ATOMIC STRUCTURE, QUANTUM

NUMBERS, AND PERIODICITY

CHEM 16

MAIN TOPIC

TOPIC OUTLINE
1 Topic 1 Quantum Numbers
2 Topic 2 Electron Configuration
3 Topic 3 Periodic Properties
4 Topic 4 Periodic trends

QUANTUM NUMBERS

QUANTUM NUMBERS
Name Values Electronic configuration can be truncated by
Principal (n) +Z 🡪 size/energy denoting the nearest noble gas.
Orbital (l) Z = [0,n-1] 🡪 shape
Magnetic (ml) Z = [-l,+l] 🡪 orientation
Spin (ms) ±1/2 🡪 rotation PARAMAGNETISM Unpaired e- are weakly
attracted to magnetic fields
ORBITAL SHAPES DIAMAGNETISM Fully paired e- are weakly
s (l=0) 🡪 spherically repelled by magnetic field
symmetric FERROMAGNETISM Permanently magnetized
p (l=1) 🡪 dumbbell when placed in a magnetic
shaped field (Fe, Co, and Ni)

d (l=2) 🡪 4 lobes in diff. THE PERIODIC TABLE

orientations
f (l=3) 🡪 do not
participate in
bonding

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION PRINCIPLES

Aufbau 🡪 The low ctrons first
Principle
Hund’s rule 🡪 Electrons added to each
(maximum subshell before pairing Inner core e- e- that completely fill inner orbitals
multiplicity) Valence e- e- in the outermost shell
Pauli Exclusion 🡪 No two electrons in an atom
have identical quantum numbers THE PERIODIC TABLE

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE, QUANTUM
NUMBERS, AND PERIODICITY
CHEM 16

Main 🡪 s and p block elements

group
elements Follow the Octet Rule:
Main group elements change to adopt
noble gas configuration (ns2np6)
Name Ve-
Alkali metals (1) 1 X+1
Alkali earth metals (2) 2 X+2
Triels (13) 3 X+3
Tetrels (14) 4 X±4
Pnictogens (15) 5 X+5/-3
Chalcogens (16) 6 X-2
Halogens (17) 7 X-1
Noble gases (18) 8 X
* + lose electron, - gain electron

Exception:
INERT PAIR EFFECT
5s and 6s e- are not removed easily

Transitio 🡪 d block elements

n metals
Rare 🡪 f block elements
earth 🡪 do not use f electrons
elements 🡪 typically have a charge of +3

Exception:
● Cerium (Ce3+ or Ce4+)
● Europium (Eu2+) and
Ytterbium (Yb2+)
SUMMARY:
(1) s block easily lose ve-
(2) p block lose ve- from p before s
(3) transition metals lose ve- from s before d
(4) non metals will gain e- into p rather than lose

PERIODIC TRENDS

PERIODIC TRENDS
Atomic 🡪 Relative size
Radius 🡪 Consequence of Columbic
Force [F = k(q1q2/d2)], where q
is charge and d is distance
Ionization 🡪 Energy required to remove an
Energy electron from isolated atom
Electron 🡪 Change in energy
Affinity (kJ/mole)when an electron is
added to a gaseous atom