Daniel Haigh Unit 8 P1 P2 1

Unit 8 Promoting Public Health

P1 Explain strategies for developing public health strategies.

In this assignment, I will explain and identify ways organizations promote the health needs of the population
to improve public health. I will also explain the policies to prevent early diseases.

Each provider of Health and Social care in the UK will have a strategy in place to provide care for the public.
Each department of public health, whether NHS or private, will have its own policies and strategies in place
to look after the health of its own service users. The human body is made up of many parts as is the public
health service specialist department. Each one has its own policies and strategies to meet the individual
needs of their service user.

This photo is from the UK government website separating the different areas of public health. Each one of
these departments has its own strategy to cover all aspects of public health.
Public health is all about helping people to stay healthy and protecting them from threats to their health.vc b
Health and Social Care practitioners will be impacted by public health policies. It is critical that the industry
think about ways to enhance public health. All health organizations (public or private\) aim to stop disease,
improve health, and increase life expectancy among the population, which is collectively referred to as
public health. To secure and improve the health and wellbeing of the people and reduce health problems.
Several governments backed agencies, including the NHS, come together to write policies and strategies to
protect and improve public health. These policies and strategies will give everyone the opportunity to live a
long, healthy life. An individual's first port of call is the Gap, who will provide advice on what to do.
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The Department of Health works alongside other organisations to gain a full understanding of the problems
around the population’s health to create policies and legislations. The agencies are:

 Care Quality Commission (CQC)

 The Health and Social Care Information Centre
 NHS England
 Health Education England.

According to CQC. (2022) Public Health England was established on 1st April 2012, as a managerial
company of the Department of Health. PHE consolidates various roles and obligations that were previously
carried out by many distinct entities, encompassing all actions of the Health Protection Agency (HPA).
Public Health England (PHE) gave control of some public health responsibilities to NHS England on
October 1, 2021, as part of the authorities plan to overhaul the English public health system. Therefore, in
correspondence with the 2018 Data protection Act and the UK GDPR, NHS England is now the manager for
personal information processed to support these jobs. There have been no adjustments to the way that
confidential data of individuals is processed, how it is used to carry out these tasks, or the company that
individuals receive consequently, other than from the change in the Controller.

National Disease Registration Service (2023) states that NHS Digital will hand over responsibility of the
National Disease Registries, which are collections of data that the NHS service uses to compile data on all
lids threatening illness, uncommon diseases, and congenital abnormalities diagnosed in England yearly,
starting in January 2023. NHS Digital's website has privacy data.

Health Education England's key aim is to support the delivery of quality healthcare and health
improvements and to the service users and population of England by making sure that the professionals
have the correct skills, attitudes, and behaviours, in the right situation and in the right environment. Public
health is all about supporting individuals to stay and protecting them from threats to their health.

According to the House of Commons Library. (2023) A person who has a lot of body fat and is extremely
overweight is considered obese. There are numerous reasons for obesity. The most frequent reason can be
oversimplified as "eating too much and moving too little." An imbalance between energy expended and
absorbed is a more precise way to frame the same idea. Numerous variables, including a person's age,
gender, ethnicity, financial level, place of residence, and presence or absence of a handicap or medical
condition, influence their chance of becoming overweight or obese. It has been difficult for governments to
create policies that are comprehensive enough to handle each of these problems.
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An overview of the UK Government's efforts to prevent and reduce obesity in England is given in this briefing.
Notably, the government has prioritised lowering the prevalence of obesity among youngsters in recent years.
Estimates of obesity levels are provided by NHS Digital's Health Survey for England, which is based on the
body mass index (BMI) of a representative sample of adults (16 and older). According to the 2021 poll, 63.8%
of adults in England were either overweight or obese, with 25.9% of them being obese and 37.9% being
overweight. Overweight or obese status was more common in men than in women (68.6% of men vs. 59.0%
of women). Three chapters of the government's childhood obesity plan—published in 2016, 2018, and 2019
—as well as an additional obesity strategy—published in 2020, primarily outlines the government's approach to obes
The government has included several initiatives in these with the goal of lowering the incidence of childhood
obesity. Stakeholder reactions to these have been diverse, with some deeming the policies excessively
restrictive or, on the other hand, too feeble. The field of public health policy is decentralised. As such,
it varies throughout Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England. In 2021/22, the National Chil
d Measurement Programme (NCMP) discovered that 10.1% of children in England's reception age group
(ages 4-5) were fat, and another 12.1% were overweight. With 14.3% being overweight and 23.4% being
obese, year 6 children (ages 10–11) had greater proportions. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the survey's
2020–2021 edition was conducted as a sample, and results showed significant rises over prior years,
with obesity rates standing at 14.4% in reception and 25.5% in year 6. Obesity rates in the 2021/22 survey
were lower than in 2020–21, but they were still higher than in prior years.

Public Health England. (2016) states that the children's health policy addresses a few topics,
including safety, nutrition, immunisations, and the child's overall development. To give children, the
best care and assistance, Health and social care workers must make sure they stay current on
these policies. The Department of Health and Social Care released an essay with the goal of educating and
encouraging parents to raise their kids in a healthy way. By doing this, you can decrease the chance of
diseases and illnesses like diabetes, obesity, and other conditions that can negatively impact a child's health
by encouraging them to continue with these good behaviours. The Department of Health also discusses ways
to guarantee a baby's future health and well-being while they are in the womb. They advise ladies to do certain
things That is good for the two of them and what they should avoid doing since it may harm the unborn child.

The NHS Health Check Implementation Review and Action Plan (2013) listed alcohol use, high blood
pressure, smoking, obesity, cholesterol, poor diet, and inactivity as the top seven preventable causes of
death. The people's belief that disease is inevitable and unaffected by lifestyle decisions might be
questioned by the government to develop public health initiatives. Money through the Public Health Grant
will allow local councils to agency Ide Identification and Brief Advice, which is shown to be effective in
decreasing the consumption of alcohol of individuals at risk of ill wellbeing, and specialised care for those
with more serious requirements. Access to person centred health care, prescription of appropriate drugs
and clinical and community aids are vital to stop and treat high blood pressure, publicise local systems, and
found a plan for care accessory of long-term management

Another health problem that is more prevalent in England than in many other wealthy nations is obesity.
One in five youngsters starting primary school is already overweight or obese, according to Public Health
England. The government's "obesity and healthy living" strategy is to reduce the percentage of adults and
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children who are overweight by 2020. The government will accomplish this by launching several public
awareness campaigns encouraging people to lead healthier lifestyles and engage in greater physical
activity.

An especially big problem in impoverished communities is obesity. By the 2030s, 70% of adults are
expected to be overweight or obese if the current trend continues. Type 2 diabetes and coronary artery
disease are two obesity-related diseases that are costing society more money than they used to. PHE has
seven priorities, one of which is acting against obesity. National mapping of weight management services
(2015) was research undertaken by PHE working with other, more local, agencies in an area of northern
England to gather data on obesity.

Pollution is an issue currently due to the fact it is known to decrease a person's life expectancy by about 7
to 8 months. The amount of poor air quality caused by the high number of cars on several roads in England
tops the yearly polluted air goals in Europe. To utilise The Air Quality Strategy for the UK, Defra works
alongside Environmental Protection UK. The strategy’s target is to decrease the amount of harmful
chemicals in the atmosphere including lead, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide. Discharges from industry,
as well as poor air quality from the water, have output standards in the UK which are supervised and
managed connected to recycling and waste control. This is to make sure that local councils that grant
permits to organisations looking to recycle to get rid of waste, regulate and observe waste control
organisations. The rubbish is sorted according to needs for each category of recycling.

According to the Health and Safety Executive. (2022), the WEEE policies and procedures for expanding
public health is one of the main instructions that pertains to recycling of anything that is electrical or
electronic. Many more commonplace objects could be harmful to your well-being if you do not recycle them
properly. If they are not disposed of according to regulations, all drugs- either prescribed or given over the
counter- could be harmful to the general public's health. Medicines must not be disposed of down the toilet,
where they could poison the water supply, but rather returned to the chemist to ensure they are recycled
properly. Many other products, such as [paint, wipes, car oils, and even cooking oils have the potential to
damage waterways and sewage systems.

Food Standards Agency. (2022) states that the non-ministerial Food Standards Agency (FSA) is the
authority agency who manages food safety and hygiene in the UK. To enforce food safety policies and
procedures, the FSA works alongside with many other communication and local councils. The Welsh
parliament manages for their country’s nutrient policies and procedures Regarding naturally modified foods
and food guidance, the FSa receive help from the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes.
Scientists in the sector believe that traditional food is not more dangerous to an individual's health than
genetically adapted crops or food has been irradiated. However, the public has repeatedly said they are
worried about their security and practice.

P2: Explain how monitoring information to determine patterns of health and ill health is used by
government to inform the creation of public health policy
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In this assignment, I going to explain how monitoring information to determine patterns of health and ill
health is used by government to inform the creation of public health policy.

Better patient outcomes are one of the potential most important roles of data collection. Collaborating to
provide patients with excellent care is possible when clinicians, support personnel, and insurers can
securely and efficiently share information.

The World Health Organisation collects data through studies. Lately been involved in the study of maternal,
newborn baby, youngster, and pre-adult on a worldwide, local, and national level.
The government relies on district and regional health experts to monitor and report on the health of the
public in their town e.g. for Ashton-under-Lyne Angela Rayner (Labour) is our member of parliament.

World Health Organisation. (2023). A virus is the cause of COVID-19. There are several symptoms, but
fever, chills, and sore throat are the most typical ones. Most people recover completely without requiring
medical attention in a hospital. Individuals experiencing serious symptoms must visit a doctor right once.
Since December 2019, there have been over 760 million cases and 6.9 million deaths reported globally;
however, the real number is greater. As of June 2023, more than 13 billion vaccination doses had been
given.

Office for Health Improvements and Disparities. (2021) states 1,743,857 COVID-19 verified cases had been
reported in the Northwest by December 31, 2021. December 2021 saw the highest 7-day average case rate
in the region, with 2,470.4 cases per 100,000 people. Certain groups have been impacted more than others
by COVID-19, and its effects have not been felt evenly by all. Testing methods have an impact on the
results, and during the pandemic, not everyone has access to the same degree of testing. Testing was
restricted to healthcare and assisted living facilities during the initial phases of the pandemic.

Even though testing was available to everyone, many people would only get tested if they had symptoms or
were recognised as the contact of someone who had tested positive. Regular testing was required in some
high-risk environments, education, care, and healthcare organisations. It is possible that the increased
testing in the NHS, care facilities, and student populations found more cases in those demographics, which
resulted in an overrepresentation of those groups in the statistics.

Sex: Females had a statistically significantly higher number of COVID-19 cases (23,788 per 100,000) than
males did (21,459 per 100,000 population).

Age: In the 25–49-year-old group (22,299 cases per 100,000 population) and 0–24-year-old group (24,538
cases per 100,000), there were statistically significantly more COVID-19 cases reported.

Deprivation: Although statistically significantly higher rates are more evident in the more disadvantaged
deciles (decile 1 being the most deprived and decile 10 being the least impoverished), the association
between COVID-19 cases and deprivation is not linear. The case rate in deprivation deciles 3, 4, and 6
through 10 is statistically considerably higher than the average for the Northwest. The only decile where the
case rate is statistically significantly lower than the regional average is deprivation decile 5. With 23,461
cases per 100,000, deprivation decile 9 had the highest case rate.
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Ethnicity: Case data from COVID-19 are accessible for a wide range of ethnic groups. Out of three
categories with rates statistically significantly higher than the regional average (22,676 per 100,000), the
other ethnic group category had the highest case rate (27,526 per 100,000). The other two categories were
Asian/Asian British (23,323 per 100,000) and Black/Black British (27,076 per 100,000).

Decile for population density: In deciles 3 through 9, COVID-19 case rates were statistically considerably
higher. Rates were lower than the regional average in deciles 10, which is the least densely populated, and
deciles 1, which is the most densely populated. More research is needed to fully understand the source of
the unexpectedly low rates in the densely populated areas, which may be due to a lower uptake of testing in
such locations.

Local authority: Knowsley has the highest COVID-19 case rate in the Northwest, with 27,103 cases per
100,000 residents, far higher than the regional average, as seen in Figure 1c. Knowsley had the highest 7-
day rolling rate (2,875 per 100,000 population) as of the end of December 2021.
Finding out who has the coronavirus is done through testing. A few people undergo many testing sessions.
There have been sixty-three tests between December 6, 2023, and December 12, 2023. This is a 3.3%
gain from the previous seven days.
From December 2, 2023, to December 8, 2023, 269 patients were admitted to the hospital due to coronavirus.
This indicates a 38.7% gain over the preceding seven days.

On December 8, 2023, there were 295 coronavirus patients in the hospital.

Some hospital patients require the use of a specialised apparatus known as a mechanical ventilator in order
to breathe. On May 31, 2023, there were seven coronavirus patients in hospital beds using a mechanical
ventilator. There have been 25 fatalities between November 11, 2023, and November 17, 2023, when the
The death certificate lists COVID-19. This indicates a 7.4% drop from the previous seven days.

The number of diagnoses of illness outcomes in relation to a population who are more likely to be infected.
Epidemiological data is utilised to plan and evaluate actions to stop disease and as guidance to the
management of individuals in whom illness has already advanced.

A M Gray. says that the 1980 edition of The Black Report The health disparities in the UK were the subject
of a report. The Report provided a detailed analysis of the disparities in the incidence of illness and mortality
that exist in Britain and indicated that, since the National Health Service was established in 1948, these
disparities have been increasing rather than decreasing.

The Health Foundation. says the 1998 Acheson Report disparities in health treatment based on a person's
financial situation 1998 saw the release of the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health report, which
was presided over by Sir Donald Acheson. The investigation was conducted to provide information for the
government's public health plan and, specifically, to support the upcoming white paper, Our healthier nation.
The DH disseminates statistics derived from data to: Promote health-related debates; Support healthcare
decision-making; Commission studies on diseases or illnesses that are of importance.
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References for P1/P2

A M Gray. (198). Inequalities in health. The Black Report: a summary and comment. [Online]. National
Library of Medicine. Last Updated: July 1982. Available at:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7118327/#:~:text=The%20Report%20 showed%20in%20 great, National
%20Healt [Accessed 24 January 2024].

CQC. (2022). Public Health England. [Online]. CQC website. Last Updated: 12 May 2022. Available at:
https://www.cqc.org.uk/directory-care/providers/public-health-england [Accessed 26 January 2024].

Health and Safety Executive. (2022). Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment recycling (WEEE).
[Online]. Health and Safety Executive. Last Updated: 4 Jan 2022. Available at:
https://www.hse.gov.uk/waste/waste-electrical.htm [Accessed 24 January 2024].
Food Standards Agency. (2022). The FSA strategy for 2022 to 2027. [Online]. Food Standards Agency.
Last Updated: 29 March 2022. Available at: https://www.food.gov.uk/node/8851?print=1 [Accessed 24
January 2024].

House of Commons Library. (2023). Obesity policy in England. [Online]. UK Parliament. Last Updated:
Tuesday, 20 June, 23. Available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9049/
[Accessed 24 January 2024].

National Disease Registration Service (NDRS. (2023). National Disease Registration Service (NDRS.
[Online]. NHS Digital. Last Updated: 7 June 2023. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/services/national-
disease-registration-service [Accessed 24 January 202

Public Health England. (2016). Health matters: giving every child the best start in life. [Online]. Government
website. Last Updated: 12 May 2016. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/health-matters
-giving-every-child-the-best-start-in-life/ [Accessed 24 January 2024].

World Health Organisation. (2023). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). [Online]. World Health Organisation.
Last Updated: 9 August 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/coronavirus-
disease-(covid-19) [Accessed 22 January 2024]
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