Converse of Theorem 1: Converse two of Theorem 1:
(line from centre ⟂ chord) (line from centre mid-pt. chord) (perp bisector of chord)
A The line segment joining the centre of a circle to the The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
A line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular
midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord. the centre of the circle.
to a chord bisects the chord.
K L
J
1 2
N M P
B C If JK = K L, then
OK ⊥ J L O
B̂ = C1̂ (∠ 's opp. = sides)
Â + B̂ + C1̂ = 180∘ (sum ∠ 's of Δ) O
C2̂ = Â + B̂ (ext. ∠ 's of Δ)
EXAMPLE GIVEN: R T = R P and M R ⊥ T P

Given circle centre M with a diameter of 20 cm and
GIVEN: Circle centre O with chord N P ⊥ MO . chord DF of 12 cm.
D RTP: M R goes through the centre of the circle.
F
RTP: N M = M P
PROOF:
2
1 2
1 K Choose any point, say M, on A D.
M 3 PROOF:
Join M T and M P
Join ON and OP
E In ΔM R P and ΔM R T
G In ΔMON and ΔMOP
PR = R T (given)
N MÔ = P MO
̂ (OM⟂PN, given)
K2̂ = M̂1 (corres. ∠ 's DE//GF) M R = M R (common)
ON = OP (radii) M R̂ P = M R̂ T = 90∘ (∠‘s on a str. line)
K2̂ = M̂3 (alt. ∠ 's DE//GF)
OM = OM (common) Determine the length of of chord AC.
K2̂ + M̂2 = 180∘ (co-int. ∠ 's DE//GF) ΔM R P ≡ ΔM R P (SAS)
∴ ΔMON = ΔMOP (RHS)
∴ M T = MP
M̂1 = M̂3 (vert. opp. ∠ 's) NM = MP Join MF
∴All points on A D are equidistant from P and T and
K2̂ + K1̂ = 180∘ (∠ 's on a str. line) DE = E F = 6 cm (line from centre ⟂ chord)
the centre is equidistant from P and T.
MF = 10 cm (radius) ∴The centre lies on A D.
x2 = 10 2 − 62 (Pythag. Th.)
x2 = 64
P
x = 8 cm
∴ MB = 8 − 3 = 5 cm (given)
T Join M A
R
M A ⊥ AC (line from centre mid-pt. chord0
P T 2 = PR 2 + R T 2 (Pythag. Th.) M A = 10 cm (radius)
A B 2 = 10 2 − 52 (Pythag. Th.)
A B 2 = 75
A B = 8,66 cm
∴ AC = 17,32 cm
40
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CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 2: EXAMPLE 1
Theorem 3: Converse Theorem 3:
(∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) (∠ in semi-circle) (chord subtends 90°)
Determine the value of x:
The angle subtended by an arc at the cen- The angle subtended by the diameter at the If a chord subtends an angle of 90° at the circumference
tre of the circle is twice the angle the arc circumference of a circle is a right angle. of a circle, then that chord is a diameter of the circle.
subtends at any point on the circumference
of the circle.
If A MC is the diameter then B̂ = 90∘. If B̂ = 90∘ then A MC is the diameter.

x = 54∘ ÷ 2 (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
∴ x = 27∘ ALTERNATIVE DIAGRAMS:
EXAMPLE
In circle O with diameter AC, D C = A D
EXAMPLE 2
and B2̂ = 56∘. Determine the size of D Â B
Determine the value(s) of x and y:
D
B
GIVEN: Circle centre M with arc A B
x
subtending A M̂ B at the centre and A Ĉ B at
the circumference. 2
E y O1 3
RTP: A M̂ B = 2 × A Ĉ B 88°
PROOF: CO = OB (radii)
A M = B M = C M (radii) A C C2̂ = B2̂ = 56∘ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
Â = C2̂ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
O1̂ = 68∘ (sum ∠ ‘s of Δ)
B̂ = C1̂ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
x = 44∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) A2̂ = 34∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
OB = OC (radii) D̂ = 90∘ (∠ in semi-circle)
M̂1 = Â + C2̂ (ext. ∠ of Δ)
Ĉ = 44∘ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides) A1̂ = C1̂ (∠‘s opp. = sides, DC = AD)
∴ M̂1 = 2C2̂
O3̂ = 92∘ (sum ∠ ‘s of Δ) A1̂ = 45∘ (sum ∠ ‘s of Δ)
O2̂ = 88∘ (vert. opp. ∠ ‘s) ∴ D Â B = 34∘ + 45∘ = 79∘
M̂2 = B̂ + C1̂ (ext. ∠ of Δ)
∴ M̂2 = 2C1̂
88∘ + 92∘ + 88∘
y =
2
∴ M̂1 + M̂2 = 2(C1̂ + C2̂ ) y = 137,5∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
∴ A M̂ B = 2 × A Ĉ B
41
CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 4: COROLLARIES: Converse Theorem 4:
(∠ in same seg.) (line subt. = ∠’s)
a) Equal chords (or arcs) subtend equal
Angles subtended by a chord (or arc) at the If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other points on the same side of the line
angles at the circumference.
circumference of a circle on the same side of segment, then these four points are concyclic (that is, they lie on the circumference of a circle.)
the chord are equal.
K L = ST then P̂ = M̂ (= chords, = ∠’s)
GIVEN: Circle centre N with arc R T subtending If Ŵ = U,̂ then W U Z Y is a cyclic quadrilateral.
R P̂ T and R M̂ T in the same segment. b) Equal chords subtend equal angles at
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
centre of the circle.
RTP: R P̂ T = R M̂ T Given circle centre O with Ĉ = 36∘ Given circle A BC D with A B | | E F.
PROOF:
Join N R and N T to form N1̂ .
1
M̂ = × N1̂ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
2
1
P̂ = × N1̂ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.)
2
If A B = C D then O1̂ = O2̂ (= chords, = ∠’s)
∴ R M̂ T = R P̂ T
c) Equal chords in equal circles subtend Questions:

equal angles at their circumference. Calculate the values of angles: a) Prove C DE F is a cylindrical quad.
O1̂ , Â and B.̂ b) If D2̂ = 38∘, calculate E2̂
Solutions:
a) B1̂ = C1̂ (∠‘s same seg.)
O1̂ = 2 × 36∘ = 72∘ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) B1̂ = F1̂ (corres. ∠ ‘s, AB||EF)
∴ C1̂ = F1̂
Â = B̂ = Ĉ = 36∘ (∠‘s same seg.) ∴ C DE F cyc . quad (line subt = ∠‘s)
b) D2̂ = E2̂ = 38∘ (∠‘s same seg quad CDEF)

If HF = PQ then Ĝ = R̂ (= chords, = ∠’s)
42
CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 5: Converse Theorem 5: Theorem 6:
(opp. ∠‘s quad supp) EXAMPLE 1
(opp. ∠‘s cyc. quad) (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are GFE is a double chord and H1̂ = 75∘
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is
supplementary. supplementary, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. equal to the interior opposite angle.
If Q̂ + Y ̂ = 180∘
or Ĉ + L̂ = 180∘
GIVEN: Circle centre C with quad QUA D. L Q̂ D = Â (ext. ∠ cyc quad)

Then QC Y L Determine the value of D.̂
RTP: Q̂ + Â = 180∘ is cyclic Converse Theorem 6:

H1̂ = F1̂ = 75∘ (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
(ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
F1̂ = D̂ = 75∘ (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
PROOF: If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to
Join UC and D C the interior opposite angle, then the quadrilateral
C1̂ = 2 Â (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) is cyclic.
EXAMPLE 2
C2̂ = 2Q̂ (∠ at centre = 2 x ∠ at circum.) Given circle GH JK with GM ⊥ H J and EXAMPLE 2
GL ⊥ L J. G3̂ = 24∘ A BC D is a parallelogram and B Â D = F1̂ .
C1̂ + C2̂ = 360∘ (∠‘s around a pt.)
Prove that CE F G is a cyclic quad.
∴ 2 Â + 2Q̂ = 360∘
∴ Â + Q̂ = 180∘
EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the value of α.
If L Q̂ D = Â then QUA D is cyclic

a) Is quadrilateral GL J M a cyclic quad?
b) Is quadrilateral GL J H a cyclic quad?
a) M̂2 = 90∘ (Given GM ⊥ H J)

L̂ = 90∘ (Given GL ⊥ L J) B Â D = C1̂ (opp. ∠‘s parm)
∴ GL J M cyc quad (opp ∠ ’s quad suppl) B Â D = F1̂ (given)
55∘ − α + 41∘ + 3α = 180∘ (opp. ∠‘s cyc. quad)
∴ C1̂ = F1̂
2α = 180∘ − 96∘ b) Ĥ = 180∘ − 24∘ − 90∘ (sum ∠‘s of Δ)
∴ CE F G is a cyc quad (ext. ∠ = int. opp. ∠)
2α = 84∘ Ĥ = 66∘
∴ α = 42∘ GL J H not cyclic (opp ∠‘s = 156° not 180°)
43
CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Theorem 7: EXAMPLE 1 Theorem 8: Theorem 9: Converse Theorem 9:
(tan ⟂ radius) (tan from same pt.) (tan-chord th.) (∠ betw. line and chord)
Given circle centre O with tangent Z Y U
and M N = F G. If Ĥ = 18∘ determine the Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same The angle between a tangent to a circle and If a line is drawn through the end
A tangent to a circle is
size of Y2̂ . point outside the circle are equal in length. a chord drawn from the point of contact is point of a chord, making with the
perpendicular to the radius
equal to an angle in the alternate segment. chord an angle equal to an angle
at its point of contact.
in the alternate segment, then
the line is a tangent to the circle.
GIVEN: Tangents T PK and SR K to circle

centre O.
RTP: PK = R K GIVEN: Tangent TA N to circle O, and
Y1̂ = Ĥ = 18∘ (equal chords, = ∠‘s) PROOF: chord AC subtending B.̂
If TA N is a tangent to
Construct radii OR and OP and join OK. RTP: A1̂ = C2̂ If Â = Ĉ or A2̂ = B,̂
circle P, then PA ⊥ TA N Y1̂ + Y2̂ = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
In ΔOPK and ΔOR K PROOF: TA N a tangent
∴ Y2̂ = 90∘ − 18∘ = 72∘ OP = OR (radii) Draw in diameter AOD an join D C.
Converse Theorem 7:
OK = OK (common) A1̂ + A2̂ = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
(line seg ⟂ radius)
̂ = O R̂ K = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
O PK
EXAMPLE 2 C1̂ + C2̂ = 90∘ (∠ in semi-circle)
A line drawn perpendicular
Prove that T PK is a tangent to circle centre ∴ ΔOPK ≡ ΔOR K (RHS) A2̂ = C1̂ (∠’s in same seg)
to the radius at the point
O and radius of 8 cm, if OK = 17 cm and ∴ PK = R K ∴ A1̂ = C2̂
where the radius meets the
PK = 15 cm.
circumference is a tangent to
EXAMPLE
the circle.
PK and K N are tangents to circle centre EXAMPLE 1
M. If N1̂ = 24∘, determine the size of P K̂ N. T R N is a tangent at R and SR = RQ.
If R1̂ = x, find five angles equal to x.
R1̂ = P1̂ = x (tan-chord th.)

Q2̂ = x (tan-chord or ∠’s in same seg)
Q2̂ = S2̂ = x (∠‘s opp. = sides)
OK 2 = 172 = 289 S2̂ = P2̂ = x (∠‘s same seg)
OP 2 + PK 2 = 82 + 152 P2̂ = R 4̂ = x (tan-chord th.)
= 289
If PA ⊥ TA N, then TA N is a
M N̂ K = 90∘ (tan ⟂ radius)
tangent to circle P.
∴ OK 2 = OP 2 + PK 2
∴ N2̂ = 66∘
∴ OP ⊥ T PK (conv. Pythag. Th.)
PK = N K (tan from same pt.)
∴ T PK is a tan to circle O (line seg ⟂ radius) N2̂ = N PK
̂ = 66∘ (∠ ‘s opp. = sides)
∴ P K̂ N = 48∘ (sum ∠‘s of Δ)
44
CIRCLE GEOMETRY
EXAMPLE 2
In the figure, A D and A E are tangents to the circle DE F. The straight
line drawn through A, parallel to F D meets E D produced at C and E F
produced at B . The tangent A D cuts E B at G.
Hints when answering Geometry Questions

• Read the given information and mark on to the diagram if not already
done.
• Never assume anything. If not given or marked on diagram is not true
unless proved.
• As you prove angles equal or calculate angles mark them on to the dia-
a) Prove that A BDE is a cyclic quadrilateral given E2̂ = x. gram and write down statement and reason there and then.
b) If it is further given that E F = DF, prove that A BC is a tangent to the
• Make sure that by the end of the question you have used all the given
circle passing through the points B, F and D. information.
• If asked to prove something, it is true.
a) E2̂ = D2̂ = x (tan-chord th.) For EXAMPLE if asked to prove ABCD a cyclic quad, then it is; but if you
D2̂ = A2̂ = x (alt ∠’s AB||FD) can’t then you can use it as one in the next part of the question.
∴ A BDE a cyc quad (line seg subt. = ∠’s)
b) E2̂ = D3̂ = x (∠‘s opp. = sides) Note for Matric:

F1̂ = E2̂ + D3̂ = 2x (ext. ∠ of Δ) All Grade 11 Theorems and their required
A E = A D (tan from same pt.) proofs are also examinable in Grade 12
E1̂ + E2̂ = D2̂ + D3̂ = 2x (∠‘s opp. = sides)
∴ B3̂ = 2x (ext. ∠ cyc quad)
B3̂ = F1̂
∴ A BC tan to circle (∠ betw. line and chord)
ALTERNATIVE
F1̂ = B1̂ (alt ∠’s AB||FD)
B1̂ = D2̂ + D3̂ (∠‘s same seg)
D1̂ = E1̂ (∠‘s same seg)
E1̂ = D3̂ (tan-chord th.)
∴ B1̂ = D2̂ + D1̂
∴ A BC tan to circle (∠ betw. line and chord)
45
Euclidean Geometry SCIENCE CLINIC 2019 ©
Theorem 1: Converse of Theorem 1: EXAMPLE 2

(Proportion Theorem) MR
In circle O, RQ ⊥ PM, OQ = Q N and x = .
A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle cuts the other If a line divides two sides of a triangle in proportion, then MP
two sides in proportion. (Proportion Th. or side 1 ∥ side 2 or the line is parallel to the third side of the triangle. Calculate x. P
But MO = ON = r (radii)
line ∥ one side △ ) (line divides 2 sides △ in prop. or conv. Prop. Th.) N 1
D R 2 OQ = Q N = r (given)
1 2
D Q r + 1r
MQ 2
O ∴ =
H MN r+ r
⊥h 3
K ⊥k
r
2
M =
2r
Q 3 1
P = ×
P Q P̂ = 90∘ (∠ in semi-circle) 2 2
∴ P̂ = R̂1 = 90∘ (given RQ ⊥ PM) 3
=
∴ RQ ∥ PN (corresp. ∠ ’s equal) 4
E F 3
E F MR MQ ∴ x =
∴ = (line ∥ one side △)
MP MN 4
GIVEN: △ DE F, with P on DE and Q on DF and PQ ∥ E F
DP DQ
Given = , therefore PQ ∥ E F.
DP DQ PE QF EXAMPLE 3
RTP: =
PE QF In the diagram below A D ∥ E F ∥ BC. Prove that A F ⋅ BD = AC ⋅ DF.
A
PROOF: EXAMPLE 1 E AB BD
B In △ A BD : = (Proportion Th. A D ∥ E F)
Construct PF and EQ and draw in altitudes (perpendicular Calculate x AE DF
I AB AC
heights) In △ A BC : = (Proportion Th. ST ∥ RV)
AE AF
Q K ( ⊥ k) and PH ( ⊥ h) 5cm
BD AC AB
1 K F ∴ = (both = )
Area of triangle: = × base × ⊥ h D DF AF AE
2
1 ∴ BD ⋅ A F = AC ⋅ DF
x+1 J
Area △ DPQ = × DQ × ⊥ h
2
1 x
Area △ FPQ = × FQ × ⊥ h H 6cm L
2
1 C
Area △ DPQ × DQ × ⊥ h DQ
∴ = 2 =
Area △ FPQ 1 FQ EXAMPLE 4
× FQ × ⊥ h K L ∥ I J (given)
2
1 HK HL ST U R is a parallelogram, with SU X, T U W and RU V straight lines. Prove R T ∥ V W.
Area △ DPQ × DP × ⊥ k DP ∴ = (proportion Th., K L ∥ I J or line ∥ one side Δ)
Similarly: = 2
= KI LJ
Area △ EQ P 1 PE T
× PE × ⊥ k ST ∥ RU and SR ∥ T U (opp. sides parm)
2 S
x+ 1 6 SU RW
But Area △ FPQ = Area △ EQ P ∴ = In △ SR X : = (Proportion Th. SR ∥ T W)
5 x UX WX
(Same base PQ and between same ∥ lines) SU TV
x (x + 1) = 30 V In △ ST X : = (Proportion Th. ST ∥ RV)
x 2 + x − 30 = 0 UX VX
DQ DP U RW TV SU
∴ = (x + 6)(x − 5) = 0 ∴ = (both = )
FQ PE R X WX VX UX
∴ x ≠ − 6 or x = 5 W
∴ R T ∥ V W (line divides 2 sides △ in prop.)
46
Mid-Point Theorem: Converse: Theorem 2: Similarity Theorem Converse Theorem EXAMPLE 1

(mid-pt. Th.) (conv. mid-pt. Th.) (AAA) (sides in prop.) Given QU = 24 cm, QC = 16 cm, D A = 6 cm
The line segment joining the mid- The line passing through the mid- If the corresponding angles in two triangles If the corresponding sides of two triangles are and C D = x.
points of two sides of a triangle, is point of one side of a triangle and are equal, then the corresponding sides are in proportion, then the corresponding angles
parallel to the third side and half parallel to another side, bisects the in proportion (AAA) are in equal (sides in prop.) Questions:
the length of the third side. third side. The line is also equal to G J 1. Prove △ QUC | | | △ AC D
G J
half the length of the side it is 2. Calculate x
S parallel to.
M NK M NK
S L L U
1
2
Q P H I
H I
Q P Q 2
1
O R GIVEN: △ GH I and △ JK L, Ĝ = J;̂ GH GI HI
GIVEN: ∴ = = C
Ĥ = K̂ and I ̂ = L̂ JK JL KL 2 3
O R 1
4
Therefore if SQ = QO and
SP = PR then PQ ∥ OR and Therefore if SQ = QO and GH GI HI RTP: Ĝ = J;̂ Ĥ = K̂ and I ̂ = L̂
RTP: = = 1
2
1 PQ ∥ OR then SP = PR and JK JL KL 2
1
Q P = OR (mid-pt. Th.) D A
2 1 PROOF:
Q P = OR (conv. mid-pt. Th.)
2 PROOF: Construct M on GH such that GM = J K and
Construct M on GH such that GM = J K N on GI such that GN = J L
Solutions:
EXAMPLE and N on GI such that GN = J L Join M N
GH GI 1. In △ QUC and △ AC D
In △ ACE, A B = BC, GE = 15 cm and A F = FE = E D. Join M N = (given)
JK JL Ĉ2 = Ĉ4 (vert. opp. ∠ ’s)
Determine the length of CE. In △ GM N and △ JK L
GH GI Q̂ 2 = D̂ 2 (∠ ’s in same seg.)
Ĝ = J ̂ (given) ∴ = (construction GM = J K and
GM GN Û 1 = A1̂ (sum ∠ ’s of △ or ∠ ’s in same seg.)
GM = J K (construction)
GN = J L (construction) GN = J L) ∴ △ CQU | | | △ C D A (AAA)
CQ QU CU
In △ ACE ∴ △ GM N ≡ △ J K L (SAS) ∴ M N ∥ H I (line divides 2 sides △ in prop.) ∴ = = ( | | | △ ’s)
CD DA CA
A B = BC and A F = FE (given) ∴ G M̂ N = K̂ and G N̂ M = L̂ ( ≡ △ ’s) ∴ Ĥ = G M̂ N and I ̂ = G N̂ M
1 BUT Ĥ = K̂ and I ̂ = L̂
∴ BF ∥ CE and BF = CE (mid-pt. Th.) (corresp. ∠ ’s M N ∥ H I)
2
CQ QU
In △ DF B 2. =
∴ Ĥ = G M̂ N and I ̂ = G N̂ M CD DA
FE = E D (given) ∴ △ GH I | | | △ GM N (AAA) 16 24
∴ MN ∥ H I (corresp. ∠ ’s equal)
BF ∥ GE (proven) HI GH =
GH GI ∴ = x 6
1 ∴ = (proportion Th., M N ∥ H I) MN GM
∴ BG = GD and GE = BF GM GN GH 96 = 24x
2 = (construction)
(conv. mid-pt. Th.) GH GI JK ∴ x = 4 cm
∴ =
JK JL HI
∴ BF = 2GE = (given)
KL
∴ BF = 2(15) = 30 cm
GH HI ∴ MN = K L
CE = 2BF (proven) Similarly, ∴ = (by constructing P
JK KL ∴ △ GM N ≡ △ J K L (SSS)
∴ CE = 2(30) = 60 cm
on H I such that H P = K L) ∴ Ĝ = J;̂ M̂ = K̂ and N̂ = L̂
GH GI HI
∴ = = ∴ Ĝ = J;̂ Ĥ = K̂ and I ̂ = L̂
JK JL KL
47
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3 Theorem 3: Similar Right Angled Triangles

DM is a diameter of circle A. R T D ⊥ RC, A, B, C and D are points on the circumference of a circle such that A B = BC. (⊥ from rt ∠ vert. to hyp.)
R T = 3 cm, RC = 4 cm, MC = 6 cm and A F is a tangent to the circle through A BC D at A. The perpendicular drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right
DM = 2x. angled triangle to the hypotenuse divides the triangle into two similar right
Questions: angled triangles, which are similar to the original triangle. (⊥ from rt ∠ vert.
Questions: Prove: to hyp.)
T 1 R
1. Prove △ C R T | | | △ C DM 1. △ BC D | | | △ BEC 3. △ BC D | | | △ B A F
2
2. Calculate x 2. B Ĉ D = B FA
̂ 4. BD ⋅ A F = BC ⋅ C D
D 1
R T 1 D U
2
1 2 2
1 2 P
A GIVEN: △ PR T with R̂ = 90∘ and RU ⊥ T P.
1
2 3
RTP: △ PR T | | | △ PU R | | | △ T U R
A
2
12 E 14 3 PROOF:
T ̂ + R̂1 = 90∘ (sum ∠ ’s of △)
3 R̂1 = R̂2 = 90∘ (given)
C 2 F ∴ T ̂ = R̂2 NOTE:
M 1 1 3 ∴ P̂ = R̂1 (sum ∠ ’s of △) G
2
In △ PU R and △ T U R
Solutions: C B Û 1 = Û 2 = 90∘ J
H J 2 = JG ⋅ J I
1. Ĉ3 = 90∘ (∠ in semi-circle) R̂2 = T ̂ (proven)
In △ C R T and △ C DM P̂ = R̂1 (proven)
R̂2 = Ĉ3 = 90∘ (given and proven) Solutions: ∴ △ PU R | | | △ RU T (AAA)
3. In △ BC D and △ BFA I
T1̂ = M̂ (ext. ∠ of cyc. quad) 1. In △ BC D and △ BEC In △ PR T and △ PU R H
Ĉ1 = D̂ 2 (sum ∠ ’s of △) i. B̂1 = B̂1 (common) i. B Ĉ D = B FÂ (proven)
P R̂ T = Û 2 = 90∘ G
∴ △ R T C | | | △ C M D (AAA) ii. D̂ = A2̂ (∠ ’s same seg.) ii. A3̂ = Ĉ2 (tan-chord th.) P̂ = P̂ (common) H I 2 = I J ⋅ IG
J
RT TC RC but A2̂ = Ĉ2 (∠ ’s opp. = sides, A B = BC) but D̂ = Ĉ2 (proven) T ̂ = R̂2 (proven)
∴ = = ( | | | △ ’s)
CM MD CD ∴ D̂ = Ĉ2 ∴ D̂ = A3̂ ∴ △ PR T | | | △ PU R (AAA)
iii. B Ĉ D = E4̂ (sum ∠ ’s of △) iii. B̂1 = B̂3 (sum ∠ ’s of △) ∴ △ PR T | | | △ PU R | | | △ RU T
∴ △ R T C | | | △ C M D (AAA) ∴ △ C DB | | | △ FA B (AAA)
I
2. T C 2 = 32 + 42 (Pythag.) PR PT H
∴ = ∴ PR 2 = P T ⋅ PU
∴ T C = 5 cm 2. F̂ = E4̂ (ext. ∠ ’s of cyc. quad) CD DB CB PU PR G
RT TC 4. = = ( | | | △ ’s) UR PU
FA AB FB
= B Ĉ D = E4̂ (proven) ∴ = ∴ U R 2 = PU ⋅ U T HG 2 = GJ ⋅ GI
CM MD CD DB UT UR J
∴ B Ĉ D = B FA ̂ ∴ = RT PT
3 5 FA AB
= ∴ = ∴ RT2 = PT ⋅ U T
6 2x but C D ⋅ A B = BC (given) UT RT
6x = 30 ∴ C D ⋅ BC = DB ⋅ FA
∴ x = 5 cm H I
48
Theorem 4: Theorem of Pythagoras EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

(Pythag.) O is the centre of circle with tangents K I and I T. OE I is a straight line. O is the centre of the circle with tangent B A and secant BCE.
In a right angled triangle, the area of the square on the OD = DE = D C and AOE is a straight line.
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas on the other Questions:
two sides. (Pythag.) If E I is 15 cm and I T is 17 cm, calculate: Questions: E
1. E T Prove:
T 1 R 2. OE 1. OD ∥ AC
2 3. T O 2. A1̂ = A2̂
K 3. C B = 2E D O 1 1
D
4. A E = 2 2OD 2 2
1
2
U
1 1
P E A 2
O 2 C
GIVEN: △ PR T with R̂ = 90∘. I
RTP: T P 2 = PR 2 + T R 2
Solutions:
1. D1̂ = 90∘ (line from centre mid-pt. chord)
PROOF: B
T C1̂ = 90∘ (∠ in semi-circle)
Construct RU ⊥ T P
∴ D1̂ = C1̂
△ PR T | | | △ PU R (⊥ from rt ∠ vert. to hyp.) Solutions: ∴ OD ∥ AC (corresp. ∠ ’s =)
PR PT 1. K I = I T (tan from same pt.)
∴ = ∴ PR 2 = P T ⋅ PU
PU PR OK = O T (radii) 2. A1̂ = Ô 1 (corresp. ∠ ’s, OD ∥ AC)
△ PR T | | | △ T U R (⊥ from rt ∠ vert. to hyp.) ∴ K I T O is a kite (both pairs adj. sides =) O1̂ = Ê (∠ ’s opp = sides, OD = DE)
RT PT ∴ O Ê T = 90∘ (diag. kite ⊥ )
∴ = ∴ RT2 = PT ⋅ U T A2̂ = Ê (tan-chord)
UT RT ∴ E T 2 = 172 − 152 (Pythag)
∴ A1̂ = A2̂
∴ PR 2 + R T 2 = P T ⋅ PU + P T ⋅ U T ∴ E T = 8 cm
= P T (PU + U T ) 3. In △ ACE : DE = D C (given)
= P T (P T ) 2. O T ̂ I = 90∘ (tan⊥ rad)
OA = OE (radii)
∴ T P 2 = PR 2 + T R 2 ∴ △ T OE | | | △ I T E (⊥ from rt ∠ vert. to hyp.)
∴ AC = 2OD (mid-pt. Th.)
∴ E T 2 = EO ⋅ E I
△ A BE | | | △ C A E | | | △ C B A (⊥ from rt ∠ vert. to hyp.)
82 = OE ⋅ 15
∴ AC 2 = CE ⋅ C B
∴ OE = 4,27 cm
∴ (2OD 2 ) = CE ⋅ C B
4OD 2 = (2OD) ⋅ C B (OD = DE = D C )
3. △ T OE | | | △ IO T (⊥ from rt ∠ vert. to hyp.)
2OD = C B
T O 2 = OE ⋅ OI
∴ 2DE = C B
T O 2 = 4,27 ⋅ (4,27 + 15)
∴ T O = 9,07 cm
4. A E 2 = AC 2 + CE 2 (Pythag.)
∴ A E 2 = (2OD)2 + (2OD)2
∴ A E 2 = 8OD 2
∴ A E 2 = 2 2OD
49
Telematics Mathematics Grade 12 Resources 14 February to October 2019
Revision: Grade 11 Geometry Theorems and Converses

The proofs of the theorems marked with (**) must be studied because it could be examined. The part in bold
in bracket is the abbreviation for the theorem, which we use as reasons when writing up geometry solutions.
1 Theorem** The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord;
(line from centre ٣ to chord)
Converse The line from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
(line from centre to midpt of chord)
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of
the circle; (perp bisector of chord)
2 Theorem** The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the angle
subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the same side of the chord as the centre);
(‫ ס‬at centre = 2 ×‫ ס‬at circumference)
Corollary 1. Angle in a semi-circle is 900 (‫ס‬s in semi circle)
2. Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same side of the chord, are equal
(‫ס‬s in the same seg)
3. Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference (equal chords; equal ‫ס‬s)
4. Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre (equal chords; equal ‫ס‬s)
5. Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the circumference of the circles.
(equal circles; equal chords; equal ‫ס‬s)
Corollary 1. If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the circle
Converse is 90q, then the chord is a diameter. (converse ‫ס‬s in semi circle)
2. If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two points on the same side
of the line segment, then the four points are concyclic.
3 Theorem** The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary; (opp ‫ס‬s of cyclic quad)
Converse If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the quadrilateral is a cyclic
quadrilateral. (opp ‫ס‬s quad sup OR converse opp ‫ס‬s of cyclic quad)
Corollary The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of the
quadrilateral. (ext ‫ ס‬of cyclic quad)
Corollary If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of the
quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic.
Converse
(ext ‫ = ס‬int opp ‫ ס‬OR converse ext ‫ ס‬of cyclic quad)
4 Theorem The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of the
circle at the point of contact. (tan ٣ radius)
Converse If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point where the radius/diameter
meets the circle, then the line is a tangent to the circle. (line ٣ radius)
5 Theorem Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the circle are equal in length.
(Tans from common pt OR Tans from same pt)
6 Theorem** The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is
equal to the angle in the alternate segment. (tan chord theorem)
Converse If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making with the chord an angle equal to
an angle in the alternate segment, then the line is a tangent to the circle.
(converse tan chord theorem OR ‫ ס‬between line and chord)
Scan the QR code for grade 11

geometry revision with solutions.
Session 3 Grade 12 Geometry
The Grade 11 geometry entails the circle geometry theorems dealing with angles in a circle, cyclic
quadrilaterals and tangents. The Grade 12 geometry is based on ratio and proportion as well
as similar triangles. Grade 11 geometry is especially important in order to do the grade 12
Geometry hence this work must be thoroughly understood and regularly practiced to acquire the
necessary skills. The grade 11 geometry is summarized on the previous page.
Below are Grade 12 Theorems, Converse Theorems and their Corollaries which you must know. The
proofs of the theorems marked with (**) must be studied because it could be examined.
1 Theorem** A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally.
(line || one side of Δ OR prop theorem; name || lines)
Converse If a line divides two sides of a triangle in the same proportion, then the line is parallel to the
third side.
(line divides two sides of ∆ in prop)
Theorem** If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in proportion (and
consequently the triangles are similar)
(||| ∆s OR equiangular ∆s)
Converse If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then the triangles are equiangular
(and consequently the triangles are similar).
(Sides of ∆ in prop)
Two variables are proportional if there

is a constant ratio between them.
PROPORTIONALITY
Ratio A ratio describes the relationship between two quantities which have the same units.
We can use ratios to compare lengths, age, etc. A ratio is a comparison between two
quantities of the same kind and has no units.
Example 1: if the length of the base of a triangle is 200 cm and the height is 40 cm, then we can express the
ratio between the length of the base and the height of the triangle:
A ratio written as a fraction is
usually given in its simplest form.
If two or more ratios are

equal to each other, then
Example: If we say that they are in the
same proportion.
And
Triangle Proportionality Theorem.

If a line parallel to one side of a triangle intersects the other two sides of the triangle, then
the line divides these two sides proportionally.
These Statement Reason
statements The theorem is
can be the reason,
Given:
made prop theorem DE || BC
The proportionality
theorem written as a
reason in short.
SPECIAL CASE OF THE CONVERSE PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM:

THE MID-POINT THEOREM
A corollary of the proportion theorem is the mid-point theorem: the line joining the mid-
points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of
the third side.
If AB = BD and AC = CE, then BC‫צ‬DE and

BC = ½DE.
We also know that
APPLYING THE PROPRTIONALITY THEOREM:

EXAMPLE 1
In the diagram below, ABC has D on AB and E on AC such that DE || BC.
DB = 2 units, EC = 3 units, AD = units and AE = units.
Determine the value of
Statement Reason
prop theorem DE || BC
CONVERSE OF THE PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM:

EXAMPLE 2
In the diagram : KB = 7 units; AK = 42 units; AM = 54units and MC = 9 units.
Prove that KM is parallel to BC.
We need to prove that KM divide the sides of the
ABC ( ):
Let’s investigate:
This could come in handy if

you want to prove TWO
lines are parallel!
EXAMPLE 3
In the diagram, ABC has D and P on AB and E on AC such that DE || BC and PE || DC
DB = units, DP = 3 units, AP = units, AE = 10 units and AE = units.
Determine the value of
prop theorem PE||DC
EXAMPLE 4
In the diagram
g below, PQR has T and S on RQ and Y on QP such that TY|| SP and SY|| PR
If ; determine the ratio of
Statement Reason
prop theorem TY|| SP
prop theorem SY|| PR

AREA OF TRIANGLES IN PROPORTIONALITY PROBLEMS:
EXAMPLE 5
In the diagram is with PM parallel to DF.
PD=12 units, EP = 8 units, EM =12 units and MF=18units
5.1 Determine the ratio of: 5.2 Determine the ratio of:
x There are TWO known formulas for the area of a

x We have to decide which formula works best in a given question.
1) Area of use when two have a common height.
2) Area of use when two ∆s have a common angle.
5.1 5.2
Always
simplify
Scan the QR code for revision from

examination papers on the grade 12
geometry theorems with solutions.
V
EXERCISE 1
2x – 10 4
QUESTION 1
In the diagram below, 'VRK has P on
VR and T on VK such that PT || RK. T
VT = 4 units, PR = 9 units, TK = 6 P
units and VP = 2 – 10 units. 6
Calculate the value of .
9
QUESTION 2 R
In the diagram, 'ABC has P and K on

AB and T and M on AC such that
PT || KM || BC.
AP = 36cm, PK = 24cm, AT = 48cm;
MC = 8cm, KB and TM
Calculate the value of and
QUESTION 3
In the diagram below, 'ABC has D on
AB ; F on BC and E on AC such that
DE || BC and EF|| AB .
AD = 12 units, EC = 25 units EF = 20
units and FC = 30 units.
Calculate the value of , and
QUESTION 4
O is the centre of the circle
below. OM A AC. The radius of
the circle is equal to 5 cm and
BC = 8 cm.
O B
4.1 Write down the size of B A. A
4.2 Calculate:
M
4.2.1 The length of AM, with reasons.
4.2.2 Area 'AOM : Area 'ABC C
SIMILARITY
Two polygons with the same number of sides are similar if: The symbol for
1) All pairs of corresponding angles are equal and similarity is: |||
2) All pairs of corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
ABCDE is similar to PQRST if:
1) ; and
2)
9 Both conditions must be true for two polygons to be similar.
Theorem**
If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in proportion (and consequently
the triangles are similar) (||| ∆s OR equiangular ∆s)
Given: Then
Converse
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then the triangles are equiangular (and consequently
the triangles are similar). (Sides of ∆ in prop)
Given: Then
'ABC and 'DEF with
Note:
Be careful to correctly label similar

triangles. The angles that are equal
must be in the same position:
EXAMPLE 1
In the diagram is . Prove that ∆‫ܥܦܧ∆ ||| ܥܤܣ‬
In ABC and DEC:

1) (alt ‫) ܧܦצܤܣ ;ݏס‬
2) (alt ‫) ܧܦצܤܣ ;ݏס‬
‫׵‬ ||| (‫ס‬, ‫ס‬, ‫)ס‬
• Given that figures are similar; we can deduce information about

their corresponding parts that we didn't previously know.
EXAMPLE 2
In the diagram is
and units.
Prove that ∆ܻܼܺ ||| ∆ܴܲܳ and that .
In and
1)
2)
3)
∆ܻܼܺ ||| ∆ܴܲܳሺሻ
Given that figures are similar; we can deduce information about

their corresponding angless that we didn't previously know.
EXAMPLE 3 : EXAMPLE 4:
Given the sketch below determine the values In the diagram is and
of y and r without using a calculator. Determine the value of .
EXAMPLES WITH CIRCLE GEOMETRY.

EXERCISE 1
QUESTION 1
In the diagram below P, S, R and Q are points
on the circumference of the circle. QP produced
meets RS produced at T.
1.1 Prove that ∆TPS||| ∆TRQ
1.2 Show that TP. TQ TS. TR
1.3
Hence, or otherwise, prove that PQ
QUESTION 2
In the diagram below, CA is a tangent to the

circle.
Prove, with reasons, that:
2.1 ∆ACD||| ∆ABC
2.2 CD.AC BC.AD
QUESTION 3
In the diagram below SP is a tangent to the
circle. KM is the diameter of the circle.
3.1 ∆KLM ||| ∆MLP
3.2 ML² KL. LP

QUESTION 4
In the diagram below CA is a tangent to the circle with EA AD.
4.1 ADC ||| BEA
4.2 AD² BE.DC
QUESTION 5
In the figure below, AB is a tangent to the circle with centre O. AC = AO and BA || CE.
DC produced, cuts tangent BA at B.
1
A
E 2
2 3 4
1
2 F
1
3
4 B
2
3
O
1
C
5.1
2
1
5.2 ACF ||| ADC
5.3 AD 4AF D
QUESTION 6
In the figure below, O is the centre of the circle CAKB. AK produced intersects circle AOBT at T.
A B
6.1 Prove, with reasons, that:

6.1.1
6.1.2 AC || KB.
6.1.3 BKT ||| CAT
6.2 If AK : KT = 5 : 2, determine the value of
AB
7. In the figure below, GB || FC and BE || CD. AC = 6 cm and 2.
BC
A
G
H
B
7.1 Calculate with reasons: F
a) AH : ED E
BE C
b)
CD
7.2 If HE = 2 cm, calculate the value of AD × HE. D
Mathematics/P2 10 DBE/November 2016
NSC
Give reasons for ALL statements and calculations in QUESTIONS 8, 9 and 10.
QUESTION 8
8.1 In the diagram below PQRT is a cyclic quadrilateral having RT || QP. The tangent
at P meets RT produced at S. QP = QT and PT̂ S  70 .
S
P
1
2
1
T 2
3
1
2
R Q
8.1.1 Give a reason why P̂2  70 . (1)
8.1.2 Calculate, with reasons, the size of:
(a) Q̂ 1 (3)
(b) P̂1 (2)
Copyright reserved Please turn over

NSC
8.2 A, B and C are points on the circle having centre O. S and T are points on AC
and AB respectively such that OS  AC and OT  AB . AB = 40 and AC = 48.
T
B
8.2.1 Calculate AT. (1)
7
8.2.2 If OS  OT , calculate the radius OA of the circle. (5)
15
[12]

NSC
QUESTION 9
ABC is a tangent to the circle BFE at B. From C a straight line is drawn parallel to BF to
meet FE produced at D. EC and BD are drawn. Ê1  Ê 2  x and Ĉ 2  y.
E
x 1 3
2 D
1
x 2
A
3
1 2
4
B
2
1
9.1 Give a reason why EACH of the following is TRUE:
9.1.1 B̂1  x (1)
9.1.2 BĈD  B̂1 (1)
9.2 Prove that BCDE is a cyclic quadrilateral. (2)
9.3 Which TWO other angles are each equal to x? (2)
9.4 Prove that B̂ 2  Ĉ1 . (3)

[9]

NSC
QUESTION 10
10.1 In the diagram  PQR is drawn. S and T are points on sides PQ and PR
respectively such that ST || QR.
S T
Q R
PS PT
Prove the theorem which states that  . (6)
SQ TR

NSC
10.2 In the diagram HLKF is a cyclic quadrilateral. The chords HL and FK are produced
to meet at M. The line through F parallel to KL meets MH produced at G.
MK = x, KF = 2x, ML = y and LH = HG.
M
y
L
1 2
x
1 H
1 2 2 3
K 3
G
2x
2 1
10.2.1 Give a reason why GF̂M  LK̂M . (1)
10.2.2 Prove that:
(a) GH = y (3)
(b) MFH | | | MGF (5)
(c) GF 3 x

FH 2 y (2)
y 3
10.2.3 Show that 
x 2 (3)
[20]
TOTAL: 150
Copyright reserved
Mathematics/P2 DBE/November 2016
NSC
INFORMATION SHEET
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
A  P (1  ni ) A  P (1  ni ) A  P(1  i) n A  P(1  i) n
Tn  a  (n  1)d Sn 
n
2a  (n  1)d 
2
Tn  ar n1 a r n  1 ; r  1 S 
a
; 1  r  1
Sn 
r 1 1 r
F

x 1  i   1
n
 P
x[1  (1  i ) n ]
i i
f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ' ( x)  lim
h 0 h
 x  x y  y2 
d  ( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 M  1 2 ; 1 
 2 2 
y  y1
y  mx  c y  y1  m( x  x1 ) m 2 m  tan
x 2  x1
 x  a 2   y  b 2  r 2
a b c
InABC:  
sin A sin B sin C
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc. cos A
1
area ΔABC  ab. sin C
2
sin     sin.cos  cos.sin  sin     sin.cos  cos.sin 
cos     cos. cos  sin.sin  cos     cos. cos  sin.sin 
cos 2   sin 2 

cos 2  1  2 sin 2  sin 2  2 sin  . cos
2 cos 2   1

n 2
x  xi  x 
x 2  i 1
n n
n( A )
P(A)  P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
nS
yˆ  a  bx b
 x  x ( y  y)
(x  x) 2
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GEOMETRY_Maths_Clinic_Gr12_ENG 2

EXAMPLE GIVEN: R T = R P and M R ⊥ T P

If A MC is the diameter then B̂ = 90∘. If B̂ = 90∘ then A MC is the diameter.

K L = ST then P̂ = M̂ (= chords, = ∠’s)

c) Equal chords in equal circles subtend Questions:

b) D2̂ = E2̂ = 38∘ (∠‘s same seg quad CDEF)

GIVEN: Circle centre C with quad QUA D. L Q̂ D = Â (ext. ∠ cyc quad)

RTP: Q̂ + Â = 180∘ is cyclic Converse Theorem 6:

If L Q̂ D = Â then QUA D is cyclic

a) M̂2 = 90∘ (Given GM ⊥ H J)

GIVEN: Tangents T PK and SR K to circle

R1̂ = P1̂ = x (tan-chord th.)

Hints when answering Geometry Questions

b) E2̂ = D3̂ = x (∠‘s opp. = sides) Note for Matric:

Theorem 1: Converse of Theorem 1: EXAMPLE 2

Mid-Point Theorem: Converse: Theorem 2: Similarity Theorem Converse Theorem EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3 Theorem 3: Similar Right Angled Triangles

Theorem 4: Theorem of Pythagoras EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

Revision: Grade 11 Geometry Theorems and Converses

Scan the QR code for grade 11

Session 3 Grade 12 Geometry

Two variables are proportional if there

If two or more ratios are

Triangle Proportionality Theorem.

SPECIAL CASE OF THE CONVERSE PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM:

If AB = BD and AC = CE, then BC‫צ‬DE and

We also know that

APPLYING THE PROPRTIONALITY THEOREM:

CONVERSE OF THE PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM:

This could come in handy if

prop theorem TY|| SP

prop theorem SY|| PR

AREA OF TRIANGLES IN PROPORTIONALITY PROBLEMS:

x There are TWO known formulas for the area of a

1) Area of use when two have a common height.

2) Area of use when two ∆s have a common angle.

Scan the QR code for revision from

In the diagram, 'ABC has P and K on

Calculate the value of , and

ABCDE is similar to PQRST if:

9 Both conditions must be true for two polygons to be similar.

Be careful to correctly label similar

In ABC and DEC:

‫׵‬ ||| (‫ס‬, ‫ס‬, ‫)ס‬

• Given that figures are similar; we can deduce information about

∆ܻܼܺ ||| ∆ܴܲܳሺሻ

Given that figures are similar; we can deduce information about

EXAMPLES WITH CIRCLE GEOMETRY.

1.1 Prove that ∆TPS||| ∆TRQ

1.2 Show that TP. TQ TS. TR

In the diagram below, CA is a tangent to the

Prove, with reasons, that:

2.1 ∆ACD||| ∆ABC

2.2 CD.AC BC.AD

Prove, with reasons, that:

3.1 ∆KLM ||| ∆MLP

3.2 ML² KL. LP

Prove, with reasons, that:

4.1 ADC ||| BEA

4.2 AD² BE.DC

6.1 Prove, with reasons, that:

6.1.3 BKT ||| CAT

6.2 If AK : KT = 5 : 2, determine the value of

∆ܻܼܺ ||| ∆ܴܲܳሺሻ