REVISION OF SUBJECT IS 101 1. Most of the accidents are caused due to (a) Machine failure (b) Poor Maintenance {c) Human Error (4) Acts of Nature 2. Occupational Safety and Health Policy of an organisation is declared by (a) Contractor (b) State Government (¢) Top Management (d) Executives of an organisation 3. External Safety Audit is conducted by (a) The person directly or indirectly related to business of an organisation {b) Qualified person and having experience in safety and health (c) Experts from the same organisation (a) A committee constituted by the top management, 4, Safet Committee meeting shall be held at least once in ) 3 months (b) 6 months (c) 2 months (a) 4 months. 5. As per Human Factor Theory, one of the human factors causes accident is (a) less incentive (h} Over load (c) negatively motivated (a) None of the above 6. In an organisation, the duty of safety officer is to (a) To respond employee's safety concern (b) To increase health and safety awareness at all levels within the organization (6) To establish budget proposals for the operation of the Occupational Health and Safety office and specific training programs {d) All of the above 7. Right of the workers as per Factories Act, 1948 includes, {a) Safety and Health at workplace (b) Promotion (c) Accommodation (a) None of the above 8. The role of supervisor is to (a) Motivate the workers (b) create positive environment (c) ensure the safety of workers {d) All of the above 9. Obligation of the workers includes (a) Productivity (6) To demand more wages (d) None of the above10. India is @ member country of ILO since (a) 1947 (b) 1919 (c) 1950 (d) None of above 1. International Labour Organization (ILO) headquartered in (a) London (b) Geneva (6) Denmark (a) Canada 12. Managerial position of supervisor in an organization is (a) Middle level manager {b} Low level manager (0) worker (d) None of the above 13. Factory Medical Officer appointed in a factory is to (a) ensure safety and well-being of workers (b) conduct medical examination of workers (c) monitor the health of workers (d) both b &e 114, Factory Medical officer appointed by the employer in a factory is under (a) The Factories Act, 1948, (b) The MSIHC Rules, 1989 {c) The respective State Factory Rules (a) None of the above 15. EPA means (a) Environment (Protection) Act {(b} Environment Protection Agency (c) Emergency Planning Authority (d) None of the above 16. Indian Standard on Occupational Health & Safety Audit is (a) 1s 15656 (b) IS 14489 (c) 1S 18001 (a) 1s 15683 17. Safety Director or Safety Head of an organization shall report to (a) Corporate Head (b) Top Executive (c) Production Head (a) None of the above 18. Safety Management shall be {a)_Line function of organization (b) Staff function of organization (6) part of production management (a) None of the above19. Maslow’s Theory of motivation is based on {a} needs of individuals (b) performance of individuals, (6) Behavior of workers in group (a) None of the above 20. 1LO Conventions are (a) guidelines on implementation of safety and health legally binding instrument for r in (c) Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) (d) None of the above . The directing function flows from top to_bottom __of the organization. . There are___44__ principles of F.W. Taylor’s administrative management. The role/duty of staff function in an organization Is to____facilatet__people of line fun« |. Safety officers are appointed under __40 of the Factories Act, 1948. The main two contributing factors for accidents are __unsafe act__and__unsafe condition. Risk is product of ____probability and _severity : The full form of EIA is___Environment Impact access 8. BBS means __ Behavior Based Safety 9.The domino theory of accident causation was developed by __H.W.Henrich __ 10. Tool box talk is conducted on site_before___ commencement of job. 11 Safety Signs are helpful to communicate __hazard___and _ risk __ information in the workplace. 12. Trade unions represent __workers__ when they have a problem at work 13, Organisational Behaviour is_human__ tool for human benefits. 14. An error is an unintentional _deviation_ from an accepted standard and violation is a _deliverable_ deviation, 15. Theory X and Theory ¥ was formulated by __Macgregory 16. In Theory X, employees generally neglect _ responsibilities. 17. Communication is one of the important elements of __direct__function. 18. Different Languages or lack of Common Language can create __barrler__ in Communication, 19. Group dynamics refers to the study of the _people__ operating within a group. 20. Grapevine is @__informal_ communication. Qn, Qi. Define hazard and risk. *Hazard* A hazard refers to any potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or the environment. Hazards can be physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, or psychosocial in nature. *Risk* Risk isthe likelihood of an adverse event occurring and the severity of the consequences if it does occur. It involves assessing the probability of harm resulting from exposure to a hazard. Risk is often quantified as the product of the likelihood of an event and the severity of its consequences. Q2 What do you mean by unsafe act? And give two examples. {An unsafe act refers to any behaviour or action that deviates from established safety procedures or standards, putting oneself or others at risk of injury or harm. Unsafe acts are often the result of negligence, lack of awareness, or disregard for safety protocols. Examples of unsafe acts include: 1. Failing to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) while working with hazardous chemicals or operating machinery. 2. Ignoring warning signs and proceeding into restricted or dangerous areas without authorization or proper precautions.3 What do you mean by unsafe condition and give two examples? An unsafe condition refers to a physical situation or environmental factor in a workplace that increases the likelthood of accidents, injuries, or damage to property. Unlike unsafe acts, which involve human behavior, unsafe conditions are related to the state or condition of the workplace itself. Examples of unsafe conditions include: 1. Slippery floors due to spills or Inadequate cleaning, increasing the risk of slips, trips, and falls. 2. Overloaded electrical outlets or faulty wiring, posing a fire hazard and risking electric shock or electrocution Q4 Define accident and near miss *Accident* An accident is an unplanned event that results in injury, damage to property, or loss of life Accidents are often the result of unsafe acts or conditions, human error, equipment failure, or a combination of factors. ‘Near miss* A near miss is an incident that could have resulted in an accident, injury, or damage, but did not due to timely intervention or sheer luck. Near misses are important indicators of potential hazards or weaknesses in safety procedures and provide opportunities for corrective action to prevent future accidents. Q5 What is motivation? Motivation refers to the internal or external factors that drive a person to take action, pursue goals, or engage in certain behaviours. It involves the desire, enthusiasm, and determination to accomplish tasks, overcome obstacles, or fulfl needs and desires. Motivation can be influenced by a variety of factors, including personal values, beliefs, aspirations, incentives, rewards, and social or environmental factors. Q6 Define communication. Communication is the pracess of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, or feelings between individuals or Broups through verbal, non-verbal, or written means. It involves encoding a message by the sender, transmitting it through a chosen channel, and decoding it by the receiver. Effective communication requires clarity, understanding, and mutual interpretation of the message to achieve successful interaction and conveyance of meaning. Q7 —_ What is Safety Organization? A safety organization is a structured entity or group dedicated to promoting and ensuring safety within 2 particular context, such as a workplace, community, of industry. Safety organizations often develop and Implement safety policies, procedures, and guidelines, conduct safety training and education programs, Investigate accidents or incidents, and collaborate with relevant stakeholders to enhance safety standards and practices. These organizations may include governmental agencies, regulatory bodies, non-profit organizations, Industry associations, or internal safety departments within companies. Their primary goal is to minimize risks, prevent accidents, and protect the well-being of individuals and the em Q8 —_ What is purpose of safety committee in an organization? The purpose of a safety committee in an organization is to promote and maintain a safe and healthy work environment for employees. Safety committees play a crucial role in identifying potential hazards, assessing risks, and Implementing preventive measures to minimize accidents, injuries, and illnesses in the workplace Some specific purposes of safety committees include: 1 *Risk identification and assessment* Safety committees regularly evaluate the workplace environment, processes, and procedures to identify potential hazards and assess associated risks, 2. *Developing safety policies and procedures* Safety committees collaborate with management and employees to develop and implement safety policies, procedures, and guidelines tailored to the organization's needs and regulatory requirements, 3. *Safety training and education* Safety committees organize and facilitate safety training sessions and educational programs to raise awareness, enhance safety knowledge, and promote best practices amongemployees. 4, *Incident investigation and analysis* Safety committees investigate accidents, incidents, or near misses to determine root causes, identify trends, and develop strategies to prevent recurrence. 5. *Safety communication and promotion* Safety committees serve as a platform for open communication between management and employees regarding safety concerns, initiatives, and achievements, They promote a safety culture by encouraging employee involvement and participation in safety-related activities. 6. *Compliance with regulations* Safety committees ensure that the organization complies with relevant health and safety regulations, standards, and requirements by monitoring and addressing regulatory changes and implementing necessary adjustments. Overall, safety committees contribute to creating a culture of safety, fostering employee engagement, and ultimately, reducing workplace accidents and injuries. Q9 List out key elements of OSH management system. Key elements of an Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management system typically include: 1. *Management Leadership and Commitment* Top management's active involvement and commitment to OSH, including establishing policies, providing resources, and setting clear objectives and targets. 2. *Employee Participation* Involving employees at all levels in OSH decision-making processes, encouraging their participation in hazard identification, risk assessment, and development of safety procedures. 3, *Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment* Regularly identifying and assessing workplace hazards and associated risks to determine appropriate control measures. 4, *Risk Control and Prevention* Implementing measures to eliminate or minimize identified hazards and risks through engineering controls, administrative controls, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) 5. “OSH Planning and Implementation* Developing and implementing OSH plans, procedures, and programs to address identified risks and ensure compliance with relevant regulations and standards. 6. *Training and Awareness* Providing OSH training and awareness programs to employees to ensure they Understand their roles, responsibilities, and the importance of safety practices. 7. *Emergency Preparedness and Response* Establishing procedures and protocols to effectively respond to emergencies, including evacuation plans, first aid facilities, and training for emergency responders. 8, "Monitoring and Evaluation*: Regularly monitoring and evaluating OSH performance, incident and near-miss reporting, and conducting internal audits to identify areas for improvement. 9, "Incident Investigation and Analysis* Investigating accidents, incidents, and near misses to determine root causes, lessons learned, and corrective actions to prevent recurrence. 10. *Continuous Impravement® Establishing mechanisms for continuous improvement of the OSH management, system through feedback, review, and revision of policies, procedures, and practices based on lessons learned and changing circumstances. Q10 What do you mean by conflict? Conflict refers to a disagreement or clash between individuals or groups who have opposing interests, needs, values, or goals. It can arise in various contexts, such as interpersonal relationships, workplaces, communities, for international affairs. Conflicts can manifest in different forms, including verbal arguments, rmisunderstandings, competition for resources, or physical confrontations. Effective conflict resolution involves Identifying underlying issues, communication, negotiation, and finding mutually acceptable solutions to resolvedifferences and restore harmony. Q11 What is the purpose of conducting safety audit? The purpose of conducting 2 safety audit is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of an organization's Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) management system and practices. Safety audits serve several important purposes, including 1, “Identifying Hazards* Safety audits help identify potential hazards and risks in the workplace, including unsafe conditions, practices, or equipment, which may not have been previously recognized or addressed. 2. *Assessing Compliance* Safety audits assess the organization's compliance with relevant laws, regulations, standards, and internal policies related to occupational safety and health. 3, *Evaluating Effectiveness* By examining the implementation of safety procedures, training programs, and Fisk control measures, safety audits evaluate the effectiveness of the organization's OSH management system in preventing accidents and injuries. 4. *Promoting Continuous Improvement* Safety audits provide valuable feedback for identifying areas of Improvement and opportunities to enhance the organization's safety performance. They help prioritize corrective actions and allocate resources effectively. 5. *Enhancing Safety Culture* By demonstrating a commitment to safety and accountability, safety audits contribute to fostering @ positive safety culture within the organization, where safety is valued, prioritized, and integrated into daily operations. 6. *Reducing Risks and Liabilties* Identifying and addressing potential hazards through safety audits can help mitigate risks, prevent accidents, injuries, and property damage, thereby reducing potential liabilities and associated costs for the organization. Overall, safety audits play a crucial role in ensuring a safe and healthy work environment, promoting regulatory compliance, minimizing risks, and continuously improving safety performance within organizations. Q12 Write a short note on Group Dynamic. Group dynamics refers to the interactions, relationships, and patterns of behaviour that occur within a group of Individuals. It encompasses the ways in which members of a group communicate, collaborate, influence each other, and work together towards common goals. Group dynamics can be influenced by various factors, Including the group's size, composition, structure, norms, cohesion, and leadership, Understanding group dynamics is essential for effectively managing and maximizing the potential of teams in various contexts, such as workplaces, educational settings, and social groups. Key aspects of group dynamics include: 1, *Communication* The exchange of information, ideas, and opinions among group members, which can Impact decision-making, problem-solving, and overall productivity. 2, *Roles and Norms* Each member of a group may take on specific roles or responsibilities, and the group may establish norms or standards of behaviour that guide interactions and expectations. 3, *Leadership* The presence of formal or informal leaders within the group who influence decision-making, direction, and motivation. Effective leadership can foster cohesion and facilitate goal achievement. 4, *Cohesion*: The degree of unity, solidarity, and emotional bond among group members, Cohesive groups tend to work more effectively together and support each other in pursuing common objectives. 5. *Conflict Resolution* The process of addressing disagreements, tensions, or conflicts that may arise within the group. Effective conflict resolution strategies promote understanding, collaboration, and the resolution ofdifferences, 6. *Decision-Making* The process by which the group arrives at collective decisions or solutions. Group dynamics can influence decision-making processes, including factors such as consensus-building, information sharing, and power dynamics Overall, studying and managing group dynamics can enhance teamwork, communication, and collaboration, leading to improved performance, creativity, and satisfaction among group members. Q13 What is the Management Information System? A Management Information System (MIS) is a computerized system that collects, processes, stores, and disseminates information to support managerial decision-making within an organization. MIS typically consists of hardware, software, databases, networks, and people working together to manage and analyze data relevant to organizational operations. Key functions and features of a Management information System include: 1. *Data Collection* Gathering data from various internal and external sources, such as transaction processing systems, sensors, surveys, and market research. 2. “Data Processing* Organizing, manipulating, and transforming raw data into meaningful information through activities such as sorting, summarizing, calculating, and aggregating 3. *Data Storage* Storing information in databases or other storage systems for easy access, retrieval, and future reference. 4. “Information Retrieval* Retrieving relevant information and generating reports, dashboards, and other outputs to meet the needs of different stakeholders, including managers, employees, and external parties. 5. *Analysis and Decision Support* Analyzing data using statistical, mathematical, or other analytical techniques to identify trends, patterns, correlations, and insights that can support managerial decision-making. 6. *Planning and Control* Assisting managers in planning, monitoring, and controlling organizational activities by providing timely and accurate information about performance, resource allocation, and progress towards goals 7. *ntegration and Connectivity® Integrating with other systems and applications within the organization to facilitate seamless data exchange and workflow automation. 8, *Security and Privacy* Implementing measures to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of Information, as well as compliance with relevant regulations and standards. Overall, a Management Information System enables managers to access timely, relevant, and reliable information to make informed decisions, improve organizational performance, and gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Q14 What do you mean by BBS? BBS stands for Behaviour-Based Safety. I is a systematic approach to improving workplace safety by focusing on the behaviours of employees. BBS programs aim to identify and modify unsafe behaviours through observation, feedback, and reinforcement. Key components of a Behaviour-Based Safety program typically include: 1, *Behaviour Observation*: Trained observers monitor and record the behaviours of employees while they perform their tasks. This may involve using checklists or observation forms to document both safe and unsafe behaviours.2, *Feedback and Coaching* Observers provide feedback to employees based on thelr observations, highlighting both positive safety behaviours and areas for improvement. Coaching sessions may be conducted to discuss the feedback and reinforce desired behaviours, 3. *Data Analysis" Data collected through behaviour observations are analysed to identify patterns, trends, and areas of concern. This analysis helps prioritize interventions and develop targeted safety initiatives, 4, "Employee Involvement* BBS programs encourage active participation and involvement of employees in Identifying safety hazards, suggesting solutions, and promoting a culture of safety. 5. *Continuous Improvement* BBS is an ongoing process that emphasizes continuous improvement. Regular evaluations and adjustments are made to the program based on feedback, data analysis, and changing organizational needs. 6. *Leadership Support* Leadership support and commitment are essential for the success of a 8BS program. Management provides resources, removes barriers, and sets the tone for safety as a priority In the organization. Overall, Behaviour-Based Safety programs help organizations create safer work environments by focusing on influencing and reinforcing positive safety behaviours among employees. Q15 Define Organizational Behaviour Organizational behaviour (08) is a field of study that explores the behaviour of individuals, groups, and structures within organizations and how they interact with each other and their environments. It examines various aspects of human behaviour in the workplace, including attitudes, perceptions, motivation, leadership, communication, decision-making, and organizational culture. Key areas of focus in organizational behaviour include: 1. “Individual Behaviour* Understanding how individual characteristics, such as personality, values, attitudes, and perception, influence behaviour, performance, and job satisfaction in organizational settings. 2. *Group Behaviour* Analyzing the dynamics of groups and teams within organizations, including communication patterns, leadership styles, conflict resolution, decision-making processes, and group cohesion. 3. ‘Organizational Structure* Examining the formal and informal structures, roles, and relationships within organizations, including hierarchy, authority, delegation, and coordination mechanisms. 4, *Organizational Culture* Investigating the shared values, beliefs, norms, and customs that shape the attitudes, behaviours, and practices of members within an organization. Organizational culture influences employee engagement, job satisfaction, and organizational performance 5. *Leadership and Management* Exploring the roles and behaviours of leaders and managers in influencing employee behaviour, motivation, and performance. This includes leadership styles, power dynamics, communication effectiveness, and organizational change management. 6. “Motivation and Job Satisfaction* Understanding the factors that influence employee motivation, engagement, and job satisfaction, such as job design, rewards, recognition, and organizational support. 7. *Conflict and Negotiation*: Analyzing the sources of conflict within organizations and strategies for managing and resolving conflicts constructively. This includes negotiation techniques, conflict resolution skills, and building collaborative relationships. Overall, organizational behaviour provides valuable insights and frameworks for understanding human behaviour in organizational contexts and offers practical implications for improving individual ané organizational effectiveness, productivity, and well-beingQ1 Explain OHS policy and what is the content shall be incorporated in the OHS policy. ‘An Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) policy outlines an organization's commitment to providing a safe and healthy work environment for its employees, contractors, and visitors. It serves as a guiding document that sets the framework for the organization's approach to managing health and safety risks in the workplace. The content typically incorporated in an OHS policy includes: 1, *Statement of commitment* This section expresses the organization's dedication to ensuring the health and safety of everyone involved in its operations. 2. *Legal obligations* It outlines the organization's responsibility to comply with relevant health and safety laws, regulations, and standards. 3. ‘Roles and responsibilties* Clearly defined roles and responsibilities for management, supervisors, employees, contractors, and any other relevant parties regarding health and safety duties. 4, *Risk management* A framework for identifying, assessing, and controlling workplace hazards and risks to prevent accidents, injuries, and illnesses. 5. “Training and education* Plans for providing employees with the necessary training and resources to understand and adhere to health and safety policies and procedures. 6. “Incident reporting and investigation* Procedures for reporting accidents, incidents, near misses, and hazards, as well as guidelines for investigating and addressing them promptly. 7. “Emergency preparedness* Protocols for responding to emergencies such as fires, natural disasters, or ‘medical emergencies to minimize harm to individuals and property. 8. *Consultation and communication* Mechanisms for involving employees in health and safety decision- ‘making processes and ensuring effective communication channels regarding health and safety matters. 8. *Continuous improvement* Commitment to regularly reviewing and updating the OHS policy and associated procedures to reflect changes in legislation, technology, and best practices, and to improve health and safety performance over time. 10. *Monitoring and evaluation* Methods for monitoring and measuring the effectiveness of health and safety Initiatives and performance against established objectives and targets. By incorporating these elements into their OHS policy, organizations can demonstrate their dedication to prioritizing the health and safety of their workforce and stakeholders. Q2 What are elements of Occupational Safety and Health Management System and explain each element. ‘An Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) is a systematic approach to managing workplace health and safety. It helps organizations identify, assess, control, and monitor risks to prevent accidents, injuries, and illnesses. The key elements of an OSHMS typically include 1, *Policy and Commitment* This involves establishing a clear and concise occupational safety and health policy that outlines the organization's commitment to providing a safe and healthy work environment for all employees. It sets the tone for the entire management system. 2. *Planning* This involves setting specific objectives and targets for improving occupational safety and healthPerformance, as well as developing plans and strategies to achieve these goals. Planning also includes identifying hazards, assessing risks, and implementing controls to mitigate them. 3. *Implementation and Operation* This element involves putting the plans into action by allocating resources, assigning responsibilities, providing training, and establishing communication channels. It also includes developing procedures, work instructions, and emergency response plans to ensure the effective implementation of safety measures, 4. “Evaluation and Monitoring* This involves regularly monitoring and measuring the organization's occupational safety and health performance against established objectives and targets. It also includes conducting audits, inspections, and reviews to identify areas for Improvement and ensure compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and standards. 5. *Review and Improvement® This element involves periodically reviewing the effectiveness of the OSHMS and making necessary adjustments to improve performance. It includes analyzing data, gathering feedback, and Implementing corrective and preventive actions to address deficiencies and enhance overall safety and health outcomes. By incorporating these elements into their OSHMS, organizations can establish a proactive approach to ‘managing occupational safety and health risks, promote a culture of safety among employees, and continuously Improve their safety performance. Q3 Explain Domino Theory of Accident, Causation with Sketch and Examples The Domino Theory of Accident Causation is a model used to understand how accidents occur by identifying @ sequence of events leading to an incident. It suggests that accidents result from a chain of multiple factors, similar to a series of falling dominos. Each factor contributes to the next, ultimately leading to the accident. Here's an explanation along with a sketch and examples: HEH Explanation: 1, "Initiating Event* The first domino represents the initiating event, which could be a hazard, unsafe act, or unsafe condition. This event sets the accident sequence in motion. 2. *Unsafe Acts or Conditions* Subsequent dominos represent various unsafe acts or conditions that contribute to the progression of the accident chain, These may include human errors, equipment failures, inadequate training, or environmental factors. 3, "Accident Occurrence* As the chain of events progresses, it leads to the final domino falling, representing the accident or incident. Sketch: Initiating Event (Hazard) > Unsafe Act/Condition -> Unsafe Act/Condition -> ..-> Accident Examples: 1. *Workplace Accident* An employee fails to wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE) (Unsafe Act), which leads to exposure to a hazardous substance. The hazardous substance causes a chemical reaction (Unsafe Condition), resulting in an explosion and injury (Accident). 2, *Road Traffic Accident* A driver exceeds the speed limit (Unsafe Act), loses control of the vehicle, and swerves into oncoming traffic. Poor road conditions due to rain (Unsafe Condition) contribute to reduced traction, causing the driver to lose control. The collision (Accident) results in vehicle damage and injuries.3, *Slip and Fall incident® A spillage of oil (Unsafe Condition} occurs on the factory floor. An employee walks through the area without noticing the spill (Unsafe Act), leading to a slip and fall accident (Accident) resulting in injury. The Domino Theory emphasizes the Importance of identifying and addressing all factors contributing to accidents to prevent future occurrences. By understanding the sequence of events leading to an accident, organizations can implement preventive measures and interventions to break the chain and mitigate risks. Q4 Explain the roles of management in industrial safety The roles of management in industrial safety are critical for creating and maintaining a safe work environment. Here are some key roles: 1. *Policy Development* Management is responsible for developing and implementing comprehensive safety policies and procedures that comply with relevant laws, regulations, and industry standards. These policies should outline the organization's commitment to safety and establish clear expectations for employees. 2, *Resource Allocation* Management must allocate sufficient resources, including finances, personnel, and time, to support safety initiatives. This includes providing adequate training, safety equipment, and Infrastructure to prevent accidents and injuries. 3. Leadership and Culture* Management sets the tone for safety culture within the organization by demonstrating a commitment to safety through their actions and decisions. They should lead by example, prioritize safety in all aspects of operations, and encourage open communication and reporting of safety 4, *Risk Management* Management is responsible for identifying, assessing, and mitigating workplace hazards and risks. This involves conducting regular risk assessments, implementing controls to minimize risks, and ‘monitoring the effectiveness of safety measures. 5. *Compliance and Accountability’ Management ensures compliance with relevant safety regulations and standards by establishing accountability mechanisms and conducting regular audits and inspections. They should hold employees accountable for adhering to safety protocols and take appropriate disciplinary action when necessary. 6. *Training and Education* Management provides ongoing safety training and education to employees at all levels of the organization. This includes training on hazard recognition, safe work practices, emergency procedures, and the use of safety equipment. 7. “Incident Investigation and Analysis* In the event of an accident or near miss, management is responsible for conducting thorough investigations to determine the root causes and prevent recurrence, They should analyze Incident data to identify trends, implement corrective actions, and continuously improve safety performance. 8, "Emergency Preparedness* Management develops and maintains emergency response plans to ensure the organization is prepared to respond effectively to emergencies such as fires, chemical spills, or medical Incidents. They should conduct regular drills and exercises to test emergency procedures and train employees on their roles and responsibilities during emergencies. Overall, management plays a crucial role in promoting a culture of safety, preventing accidents and injuries, and protecting the well-being of employees in industrial settings. Q5 Define safety management, draw safety organization chart, and expl organization. *Safety Management* Safety management refers to the systematic approach to managing safety within an organization to prevent accidents, injuries, and occupational illnesses. It involves the development and Implementation of policies, procedures, and practices aimed at identifying and mitigating workplace hazards, promoting a culture of safety, and ensuring compliance with relevant laws and regulations. function of the safety*Safety Organization Chart* CE0/President 1 Safety Director Safety Manager Safety Officer Safety Committee ! ' Safety Supervisors Employee Representatives “Functions of the Safety Organization: * 1. *Policy Development The safety organization is responsible for developing safety policies and procedures that outline the organization's commitment to safety and establish guidelines for safe work practices. 2, ‘implementation and Enforcement * They oversee the implementation of safety policies and ensure compliance with safety regulations. This includes conducting inspections, audits, and training programs to enforce safety standards 3, “Risk Assessment and Hazard Identification* The safety organization conducts risk assessments and identifies workplace hazards to determine potential risks to employees. They develop strategies to eliminate or mitigate these hazards to prevent accidents and injuries. 4, *Training and Education® They provide safety training and education to employees at all levels of the organization. This includes training on hazard recognition, emergency procedures, and the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE). 5. *Incident Investigation* In the event of an accident or near miss, the safety organization conducts thorough investigations to determine the root causes and implement corrective actions to prevent recurrence. 6, *Emergency Preparedness* They develop and maintain emergency response plans to ensure the organization Is prepared to respond effectively to emergencies such as fires, chemical spills, or natural disasters. 7. *Safety Promotion* The safety organization promotes a culture of safety within the organization by raising awareness of safety issues, recognizing and rewarding safe behavior, and encouraging employee involvement in safety initiatives, 8. “Continuous Improvement* They monitor safety performance, analyze incident data, and identify ‘opportunities for improvement. They implement measures to continuously improve safety processes and procedures to enhance workplace safety. Overall, the safety organization plays a crucial role in ensuring a safe and healthy work environment for all employees by proactively managing safety risks and promoting a culture of safety within the organization, Q6 Explain Maslow’s Need hierarchy theory of Motivation with neat drawing *Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs* is a motivational theory proposed by Abraham Maslow in 1943. it suggests that people are motivated to fulfl certain needs in a hierarchical order. The hierarchy consists of five levels, witheach level representing a different category of human needs. Here's an explanation along with a neat drawing Neat Drawing: Self-Actualization | Esteem Needs | Love/Belonging | Safety Needs | 1 Physiological Needs | Explanation: 1. *Physiological Needs* At the base of the hierarchy are physiological needs, including the basic necessities for survival such as food, water, air, shelter, and sleep. These needs must be met before individuals can focus on higher-level needs. 2, *Safety Needs* Once physiological needs are satisfied, individuals seek safety and security. 7 physical safety as well as financial security, stability, health, and protection from harm or danger. includes 3. *Love/Belonging* Once safety needs are met, individuals crave social connections and a sense of belongingness. This includes the need for friendship, intimacy, family, and a sense of community 4, *Esteem Needs* With social needs fulfilled, individuals seek self-esteem and the esteem of others. This, Involves feelings of accomplishment, recognition, respect, status, and confidence 5, *Self-Actualization® At the top of the hierarchy is self-actualization, which represents the realization of one’s full potential and personal growth. This involves pursuing personal goals, fulfilling creative potential, and seeking meaning and purpose in life Maslow proposed that individuals move through these levels in a sequential order, with lower-level needs taking precedence over higher-level needs. Once a lower-level need is satisfied, individuals are motivated to fulfil the next higher-level need. However, individuals may fluctuate between levels, and not everyone achieves self-actualization, Overall, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs provides insights into human motivation and behavior, suggesting that, Individuals are driven by a hierarchy of needs that must be fulfilled in order to achieve personal fulfillment and self-actualization, Q7 What are the importance of motivation in an organization and how it helps in preventing accidents? Motivation plays a crucial role in organizations for various reasons, including its impact on employee productivity, satisfaction, and overall performance. Here's why motiv portant in an organization and how it helps in preventing accidents: 1, *Enhanced Employee Engagement* Motivated employees are more engaged in their work, leading to higher levels of productivity and efficiency. When employees are engaged, they are more likely to pay attention to their tasks, follow safety procedures, and remain vigilant, reducing the likelihood of accidents. 2. *Improved Safety Culture* Motivated employees are more likely to embrace safety as a core value andactively participate in safety initiatives. A strong safety culture fosters open communication, encourages reporting of hazards and near misses, and promotes collective responsibility for safety, ultimately reducing the occurrence of accidents, 3. "Increased Compliance with Safety Policies* Motivated employees are more inclined to adhere to safety policies and procedures. They understand the importance of safety guidelines and willingly comply with them to protect themselves and their colleagues from harm, thus minimizing the risk of accidents. 4. “*Heightened Situational Awareness* Motivated employees demonstrate greater situational awareness, allowing them to recognize potential hazards and respond effectively to changing circumstances. They remain attentive to their surroundings, anticipate risks, and take proactive measures to prevent accidents before they 5. *Effective Risk Management” Motivated employees actively contribute to risk identification, assessment, and mitigation efforts. They communicate safety concerns to management, participate in safety inspections and audits, and offer suggestions for improvements, leading to more effective risk management practices and a safer work environment, 6. *Reduced Human Error* Motivated employees are less likely to succumb to complacency or distractions, resulting in fewer errors and accidents. They maintain focus on their tasks, exercise good judgment, and prioritize safety, minimizing the potential for human error-related incidents. 7. *Lower Turnover and Absenteeism* Motivated employees are more likely to remain with the organization and exhibit lower levels of absenteeism. A stable workforce contributes to continuity in safety practices and promotes a culture of accountability, which in turn reduces the likelihood of accidents caused by inexperienced of absent employees. In summary, motivation plays a vital role in promoting a safe work environment by fostering employee engagement, compliance with safety policies, situational awareness, effective risk management, and reduced human error. By cultivating a culture of motivation and safety, organizations can proactively prevent accidents and protect the well-being of their employees Q8 What are the barriers in communication in an organization related to the safety and health and explain with examples? Barriers to communication in an organization related to safety and health can impede the effective exchange of Information and hinder the implementation of safety measures. Here are some common barriers along with examples: 1, *Hlerarchy and Power Dynamics* When there is a hierarchical structure in an organization, lower-level employees may feel intimidated or hesitant to communicate safety concerns to their superiors. For example, a factory worker may natice a safety hazard but fear retribution or dismissal if they report t to their supervisor. 2. *Lack of Communication Channels* If there are inadequate communication channels in place for reporting safety issues or providing feedback, employees may struggle to convey important information. For instance, if there is no designated system for reporting hazards, employees may resort to informal methods or not report them ataall. 3, *Language and Cultural Barriers* In diverse workplaces, language barriers or cultural differences can hinder effective communication about safety. For example, a non-native English speaker may have difficulty understanding safety instructions written in English, leading to misunderstandings or accidents. 4, *Misinterpretation of Information* Ambiguous or unclear communication can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretation of safety-related information. For instance, if safety procedures are poorly written or explained, employees may not fully grasp the intended message, increasing the risk of accidents. 5. *Fear of Reprisal or Stigma* Employees may fear retaliation or stigma for reporting safety concerns oradmitting mistakes. This fear can discourage open communication and transparency about safety issues. For example, a healthcare worker may hesitate to report a medication error for fear of disciplinary action or damage to their reputation. 6. “Information Overload* Too much information or complexity in safety communications can overwhelm employees and make it difficult for them to absorb and retain important safety messages. For instance, if safety training sessions are overly lengthy or contain too much technical jargon, employees may tune out or become disengaged. 7. *Lack of Training and Awareness* If employees are not adequately trained on safety protocols or unaware of the importance of safety communication, they may not prioritize safety in their daily tasks. For example, if employees are not trained on how to properly use personal protective equipment (PPE), they may neglect to wear it, putting themselves at risk of injury. Addressing these barriers requires proactive efforts from management to foster a culture of open communication, provide adequate training and resources, establish clear communication channels, and promote psychological safety where employees feel comfortable voicing their concerns without fear of reprisal By overcoming communication barriers, organizations can improve safety outcomes and create a healthier work environment for all employees. Q9 Discuss direct and indirect costs of an accident incurred to an organisation. Accidents in the workplace incur both direct and indirect costs for organizations. Understanding these costs is essential for evaluating the overall impact of accidents and implementing effective safety measures. Here's 2 discussion of direct and indirect costs associated with workplace accidents: *1. Direct Costs* Direct costs are expenses that can be directly attributed to an accident and typically include: ‘Medical Expenses* Costs associated with immediate medical treatment, hospitalization, surgeries, rehabilitation, and medication for injured employees. “Compensation Payments* Payments made to injured employees for lost wages, disability benefits, or compensation for permanent injuries. ‘Legal Fees* Costs incurred for legal representation, settlements, or litigation related to the accident. *Property Damage” Costs for repairing or replacing damaged equipment, machinery, tools, or infrastructure, “insurance Premiums* Increases in insurance premiums due to claims filed as a result of the accident. “Emergency Response Costs* Expenses for emergency services, rescue operations, and first aid supplies. “Worker's Compensation Claims: Payments made to workers! compensation insurance providers to cover Injured employees’ medical expenses and lost wages. *2. Indirect Costs* Indirect costs are less tangible and may not be immediately apparent but stil have a significant impact on the organization's finances and operations. These include: *Lost Productivity* Downtime resulting from the accident, including time spent on investigating the incident, repairing equipment, and replacing injured workers. This can lead to delays in production schedules, decreased output, and lost revenue. “Training and Replacement Costs* Costs for training temporary or replacement workers to cover for injured employees, as well as the time and resources required for retraining injured employees upon thelr return to work, ‘Morale and Employee Relations* Decreased morale among employees due to workplace accidents can lead to decreased motivation, increased absenteeism, and higher turnover rates. This can result in additional recruitment and training costs to replace lost talent. *Reputation Damage* Negative publicity surrounding workplace accidents can damage the organization's reputation, affecting its relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, and regulatory agencies. This canlead to loss of business opportunities, decreased market share, and long-term financial repercussions. By considering both direct and indirect costs, organizations can gain a comprehensive understanding of the true impact of workplace accidents on their bottom line. Implementing robust safety measures and prevention strategies can help minimize these costs and create a safer and more productive work envionment. Q10 Define leadership and explain different types of leadership styles followed in an organization. “Definition of Leadership* Leadership is the ability to Influence, motivate, and guide individuals or groups towards achieving common goals and objectives. Effective leadership involves inspiring and empowering others, making strategic decisions, fostering collaboration, and driving organizational change. Leadership can be demonstrated at all levels of an organization, from frontline supervisors to top executives. *Different Types of Leadership Styles* 1. *Autocratic Leadershio* In this style, the leader makes decisions independently without seeking input from subordinates. The leader maintains full control over the decision-making process and expects strict adherence to their directives. While this style can be efficient in certain situations, it may lead to low morale and resentment among team members. 2, *Democratic Leadership* Also known as participative leaderst process, The leader solicits input, decisions. This style fosters collaboration, creativity, and employee engagement, leading to higher job satisfaction and commitment, this style involves involving team members in the decision-making leas, and feedback from subordinates and considers their opinions before making 3, *Lalsse2-Faire Leadership* In this style, the leader adopts a hands-off approach and delegates decision-making authority to subordinates, The leader provides minimal guidance or direction and allows employees to work autonomously. While this style can promote innovation and initiative, it may result in confusion, lack of accountability, and decreased productivity if employees feel unsupported or directionless. 4, “Transactional Leadership* Transactional leaders focus on setting clear expectations, establishing performance goals, and rewarding or disciplining employees based on their performance. They use a system of rewards and punishments to motivate and control employee behavior. This style can be effective in maintaining stability and achieving short-term goals but may stifle cre: Intrinsic motivation. ity and 5. *Transformational Leadership* Transformational leaders inspire and motivate followers by articulating a compelling vision, challenging the status quo, and empowering individuals to reach their full potential They foster trust, collaboration, and innovation and encourage employees to embrace change and take ownership of their work. This style promotes a culture of continuous improvement and organizational growth, driving long-term success and sustainability 6. *Servant Leadership Servant leaders prioritize the needs of their followers and focus on serving their best interests. They emphasize empathy, humility, and collaboration, and prioritize the development and well-being of their team members. This style fosters trust, loyalty, and a sense of community, leading to higher levels of employee satisfaction and organizational performance.Each leadership style has its advantages and limitations, and effective leaders may adapt their approach based Con the situation, the needs of their team, and the organizational context. 1. Define Hazard and Risk. 2. What you mean by Unsafe Act and give two examples. 3, What you mean by Unsafe Condition and give two examples. 4, Define accident and near miss. 5. What is motivation? 6. Define Communication. 7. What is safety organisation? 8. What are purposes of safety committee in an organisation? 9. List out key elements of OSH Management System. 10. What do you mean by ‘contflict”? 111. What is the purpose of conducting safety audit? 12. Write short notes on Group Dynamic. 13, What is Management Information System? 114. What do you mean by BBS? 15. Define Organisational Behaviour. 1. Explain OHS policy and what are the contents shall be incorporated in the OHS Policy. 2. What are elements of Occupational Safety and Health Management System and explain each element. 3. Explain Domino Theory of accident causation with sketch and examples. 4, Explain the roles of management in industrial safety. 5. Define Safety Management. Draw Safety Organisation Chart and explain functions of safety organisation, 6. Explain Maslow’s Need hierarchy theory of motivation with neat drawing. 7. What are the importance of motivation in an organisation and how it helps in preventing accidents? 8, What are the barriers in communication in an organisation related to safety and health and explain with examples. 10. Define leadership and explain different types of leadership styles followed in an organisation.