teciea Machines i X= kk alph ‘As both ped San % B® Ase vals pr pl, sien acne or om, SS pone to dene an ingedance of ie armature winding Ap esterce ctained by combining per pos wluts of ayrctnonnc 3h Shur restance i eae synchronous inpedanee of Ne sant fon and AaRAIK ain 121 = ARESOEF vpn For geting « senda quay, beat is be uve ot pndoncee Se word saduonous wed in ecling the recurs tad npeleee Cees fh working sped ofthe ahr. Genny npr of fe wag ee a ot of aber, scenes recat pens en he ool oe ea (Beet enon fet sys lnpeane tho va wih head ie > 6.47 Equivalent Circuit of an Alternator 6:19 Synchronous Gonaator(Atarat) Reb ES Fig. 16 Equtalnt crest se pu the lage conc Mase the araise secon rsctns Xe Sete og aysatconous racine X eee the eualet deot of an alterstor ge Be 6, odie is shown ine Fig. 617 Equivalent crcl Bf an aterator ‘hin he equivalent reat shown, ip = Induced eat per phase on no load ‘Voge = Temi vollage per phase on load Ip = Amature resistance per phase 2, + Syncuonous impedance per phase Ea Vpa thd, «(Phaser sum] 6.48 Voltage Equation of an Altervator 4h de. generators, we have seen that due fo the armature resistance dep ard besh drop it isnot possible to have all the induced ea. avaiable across lsd. ‘The voltage avaliable to the lod is elled tenminal voltage. The cncept is sane i ‘ave of alrators The ence induced emt eansot be made avaiable to the bad date | to the various intemal vltge drops So the voltage avalible to the load i led ferminal voltage denoted as Vp In case of ee phase altemators a all he pisses ‘we ident the equations and the phasor clagrurs are exprested on per phat bisElectrical Machines 6-29 So if Ey is the induced ems. per voltage eps eee ean ti PE se the aerate ae flow 8) The drop across armature resistance 1) The drop across values, After supplying these drops, the sec PBN te dope te emaing vege of Ba 6 are a ay Point: Now drop t Re als i pase wih duet «rete dp ht arent ey $0 wt rept to rapa + dap seo ply a 1s Re both nd ate per phase values, Ssymchronous reactance LyX. both Land X ae por p JHency all tse quantities caot be added or mice’ algerataly bu nt sited or sabia vcr eadcing endl pls Ba eo 2 volage eatin in phat frm a \ Easiest | ) This is caled Vlg equation of erat. From ths voltage equton we can deaw the phasor diagrams fr varius lou ower facorconditons and etch te reltorahip bate Eth Vp eco ssmature current load cure an the power cr co). 6.19 Phasor Diagram of a Loaded Alternator ‘The above voltage equation & to be reslind wing phasor diagrams for vacout load power factor conditions. For drawing the phaser diagram conalder all pe phase values and remenber flowing eps. Steps to draw the phasor diagram + 1. Choose currently as a reference phase. 2. Now if loud power factors cos 4 It indlats tat angle Between Vig. de 4s ¢ as Vp isthe voltage avalable tothe load. So show the phasor Vpn in such a way that angle bytween Va. and I i. For lagging Te should. lag Vp ated fr lending 9, shold lad Vi For unity power itor led is 200 Von. andl, ae In phase 5: Now the drop I Ry resistive drop and hence wil always be ln phase with Ta. So phasor Ie Ry dzecton wil be always sae as Ty Ue pralil oy. But tints tbe added to Vp, Le Ry pharor must be dawn fom the tp Of the Vga Phasor drawn. 6-21 _ synchronous Generator (itaraton) inductive reactance. In pure inductance, 4: The drop 16% is rp sets PANY vor diecton wil be ava auch that Reeth thet a Sak pe rt SOAR ERG oo ta pb ten fam oo! thet, poo oem pho alent Vp Tae 282% ree neng pnt emigrate at * es ee Whatever may be the load power at factor, I, Re is a resistive drop, will be in SorUBAd Gare Spy a [ae juctive drop and hence will be ac weiiadar ein such way at aan Pir ing aX, by 902 Theis shown in the caer Feet a. 808 ty wing te abo sep, be pasoe degrams fr various load power factor conditions can be drawn, 6194 Lagalng Power Factor Load ‘The power factor ofthe loud ie eos lagging so Tags Von by angle ¢. By using steps tsar. above phasor dingam cin be dawn as shows in the Fig. 629, 4 ¢ week serie cere seen Nmap ‘ay, Fg. 619 Phasor dapram fr lagging Bla “To deve the strip bebe Es asd pth perpendlars are drawn ox te cient phasor Hom poms A and Br The ined cent plasor pois D snd E repeal Now, op Yass AD = BE=Vpu sing DE = LR,Electrical Machines Consider 8 OCE, for which we can wit (OCF + (ODF + ec? oF = (0D + DEF + B+ BCP ay? = Op cod 4 RAV tab oe XI? Een (Wn ORR RI Vn mp From this equation, the value of induced end. can be eluted, 6.92 Leading Power Factor Lgad ‘The power factor of the lad is cot ¢lendng. So toads Vp lending. So 1. leads Vp by an ange . By ‘sing steps discussed, the phasor diagram can be drawn a show inthe Fg 820 aa tenth le Rese oot Fig, 620 Phasor diagram for lading pf oad ‘To derive the relation between Fy and Vp the porpendiculss are des on current phasor from points A and B. These interct cute phase a points D and E respectively From 0AD, OD = Vacs? AD = BE=Vpasing DE= 42 (Consider & OCE, for Which we can wat, (oc = (BF + CF (ep)? = (D+ DE + @E- BCF Gp)? = Oia cosh tl Ra)? 4u sind 1 X)? PR 5:22 _Synchronauy Generator (Aternaty |-23__ Synchronous Gena (Atay pean be obvered that te sig of he 1 ls negative a agus pst spn Se a ea cain of Le ae fe a Po danegrtans feng = setae erm Se ees Senet ae eau teme tt as oooh ethane eerie z wend, 7 by i moore tes can meet Ge ra, 21 Phaser gram for uty pt load Coder 8096, for which we a wt (oF = (08? + 86 . (Ea)? = (OA + AB + (BCP GaP = Ola she Po XI Enea nO ‘AS cosg = 1,,04in = O ence dees not appear in the equation, Note: The phasor diagrams cin be dawn by cinsideing voliage Ve 0 * ‘reference phasor. But fo derive the rltorship, current phasor selected ab « tioect {ales the derivation much more sinpled. Hence current is selected as «remit Its lear from the phasor diagrams that Vu sess than Eq frigging we + conditions due to cemagnetang and Goss cers of amatet Fraction, Wile Va is are than Eq for leading pf. condition due othe mages lfc of armature eacionoctal Machines 8:24 Synchronous Garraor Aart) ‘Thus in gma or any power actor cnn, | GaP = vp eno+t Rares ane stan] | + Sig fo sing pl oad = Sige ding loads Vy = Per place ted terminal vohage 1, = Per pase ill ad erate cure From tis cusen we cin now deine the vellge reali oan heater and {6.20 Voltage Regulation of an Altemator Under te Jad codon, the tein vege of alematr & lea than the Indurd emt, By Sif load& aconnected, Yel change os Vpn Bon se pend anti constant Tse beet when lod is sone ere Ince these are. no valge drops and o erature fax fo case eomtar een, ‘This change in he temina! volge span in deSning the Vloge reguaton, Key Polnt: The voltage regulation ofa slr is defined atte gti feminal eager fll di remo, png denen ed pd oct, ial by he td tinal alge sou Vg = Rated amin Ylage iy = Noloed induced emt then vtage regulon Is defined a, “he alu ofthe roulaton not en depends on te Bead cue but ho on the power factor of he load Foe aging and typ conten Wh aay ope {he trial volage hance regulaten vane ate aways postive, Wile fr ening ‘apative loud condor, the terial watage incase aloud cuet ini, ‘Hisce reglaton is negnve in sch cue. The rlatonhip beeen ed sent tod the termi vltge is cled load characte of an aerator Sick lod charade for varios Iod peer nin condone we shown in i 2 Cave) Means “nde fe Roact : L-ve) Means copect Hye sacl: 25 synchronous GanaratorAtarnaton cenit Mschines i Fig. 622 Load characte of an atrator ime Beample 1: 4-3 phase ar conn alterator sup lad of 100 KM at ¢ M4 de ldgag cas mn cag fF 1 semaines Trager Pace cic hyenas cc's 3s per pe. Ce Be ne Spe ere geval an he rept ts od seton + P= 100M, 20 # = 08 aging W=nw, B=080, P= BY bet roooene? = Bsa x08 126558 : 1k = Ie and for sa connected altar I =e Igy = 656A Fall load per phase armature euest xesa ete phase loud, (vp anh +L RA HO snd EF Now Vin = ee As ear conn = cosy att = (9:0 8on0 etx 680 850.606.6092 Ta oe Fyn = BEy= GSS VK wt SRepation = EA 9147-63508, ae sam = 2238 % Fer aging la, egulion anys pstiv.5-27 _Synchvoncus Ge nes re Becca Machines 28° _sypeironou Generator Aerator gical Mtl a puss fll load current 621 KVA Rating of an Alteator mre ar enators aw dsgnd to supply «spec vgs othe vasous ade THES in Te Seach femal vagy decked ws Ve The power drown by eg Le : Rtg Sees on is power fcr: Hence tend of speci eng ofan det -@ EES pected ines ofthe mani ype! over whi en sp rae ond tow phase este appt powers 8 Vi meen in = snoszv SGRSSPaO, Ths Is gmenly epee’ in bio vt anpers ands led RVA Teanga sltemator where I isthe rtad fil lod cutent which alemaor cn SIEEY, Sof 8 sive cated vate and VA rating of an aerator ft Al Ie ‘ied curent can be decided, 108 lagging ps: fond ’ Petey = (Wn cord le R6(¥p snes Xu = (B51051240.84104.97%0.25) +3810 5126s GaP Consider 601A 12, he phase senate py = 416605 V Riise iA rng oy 386.06-505512, ide reel tereg = FAME x 100 « SS = 35% For 8 lending pf. loud ea) = Cn cod HTB abt XG! Ts 9 erated fl ead cent fy aera, But ad caret is tame whe Gee? — CaNDSL240.09404.9710.297 o(iostxt6ewene 10° we expres the produc ini vl ampere @ = Bare xtones =0e7¥ {ze f an aenatr which is tsporat in eicing te Bl Reto Ben Boe a irra ot various power factor cenions Sia end octo e aee Hoag = BARNA 199 = SEAT ROSIE ag [ea Se fil loud the coresponing amatise cunt can be deemed nt Ve S toed rae = 700% 1 Sy Plot eat haa «Ft fla. rece hse ppt ich bed codon reduces ‘The rgultion i negative for lending pf loads 6.22 Methods of Determining the Regulation ‘The regulation of an alteritor can be determined by varios matais as? small capecty altemators it can be determined by direct loading tot valet Er ety thn nb tried by Qos ingen ek Ze preivonous inpediner method fas some abit coming, Ase ich is popularly used is amperetums method. But thie methed abo bb Soluton : KVA'= 1200, Vi= 6600, ReO250, %=50 r 7 ee ssdvantages. The disadvantages of these two methods ae cveame 212% Now BVA = BV Iyst03 ond ; ‘led zo power facior method. Another important theory wich #7 1200 = sSn6ioxs mio ‘eras eed Blondes two reaction theory Thus there ae florins = 1974 ‘vaablets determine the voltage regulation ofan alternator, Ign = 104974 tifa talecon shines «tl = 1, Direct louding method 2. Synchronous impedance method oe ELE eth 3 Amperesums method or MM. method 4 Zaro power facto metho or Poer ‘angle method 5. ASA modified fom of MME. metho 6 Two rection theory. at us discuss these methods in deta 5.28 Voltage Regulation by Direct Losding se loud with the help of tape Ss exited by separsie de. sup winding, «theo is iverted in series withthe ‘Shown whlch is driving the atemator Is sydeenou peed, Yel Fg, 628 Celt cag for cect oadng tt on staratr ‘Procedure The alter sat diven at sycvonous speed Ns by ees of pine mover. Now Bane From eam equation By giving de. aupply to the Bld winding the fad cuentas to dst the Mt so tat rated voltage arable aos the terminals This can be obveved cx the voltmeter connected acs the Bnes The loud & then ccaneted by means of « THST switch, The load i thon increased so that ammeter reads rated vale of cient ‘This fll oad condition ofthe altar. Agtn adjust the vlige fo rated vale Srnchrenous enertor Atay Py. To cont the Bux Le, the erent though fed ‘eld winding The prime mover 6-25 _synchronous Ganertor(tamaton) att enc, Ten oof ei ot “Fed end be eld econ SS ne wmatce curent saiare te ye of ellng © 7 vale of he 0 a epinon of esate cn be emi The Ne “Gg indy seo sme» pra oa test PE omcdw heaton one som be aang sr Bt i ep art tht rch lt et ial Sn ac met rote ot femal exe 1 naming ce ipa ete alm Ht ¥en et re jg fd ttn nt Eze Aang me ates ei ind, ua age 0 © Y= HOY Ya = pests y en ho V5 Bato 0 nt Y= Bow nol be Eee = rons stag « BAM 7525-5 953109 «15.03 = as oe, *‘ ‘ 4 _ Syren Saati ‘Slcticl Machines ot 620 ¥ synchronous Genarator(Atarator) joa Machine’ ch in the armature crc is kept open uy The TPST. wit , Wik the Bp of sett cure! wed EO I may, 624 Synchronous Impedance Method or E:N.F. Method nl SE Ste nt 2 eet of ting teat he fe ee a ats 1 tn erp aes SE Sete ren leg Se % Oren reut chucattics which isthe aph of open czcultvlage epant sme servation for open crcl test are ablated as below Sa ip yen cre hectic 3 Short ceuit characteristics which i the gph of shctereitcument against r ie Vas (ee) (rhs) « Va ey field curtent This is possible by conducting short cial test on the alternata. oe Let us ee the czcut diagram to perform open circuit a well short decal test 4 Spit tlle. The akemator is coupled to 2 prime mover eapsble of driving the 2 _Bisrator atts synchronous speed. The arate connected tthe terminals of ¢ ‘tth, The other terminus ofthe swich are short drcuied though an ananeter The Yolineter is cennected acess the Uns to mest the open cicit volage ofthe alternator. “s The feld winding is connected to 4 mitable de. supply with cheostat connected in ‘From the above table, graph of (Varn agalnst lis eves The field extation Le eld caret ean be vated withthe help of fas heel, Kay Polnt Ths fs ead open eieet characteristics oft alert, ec ‘The dreuit diagram is shown inthe Fig 628, This how ithe Fig 625 a £34 cg a peed ot cat tn her ~/6.24.1 Open Circult Test eee O fa be pane mee nd eto ted he oper pel oft = = aa 1) Keeping srotat in he Geld crt maximum, ritch on he de, sippy aelctica Machines - ‘Syphon Ganerater(Ate 6242 Short Cireult Test eterna ect chins 633 _Syncironous Ganeator(tematon ‘Now internally invent eons proportional te the fx eld coe Ean ek rom ea eqston Soi the termini of the aleator se pene witout during I which was present 00 Phe “tine of short cuca coniton, = | ery indoes ankwlrman Se t Ep Dut now coant wil be zero. Under tis a * ‘condition equivelnt circuit will become as shown i the Fig. 627 1A] Shoe sic wmatre snare rts ~/ $243 Determination of 2, trom 0.6.6, and 8.6.6 oe pee ee SESE SEE Satin tore pa ents = SSIS tes 7 > |e Fig. 626 Js ort cht et etna aed npedaner 4 ae The thor cc arty SS led au he pence of ea yong wilh 2. The vag nape ey ‘driving this short drouit current is internally indued eo Tas cn Be eg nay sss creat dent ‘From the equivalent circuit we can write, nee are emt Value Of Lae Is Inow, which can be laterally induced emt cannot be beetved oltmater connected will read zero whi is 7. snecesry to determine value of E bserved on the azuete. But under shot cet conden, The volage across shot ctu To desing whlch is diving lc agi Z, Tis ear tow frm Se eae cost hatte La 0 he vlna ening a Wequlte inal induced emt Ep pon open ct “Tiss what eae intereed in cting tee vale of Ze So epson forts canbe odie = Seal Bevalle "Phas don open exci ‘Thus in emer, 2 = pe caret on sar cea Se OCC. end SCC. cn be wie flectively to calaate Zs, “The value of Z; bs erent for ferent value ofl as the raph of OCC Se non So suppose Z at hl load i eure ten, Se © Falllsd caret From SCC. determine I egret dive ths ful load short cect Ja Ths ie ‘qu OK, as show i the Fig 625. Now for this value off (Vas can be obtained from OCC. Extend line fom pint A i ments OCC. at pont C The eoresponding (Vo) value ls avalable st Fig. 627 pot D. Wade = OD Wale May, + OF Za hillload = pe Fao OTA ley meetin Behn‘ toceict Maen i Machines ‘Symebronous Generate (Alea ‘Genera sos to determine 2, a ay led conton ae 17 Patmin evalu of aa) for componding lod canon Ts an Fe fon no had ce ents Posh a8 ‘half.of the ful load value and so on. be e i 956 goo man tee gael aoe er Gs 2 the compen aura fase) Now rh neva, ened bn OCC. pth ve |, (imac ij toca meet aoe a 19) The aio of (Veda (Lac), fr the sae excaton gies the TEE Orde da rte ies the vale of 2 sn SRE TS ecco inplanasZ gin oats GET ore 244 Regulation Clelatons From OCC end SCC, cane detemined fr ny ld conden The amare rene pe hate i) ean eed yet Sie mebod sping de awn alge acon be te a eee ‘current So value of Ra per phase is known. : Now 2» ARPT XG argh Ease oh Ra aE Vig = Phase vale of td votage 1A + Mate value of caret depending onthe lead condition of = ps of oad Posie sgn fr lagging power fcr while nape a ‘cot Re and X. vaste Brew fom he ats oa pee lng The regulation thn an be determined by wing femal, “nt TEs | | | where encrical Machines Il 6-35 _ Synctronous Generar ats Advantages and Limiatlons of Synctronous Impedance ~ he sa adeartage ois tod is the wie of ean natn me Ma dom on be clclated. Hence replaton of fe alerstr ayy Fain aDlond. power facor cn be determine, Atal lod see, ema whe atsnaor and hence method'can be wid fr vey Nh cae Senators : von Uimtation of this mathod Is'that the mithod gives lng re Fe eactance Tis lesde to high Values of percentage repustin Se ty reso Hence ths method i cled pessimistic method. * TB crane tas Taps eet en srt cit et ence 83 pen ved, 866 V, 100 BVA alternate. ‘The OC test rests ae ware [1 Ta | 5 ene Vato | 3 | 330 | 485 The fd core fA, produces «short crit current of 25 A. ‘he mate residence per phase i 025 0. Cale is fl od npn w 28 lagging perfctr contin ‘lation : Vi» 866 V, AVA = 100, BWA = BV. fxt09 200 = 5 x866x1, 10° ke wera’ yp FL = = 66674 so Atta connec het Vj = ated terminal voltage per phase = YE 6 es =m For clestion of Z, on fall lad, tls necusary to plet OCC. and SCG sale, Note: If for same value ofl both Ine and Vor can be obtained fr He lol, graph need not be pleted. In some probs, the value of Vic lac are dicey giver in tat case to, the graph need nat be pote. In this problem, Lac +28 A for = 1 A. «[tsfel? os | 728 | 790 | 00cteal Machines Synchronous Generator (tenta) saan AS Pi. 028 But we want to allt Z fo Lac fl land 5 ett a ful ond value which is 6667 A, So graph For pling OCC. en vas of open ch vag reco bby dividing each value by V3. oe oe ae Fon $cc _ Tac * 6667 A= 24.4 Tien OC fe b= A Gpen0¥ oh ph 2 il ad Scag + 36 a/phee R038 ape X= GRE + 7 a/pie Yjune = OV tected Machines 6.37 _ Synchronous Ganarator (ltarato) eng os, sing = 06 aging ps ‘So Ep for fl lead, 8 gpg pf onion canbe ealelated as, Ey? = (pn cont tle Bal? +p si +a Xe py? = GODx0. 8665 670.197 650000 6+ 66.5743.5972 ty = 708 scraping «Mo = sere mb Exam 65 1 A 230 V, 3 phase, sr omc ateratr oes on open srt feof 30, fora eld crest of 038 A The soe eld caret om short cist utes am amare caret of 125 A Te armature restence messed bee lines 18 oa, Fn he retin fr he caret of 10 ape ot 08 aging end 08 leting ptr ft. ‘Sohion Vi. = 200 V, Re betveen oes = 18. (Wade = 20 ba = 125 A for wine y= 038 A ‘The valve of open deat emt s always line vale unless and unl specially amestioned tbe a fase vale z= Wala Tolan (aie «Barmy i279 2 «22. rossaypn Rebeoeeen teins = 182 or star conection, Re betwoon the terms 2, pet ph 2Raperph =U Repecph «098 NEAR = OTOH = 1585.0/98 Now regulation asd for 1k = 10.8Electrical Machines - I 6-38 _ Synchronous Generator (Alternator) possible to sketch the graphs to determine Z, at I. = 10 A. So value of Z, calculated ig assumed to be same at I, = 10 A. Key Point: As change in Z, is not significant for small difference in ly Zs can be assumed to be constant for different values of la, once calculated for given value of Ie i) For 0.8 lagging pf. vi; 230 Vo, = b= Seis279V BBB = 0A cos § = 08 so sing = 06 (Eph)? = (Vph cos +1, Ry)? + (Vpn sin g +15 Xs)? Epa)? = (132.79x0.8+10x0.9)? +(132.79%0.6+10%10.585)? By = 218.39 V = Eo- Van 5 % Reg. = =A Bx 100 = = + 64.46 % ii) For 0.8 leading pf. Eqn)? = (Vpn cos +, Ra)? + (Vpn sin Ty X,)? (Eqn)? = (132.79%0.8+10x0.5)? +(132.79%0.6-10x10.585)2 Ey, = 118.168 V ; sees = ERY 09 « HEME oy = -1101% Koy Point : For leading PL. the regulation is negative as Ey < Ve 6.25 M.M.F. Method of Determining Regulation This method of determining the regulation of an alternator is also called sed on the results ~ ampere-tum method or Rothert's M.M.F. method, The method is b: of open circuit test and short circuit test on an alternator. For any synchronous generaior Le. altemator, it requires mmf, whichis product of field current and turns of field winding for two separate purposes. 1, Tk must have an mum necessary to induce the rated terminal voltage on open circuit. 2, It must have an mmf equal and opposite to that of armature reaction manna Geampte 68) A three phase star connected alternator is rated at 1500 kVA, 12000 V, re mafire effective resistance and synchronous reactance are 2 Q and 35 2 respectively per phase. Calculate the percentage regulation for a load of 1200 kW at power factor of 0.8 lagging. . Solution: kVA = 1500, Viine = 12000 volts Power, R P 1200x108 acm LR. 1Xs Voltage/ph 2, Een 20, cosd = 08 lag, X, = 35, sind = 06 {3% Vi xl xcosp f3x12000x1, x0.8 72.16 A 72.16x2= 144.32 volts 72.16x35= 25256 volts 12000 = SEE = 6928.20 volts 43 (Vpn cos +i. Ra)’ +(Vpn sing +1 Xs)" (6928.20x 0.8X144.32)" + (6928.20x 0.6+2525.6)* (5686.88)° + (6682.52)S$: _syetvonois Grn a (Em) (Von cos 0 +10)? #( Von sind -1aXe)) = (695085% 05+ 525x045) + (655085 06-525 4818) - = 104206 + 3568157" oe Mr ecu Yin ag « SEZ 08S ‘Solution, ‘Ye = 11000 V, kVA = 1000 —_ ‘pm ee eevee ge ee eer ho=5254 ‘AS the given full load current es gute Ie Lf tel cali oar eee Fear nmin esta ss, ou Ser, 2 faa] pact iota fra) reef ater Te ie eee] oe | [oe] oe ‘From test results, a We fala current obtained on short ict condition at a ld xe 84 i # rent sit von ao eeann Assume star connection and Re = 0.1 Qfph. The short circuit current oarision Gad, 54 ro cre var BES we, lution : Vi.= 400 V, kVA = 125 dea i VA = f3Vp x10" Ry 04s 0rph os ase YS ka % = VER = (CF OF =sana 1h, = 18042 A This al Ye 180 Lay” ea + Wie emi wtp vn = He EO ey pempiel me win tacguastithd Rea ca feet Now l= §. : : ; wnt Si tguate Si an Goeqeavmgnal a Siisce See 1 (6104305) «4052967 ‘heaEccl Machines fen 9 Fon ign iy rine ae pan EMG nid ft V7 pla sr cg Ue ln by Oty 7s OH ig fs ng a a A rd tye le og pte ipensuly ane ocie eoeas ctm S feta: Ne Oe Gn alam bsg pe here a eg ng ‘cores ae obviouly per phase and thereto gon of eve Va = 20 Rosa Neglecting other ect Machines I te = 100A, Vrs SOV, e258 y, 0, no EL x, = VAR (OP-OHF ~ 40850 wd (pre = 1A cape singed , oe Ce = Wp cord HRI ating #1 = 0001 + 100« 08% + 0+ 10045357 gy = 215775589 a sen = Ea n= BER = +658 % 06 Leading pf, cond =08, sing : GaP = py co8d +H RIF + Wyn dB HF = 000% 08+ 100. 08) + (IED x 06 100s Km? Ra © 12087 =, 122.45—2000 sem = EM ion = EY 09 = 887% Ai) ageing pé, cong =071, sing = 02 ; Epo = (pn 600 +h RY" + Wp sing + bX) : = 2000 071 +100 08) + @a00 x O70 + 0 4H Fy = maar ¥ er = Baca, =e> Example 6.18: A 400 V, 10 kVA, 3 phase alternator with star connected stator winding has an effective armature resistance per phase 1.0 ohm. The alternator generates mn open circuit voltage per phase of 90 V with a field current of 1.0 A. During the short circuit test, with 1.0 A of field current the short circuit current flowing in the —~. armature is 15 A. Calculate i) The synchronous impedance, ii) Synchronous reictance, iti) If the alternator is supplying a load current of 15 A at 0.8 pf. lagging, to what value would the terminal voltage rise if the load is thrown off. Solution : Vi = 400 volts, kVA = 10 KVA = f3-Vi-l x10? 10 = f3-400x1, x10-3 Ip = 443Alectical Machines <1) “pectin! Machine Ih 6-75 _ Synchronous Gener ay “ore conected stent tp, 14088 ue z Wada 2 Gace |e ron tet ts (iad = sels twp Now vo cong = 08, sng 05 Wwenave, (Hpn)? = (Wp cose +T4Rs)! (Von snes)? = @o0s4x0a+ 51) + ask x06e 158919" sno sea + 51667108 Ep = smn vols Em = (38m + Bonen Eee = B12 ‘Terminal vlog when ld shown off = 2412V m> exampla 6:19: The open an shart crt tet readings for #3 pie a cc $t00 BVA, 3000 V, $0 Baynes gener are Bam |] me Stet ean = | ae [ae = [= ai are) ele |#t=lel*) The rset rene 0.2 per pase, Dr te chert pe eal tint fl lad ecg regulation () 08 pf aging (9 64 FL Mae mati eRtwa Example 6.20 : A 3300 V, 3 phase, star connected alternator has a full load current of 100 A. On short circuit a field current of 5 A was necessary to produce full load current, The emf. on open circuit for the same excitation was 900 volts. The armature resistance was 0.8 Ojphase. Determine the full load voltage regulation for i) 0.8 pf. lagging ii) 0.8 p,f. leading. Solution : Vi = 3300 V Full load current, i, = 100 A For star‘connection, I, = Iph = 100 A From test results, (Voe)ph = e = 519.61 volts (ase)ph = 100 A (Voc)ph _ 51961 Now, te ye oD 5.19612 Ra = 08 Q/ph6:79 _Syneronous Gana Atm, 4 = (OH = (ay -05F « si ayes vata Ve ea B55 vote = 08 lg, sing = 06 Eyal (Voncosd 614Ra)? + (Vonsind #4%,)? = (158525 «08 + 100087 + (1505.25 «06-100 «513617 Fmt « 7u081 = 206 vt Es roguton « LORY sion e ESI ry Fs union = 2100 % orp noble sng 06 Gp = (ace ¢ 18s)? (Vpn 6X) = 0505250810057 + (190525 x06-100»81507 2 ares a p= 7087 ols stepinn = BEY aco 2 PBI 19082599 Bo Ss Reption = = 954% Example 621: A MA, 50 He 11 RY, 3 ple str comet errs 100 A at zr pe ft eng. Th ine age ig 1270 V. Wes Be kt Se) EF ree teeing TO00V. Find gun ot al Und 8 prof nee ggg. Re O4 cima eee win Al ae pls lesing@ = 90 an the phar diagram is as sown se Evetical Machines z ‘ leh iy Fla 868 for example 19Review Questions |. Which are the various parameters of an armature winding of a synchronous generator ? Draw its equivalent circuit. - . Explain the effect of armature reaction on the performance of an alternator. How it depends on the’ load pf. ? Explain with suitable diagrams. . What is armature reaction reactance ? Explain, - Explain the concept of synchronous reactance and impedance. ‘ 7. State the voltage equation of an alternator and explain each term in it. . Explain the phasor diagram of a loaded alternator on 0 Lagging pf. it) Leading pf iii) Unity pf. ”. Derive an expression for the induced emf. in an alternator interms of terntinal voltage, pf. and armature parameters, from the phasor diagram. 1. What is voltage regulation ? How it is defined for an alternator ? 1. Explain the direct loading method of determining the regulation of an alternator.aermined experimentally, How does the talue of regulation as calculated by ‘impedance method compared with that obtained from an actual load test and why 7 __ State the adoantages and disadvantages of EME. method. se, Esplain clearly the MMF. method of predetermining regulation of an alterator. Why the ris bnined by this method difer from tase oblaiued by synchronous impedance method ? | Describe the EME. and MME. methods of determining the regulation of nonsaliew pie Hternaor, Dicuss the errors in bat the meth. Explain clearly the ZPE method of determining the regulation of an alternator. What is Poter reactance ? Now itis determived by Potier angle ? How itis wed to deem regulation ? Describe how the regulation of an allerator determined using synchronous inpenc mthd Explain clearly the significance of synchronous renctance. Write 4 note on armature reaction i alternators Explain the Pier reactance methad of determing regulation ofa alternator. Wirt a note on MAME. method of predeteining the regulation. Define veltage regulation of on alterntor. discus the relative acuracy of various methods. . Explain the ASA modification of M.MCE. meta 1. Using Blondel’s two reaction theory, develope and explain phasor diagram of « salient ple iterator for lagging lads Describe sip test end explain how the reetoncs are calculated using it With Se help of « phasor diagram explain the M.MLE. methrd of determining regulon of ‘dteratr for agsing pf. A 40 V, 200 KVA, 3 phase star connected altenator has ernature resistance of 02 0 nd ‘synchronous reactance of 0.08 9 per phase. Calculate the induced emf. om full load fori) 0707 lagging end i) 0.707 leading pf. Ans. : 272277 V, 24856 V1 A 230 V, 3 phase star connected alternator gives om open circuit emf. of 230 V, jor « fed current of 0.38 A. The see fd current on shart circuit causes an armature carent f 125 & ‘The armature resistance measured between ‘wo lies is 1.8 ms. Find the regulation for te current. 10 amps at 0.8 lagging and 0.8 leading power factors. [Ans : 64.46 %, ~ 3.01 1 OC. and SC. tests were performed on a 3 pase 05 MVA, 36 RV, star connect att. TH results ae given below. OG: 4 =104, v= 3m0¥ SC:te 104, 151504 Reldm oleate the percentage regultion for full loud condition at, « 908 pf lagging i) 0.8 pf lating tans. 3389 % 8 | oa