INTRODUCTION ON

PL/SQL
DBMS L-5
PL/SQL
PL/SQL is a combination of SQL along with the
procedural features of programming languages.

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

 PL/SQL BLOCK

DECLARE
<declarations section>
BEGIN DECLARE
message varchar2(20):= 'Hello, World!’;
<executable command(s)> BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
EXCEPTION END;
/

<exception handling>
END;

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

Exception DECLARE
...

Handling BEGIN
...
EXCEPTION
WHEN <EXCEPTION_NAME1> THEN
Statement1 ;
WHEN <EXCEPTION_NAME2> THEN
Statement2 ;
...
WHEN OTHERS THEN
Default Statement ;
END ;
/

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

CONDITIONAL LOGIC
DECLARE
JDATE DATE ;
YEARS NUMBER ;
BEGIN
--first retrieve hire_date and store the value into JDATE variable
SELECT HIRE_DATE INTO JDATE
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = 10000 ;
--calculate years from the hire_date field
YEARS := (MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, JDATE) / 12) ;
IF YEARS >= 10 THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The employee worked 10 years or more') ;
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The employee worked less than 10 years') ;
END IF ;
EXCEPTION
--handle exceptions one by one here
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee is not present in database.') ;
WHEN OTHERS THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('I dont know what happened!') ;
END ;
/

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

LOOP
DECLARE
i number(1);
j number(1);
BEGIN
<< outer_loop >>
FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP
<< inner_loop >>
FOR j IN 1..3 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('i is: '|| i || ' and j is: ' || j);
END loop inner_loop;
END loop outer_loop;
END;
/

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

Real life problem

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu
Sub Program
• PL/SQL subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks that can be
invoked with a set of parameters. PL/SQL provides two kinds
of subprograms −
• Functions − These subprograms return a single value; mainly
used to compute and return a value.
• Procedures − These subprograms do not return a value
directly; mainly used to perform an action.

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

PROCEDURE
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE IS_SENIOR_EMPLOYEE(EID IN VARCHAR2) IS
JDATE DATE ;
YEARS NUMBER ;
BEGIN
SELECT HIRE_DATE INTO JDATE
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = EID ;

YEARS := (MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, JDATE) / 12) ;

IF YEARS >= 10 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The employee worked 10 years or more') ;
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The employee worked less than 10 years') ;
END IF ;
END ;
/

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

PROCEDURE

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

FUNCTION
Syntax to create a function:
CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION function_name [parameters]
[(parameter_name [IN | OUT | IN OUT] type [, ...])]
RETURN return_datatype
{IS | AS}
BEGIN
< function_body >
END [function_name];

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

FUNCTION CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION GET_SENIOR_EMPLOYEE(EID
IN VARCHAR2)
RETURN VARCHAR2 IS
JDATE DATE ;
YEARS NUMBER ;
MSG VARCHAR2(100) ;
BEGIN
SELECT HIRE_DATE INTO JDATE FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID = EID ;
YEARS := (MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, JDATE) / 12) ;
IF YEARS >= 10 THEN
MSG := 'The employee worked 10 years or more' ;
ELSE
MSG := 'The employee worked less than 10 years'
;
END IF ;
RETURN MSG ; --return the message

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

FUNCTION EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
RETURN 'No employee found.' ;
WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN
RETURN 'More than one employee found.' ;
WHEN OTHERS THEN
RETURN 'Some unknown error occurred.' ;
END ;
/

SELECT LAST_NAME,GET_SENIOR_EMPLOYEE(EMPLOYEE_ID)
FROM EMPLOYEES ;

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

PL/SQL Trigger

Ø A trigger is a PL/SQL stored block. It is like a function or a procedure. However, it is

different than a function or a procedure. To run a function or a procedure, it is explicitly
called from a code. However, a trigger is automatically run by the Oracle. It is not called
from any code directly.
Ø A trigger is automatically run by Oracle -
Ø After/Before a database insertion operation
Ø After/Before a database deletion operation
Ø After/Before a database update operation
Ø After DDL operations, etc.

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

PL/SQL CREATE [OR REPLACE ] TRIGGER trigger_name

Trigger
{BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{INSERT [OR] | UPDATE [OR] | DELETE}
[OF col_name]
ON table_name
[REFERENCING OLD AS o NEW AS n]
[FOR EACH ROW]
WHEN (condition)
DECLARE
Declaration-statements
BEGIN
Executable-statements
EXCEPTION
Exception-handling-statements
END;

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

Trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes
BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customers
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (NEW.ID > 0)
DECLARE
sal_diff number;
BEGIN
sal_diff := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);
dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
END;
/

Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu

Thank You
Lecture by Abir Shafy Bindu